Jewish Rights National Rites

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Jewish Rights, National Rites

Author : Simon Rabinovitch
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804793034
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Jewish Rights, National Rites by : Simon Rabinovitch

Download or read book Jewish Rights, National Rites written by Simon Rabinovitch and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-01 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its full-color poster for elections to the All-Russian Jewish Congress in 1917, the Jewish People's Party depicted a variety of Jews in seeking to enlist the support of the broadest possible segment of Russia's Jewish population. It forsook neither traditional religious and economic life like the Jewish socialist parties, nor life in Europe like the Zionists. It embraced Hebrew, Yiddish, and Russian as fulfilling different roles in Jewish life. It sought the democratization of Jewish communal self-government and the creation of new Russian Jewish national-cultural and governmental institutions. Most importantly, the self-named "folkists" believed that Jewish national aspirations could be fulfilled through Jewish autonomy in Russia and Eastern Europe more broadly. Ideologically and organizationally, this party's leadership would profoundly influence the course of Russian Jewish politics. Jewish Rights, National Rights provides a completely new interpretation of the origins of Jewish nationalism in Russia. It argues that Jewish nationalism, and Jewish politics generally, developed in a changing legal environment where the idea that nations had rights was beginning to take hold, and centered on the demand for Jewish autonomy in Eastern Europe. Drawing on numerous archives and libraries in the United States, Russia, Ukraine, and Israel, Simon Rabinovitch carefully reconstructs the political movement for Jewish autonomy, its personalities, institutions, and cultural projects. He explains how Jewish autonomy was realized following the February Revolution of 1917, and for the first time assesses voting patterns in November 1917 to determine the extent of public support for Jewish nationalism at the height of the Russian revolutionary period.

Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity

Author : Mitchell Bryan Hart
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780804738248
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (382 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity by : Mitchell Bryan Hart

Download or read book Social Science and the Politics of Modern Jewish Identity written by Mitchell Bryan Hart and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the emergence and development of an organized, institutionalized Jewish social science, and explores the increasing importance of statistics and other modes of analysis for Jewish elites throughout Europe and the United States. The Zionist movement provided the initial impetus as it looked to the social sciences to provide the knowledge of contemporary Jewish life deemed necessary for nationalist revival. The social sciences offered empirical evidence of the ambiguous condition of the Jewish diaspora, and also charted emancipation and assimilation, viewed as dissolutions of and threats to Jewish identity. Liberal, assimilationist scholars also utilized social science data to demonstrate the continuing viability of Jewish life in the diaspora. Jewish social science grew out of a sustained effort to understand and explain the effects of modernization on Jewry. Above all, Jewish scholars sought to give the enormous transformations undergone by Jewry in the nineteenth century a larger meaning and significance

Jewish Primitivism

Author : Samuel J. Spinner
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503628280
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Jewish Primitivism by : Samuel J. Spinner

Download or read book Jewish Primitivism written by Samuel J. Spinner and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2021-07-27 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Around the beginning of the twentieth century, Jewish writers and artists across Europe began depicting fellow Jews as savages or "primitive" tribesmen. Primitivism—the European appreciation of and fascination with so-called "primitive," non-Western peoples who were also subjugated and denigrated—was a powerful artistic critique of the modern world and was adopted by Jewish writers and artists to explore the urgent questions surrounding their own identity and status in Europe as insiders and outsiders. Jewish primitivism found expression in a variety of forms in Yiddish, Hebrew, and German literature, photography, and graphic art, including in the work of figures such as Franz Kafka, Y.L. Peretz, S. An-sky, Uri Zvi Greenberg, Else Lasker-Schüler, and Moï Ver. In Jewish Primitivism, Samuel J. Spinner argues that these and other Jewish modernists developed a distinct primitivist aesthetic that, by locating the savage present within Europe, challenged the idea of the threatening savage other from outside Europe on which much primitivism relied: in Jewish primitivism, the savage is already there. This book offers a new assessment of modern Jewish art and literature and shows how Jewish primitivism troubles the boundary between observer and observed, cultured and "primitive," colonizer and colonized.

Confessions of the Shtetl

Author : Ellie R. Schainker
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503600246
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Confessions of the Shtetl by : Ellie R. Schainker

Download or read book Confessions of the Shtetl written by Ellie R. Schainker and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the course of the nineteenth century, some 84,500 Jews in imperial Russia converted to Christianity. Confessions of the Shtetl explores the day-to-day world of these people, including the social, geographic, religious, and economic links among converts, Christians, and Jews. The book narrates converts' tales of love, desperation, and fear, tracing the uneasy contest between religious choice and collective Jewish identity in tsarist Russia. Rather than viewing the shtetl as the foundation myth for modern Jewish nationhood, this work reveals the shtetl's history of conversions and communal engagement with converts, which ultimately yielded a cultural hybridity that both challenged and fueled visions of Jewish separatism. Drawing on extensive research with conversion files in imperial Russian archives, in addition to the mass press, novels, and memoirs, Ellie R. Schainker offers a sociocultural history of religious toleration and Jewish life that sees baptism not as the fundamental departure from Jewishness or the Jewish community, but as a conversion that marked the start of a complicated experiment with new forms of identity and belonging. Ultimately, she argues that the Jewish encounter with imperial Russia did not revolve around coercion and ghettoization but was a genuinely religious drama with a diverse, attractive, and aggressive Christianity.

Money, Power, and Influence in Eighteenth-Century Lithuania

Author : Adam Teller
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804799873
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Money, Power, and Influence in Eighteenth-Century Lithuania by : Adam Teller

Download or read book Money, Power, and Influence in Eighteenth-Century Lithuania written by Adam Teller and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2016-09-21 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has often been claimed that Jews have a penchant for capitalism and capitalist economic activity. With this book, Adam Teller challenges that assumption. Examining how Jews achieved their extraordinary success within the late feudal economy of the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, he shows that economic success did not necessarily come through any innate entrepreneurial skills, but through identifying and exploiting economic niches in the pre-modern economy—in particular, the monopoly on the sale of grain alcohol. Jewish economic activity was a key factor in the development of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and it greatly enhanced the incomes, and thereby the social and political status, of the noble magnates, including the powerful Radziwiłł family. In turn, with the magnate's backing, Jews were able to leverage their own economic success into high status in estate society. Over time, relations within Jewish society began to change, putting less value on learning and pedigree and more on wealth and connections with the estate owners. This groundbreaking book exemplifies how the study of Jewish economic history can shed light on a crucial mechanism of Jewish social integration. In the Polish-Lithuanian setting, Jews were simultaneously a despised religious minority and key economic players, with a consequent standing that few could afford to ignore.

The Modernity of Others

Author : Ari Joskowicz
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804788405
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Modernity of Others by : Ari Joskowicz

Download or read book The Modernity of Others written by Ari Joskowicz and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2013-11-06 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most prominent story of nineteenth-century German and French Jewry has focused on Jewish adoption of liberal middle-class values. The Modernity of Others points to an equally powerful but largely unexplored aspect of modern Jewish history: the extent to which German and French Jews sought to become modern by criticizing the anti-modern positions of the Catholic Church. Drawing attention to the pervasiveness of anti-Catholic anticlericalism among Jewish thinkers and activists from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century, the book turns the master narrative of Western and Central European Jewish history on its head. From the moment in which Jews began to enter the fray of modern European politics, they found that Catholicism served as a convenient foil that helped them define what it meant to be a good citizen, to practice a respectable religion, and to have a healthy family life. Throughout the long nineteenth century, myriad Jewish intellectuals, politicians, and activists employed anti-Catholic tropes wherever questions of political and national belonging were at stake: in theoretical treatises, parliamentary speeches, newspaper debates, the founding moments of the Reform movement, and campaigns against antisemitism.

Contemplative Nation

Author : Cass Fisher
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804781001
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemplative Nation by : Cass Fisher

Download or read book Contemplative Nation written by Cass Fisher and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-11 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemplative Nation challenges the long-standing view that theology is not a vital part of the Jewish tradition. For political and philosophical reasons, both scholars of Judaism and Jewish thinkers have sought to minimize the role of theology in Judaism. This book constructs a new model for understanding Jewish theological language that emphasizes the central role of theological reflection in Judaism and the close relationship between theological reflection and religious practice in the Jewish tradition. Drawing on diverse philosophical resources, Fisher's model of Jewish theology embraces the multiple forms and functions of Jewish theological language. Fisher demonstrates the utility of this model by undertaking close readings of an early rabbinic commentary on the book of Exodus (Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael ) and a work of modern philosophical theology (Franz Rosenzweig's The Star of Redemption). These readings advance the discussion of theology in rabbinics and modern Jewish thought and provide resources for constructive Jewish theology.

Rabbis and Revolution

Author : Michael Miller
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804776520
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Rabbis and Revolution by : Michael Miller

Download or read book Rabbis and Revolution written by Michael Miller and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2010-11-02 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Habsburg province of Moravia straddled a complicated linguistic, cultural, and national space, where German, Slavic, and Jewish spheres overlapped, intermingled, and sometimes clashed. Situated in the heart of Central Europe, Moravia was exposed to major Jewish movements from the East and West, including Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment), Hasidism, and religious reform. Moravia's rooted and thriving rabbinic culture helped moderate these movements and, in the case of Hasidism, keep it at bay. During the Revolution of 1848, Moravia's Jews took an active part in the prolonged and ultimately successful struggle for Jewish emancipation in the Habsburg lands. The revolution ushered in a new age of freedom, but it also precipitated demographic, financial, and social transformations, disrupting entrenched patterns that had characterized Moravian Jewish life since the Middle Ages. These changes emerged precisely when the Czech-German conflict began to dominate public life, throwing Moravia's Jews into the middle of the increasingly virulent nationality conflict. For some, a cautious embrace of Zionism represented a way out of this conflict, but it also represented a continuation of Moravian Jewry's distinctive role as mediator—and often tamer—of the major ideological movements that pervaded Central Europe in the Age of Emancipation.

Reckless Rites

Author : Elliott Horowitz
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691138249
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Reckless Rites by : Elliott Horowitz

Download or read book Reckless Rites written by Elliott Horowitz and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-22 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historical accounts of Jewish violence--particularly against Christians--have long been explosive material. Some historians have distorted these records for anti-Semitic purposes. Others have discounted, dismissed, or simply ignored the evidence, often for apologetic purposes. In Reckless Rites, Elliott Horowitz takes a new and forthright look at both the history of Jewish violence since late antiquity and the ways in which generations of historians have grappled with that history. In the process, he has written the most wide-ranging book on Jewish violence in any language, and the first to fully acknowledge and address the actual anti-Christian practices that became part of the playful, theatrical violence of the Jewish festival of Purim. He has also examined the different ways in which the book of Esther, upon which the festival is based, was used by Jews and Christians over the centuries--whether as an ancient mirror of modern tribulations or as the scriptural basis for anti-Semitic claims regarding the bloodthirstiness of the Jews. Reckless Rites reassesses the historical interpretation of Jewish violence--from the alleged massacre of thousands of Christians in seventh-century Jerusalem to later medieval attacks on Christian symbols such as the crucifix, transgressions that were often committed in full knowledge that their likely consequence would be death. A book that calls for major changes in the way that Jewish history is written and conceptualized, Reckless Rites will be essential reading for scholars and students of history, religion, and Jewish-Christian relations.

Jewish Pasts, German Fictions

Author : Jonathan Skolnik
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804790590
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Jewish Pasts, German Fictions by : Jonathan Skolnik

Download or read book Jewish Pasts, German Fictions written by Jonathan Skolnik and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-19 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jewish Pasts, German Fictions is the first comprehensive study of how German-Jewish writers used images from the Spanish-Jewish past to define their place in German culture and society. Jonathan Skolnik argues that Jewish historical fiction was a form of cultural memory that functioned as a parallel to the modern, demythologizing project of secular Jewish history writing. What did it imply for a minority to imagine its history in the majority language? Skolnik makes the case that the answer lies in the creation of a German-Jewish minority culture in which historical fiction played a central role. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933, Jewish writers and artists, both in Nazi Germany and in exile, employed images from the Sephardic past to grapple with the nature of fascism, the predicament of exile, and the destruction of European Jewry in the Holocaust. The book goes on to show that this past not only helped Jews to make sense of the nonsense, but served also as a window into the hopes for integration and fears about assimilation that preoccupied German-Jewish writers throughout most of the nineteenth century. Ultimately, Skolnik positions the Jewish embrace of German culture not as an act of assimilation but rather a reinvention of Jewish identity and historical memory.

The Jewish Persona in the European Imagination

Author : Leonid Livak
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804775621
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Jewish Persona in the European Imagination by : Leonid Livak

Download or read book The Jewish Persona in the European Imagination written by Leonid Livak and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-10 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book proposes that the idea of the Jews in European cultures has little to do with actual Jews, but rather is derived from the conception of Jews as Christianity's paradigmatic Other, eternally reenacting their morally ambiguous New Testament role as the Christ-bearing and -killing chosen people of God. Through new readings of canonical Russian literary texts by Gogol, Turgenev, Chekhov, Babel, and others, the author argues that these European writers—Christian, secular, and Jewish—based their representation of Jews on the Christian exegetical tradition of anti-Judaism. Indeed, Livak disputes the classification of some Jewish writers as belonging to "Jewish literature," arguing that such an approach obscures these writers' debt to European literary traditions and their ambivalence about their Jewishness. This work seeks to move the study of Russian literature, and Russian-Jewish literature in particular, down a new path. It will stir up controversy around Christian-Jewish cultural interaction; the representation of otherness in European arts and folklore; modern Jewish experience; and Russian literature and culture.

Black Power, Jewish Politics

Author : Marc Dollinger
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 147982688X
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Black Power, Jewish Politics by : Marc Dollinger

Download or read book Black Power, Jewish Politics written by Marc Dollinger and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2024-04-02 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Black Power, Jewish Politics expands with this revised edition that includes the controversial new preface, an additional chapter connecting the book's themes to the national reckoning on race, and a foreword by Jews of Color Initiative founder Ilana Kaufman that all reflect on Blacks, Jews, race, white supremacy, and the civil rights movement"--

The Ridiculous Jew

Author : Gary Rosenshield
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804769850
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ridiculous Jew by : Gary Rosenshield

Download or read book The Ridiculous Jew written by Gary Rosenshield and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2008-09-25 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a study devoted to exploring the use of a Russian version of the Jewish stereotype (the ridiculous Jew) in the works of three of the greatest writers of the nineteenth century. Rosenshield does not attempt to expose the stereotype—which was self-consciously and unashamedly employed. Rather, he examines how stereotypes are used to further the very different artistic, cultural, and ideological agendas of each writer. What distinguishes this book from others is that it explores the problems that arise when an ethnic stereotype is so fully incorporated into a work of art that it takes on a life of its own, often undermining the intentions of its author as well as many of the defining elements of the stereotype itself. With each these writers, the Jewish stereotype precipitates a literary transformation, taking their work into an uncomfortable space for the author and a challenging one for readers.

Rhinestones, Religion, and the Republic

Author : Kimberly A. Arkin
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804787905
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Rhinestones, Religion, and the Republic by : Kimberly A. Arkin

Download or read book Rhinestones, Religion, and the Republic written by Kimberly A. Arkin and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the course of her fieldwork in Paris, anthropologist Kimberly Arkin heard what she thought was a surprising admission. A French-born, North African Jewish (Sephardi) teenage girl laughingly told Arkin she was a racist. When asked what she meant by that, the girl responded, "It means I hate Arabs." This girl was not unique. She and other Sephardi youth in Paris insisted, again and again, that they were not French, though born in France, and that they could not imagine their Jewish future in France. Fueled by her candid and compelling informants, Arkin's analysis delves into the connections and disjunctures between Jews and Muslims, religion and secular Republicanism, race and national community, and identity and culture in post-colonial France. Rhinestones argues that Sephardi youth, as both "Arabs" and "Jews," fall between categories of class, religion, and culture. Many reacted to this liminality by going beyond religion and culture to categorize their Jewishness as race, distinguishing Sephardi Jews from "Arab" Muslims, regardless of similarities they shared, while linking them to "European" Jews (Ashkenazim), regardless of their differences. But while racializing Jewishness might have made Sephardi Frenchness possible, it produced the opposite result: it re-grounded national community in religion-as-race, thereby making pluri-religious community appear threatening. Rhinestones thus sheds light on the production of race, alienation, and intolerance within marginalized French and European populations.

Mediterranean Enlightenment

Author : Francesca Bregoli
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804791597
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Mediterranean Enlightenment by : Francesca Bregoli

Download or read book Mediterranean Enlightenment written by Francesca Bregoli and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2014-06-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mediterranean port of Livorno was home to one of the most prominent and privileged Jewish enclaves of early modern Europe. Focusing on Livornese Jewry, this book offers an alternative perspective on Jewish acculturation during the eighteenth century, and reassesses common assumptions about the interactions of Jews with outside culture and the impact of state reforms on the corporate Jewish community. Working from a vast array of previously untapped archival and literary sources, Francesca Bregoli combines cultural analysis with a study of institutional developments to investigate Jewish responses to Enlightenment thought and politics, as well as non-Jewish perceptions of Jews, through an exploration of Jewish-Christian cultural exchange, sites of sociability, and reformist policies. Mediterranean Enlightenment shows that Livornese Jewish scholars engaged with Enlightenment ideals and aspired to contribute to society at large without weakening the boundaries of traditional Jewish life. By arguing that the privileged status of Livorno Jewry had conservative rather than liberalizing effects, it also challenges the notion that economic utility facilitates Jewish integration, nuancing received wisdom about processes of emancipation in Europe.

Homes Away from Home

Author : Sarah Wobick-Segev
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503606546
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Homes Away from Home by : Sarah Wobick-Segev

Download or read book Homes Away from Home written by Sarah Wobick-Segev and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-11 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How did Jews go from lives organized by synagogues, shul, and mikvehs to lives that—if explicitly Jewish at all—were conducted in Hillel houses, JCCs, Katz's, and even Chabad? In pre-emancipation Europe, most Jews followed Jewish law most of the time, but by the turn of the twentieth century, a new secular Jewish identity had begun to take shape. Homes Away From Home tells the story of Ashkenazi Jews as they made their way in European society in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, focusing on the Jewish communities of Paris, Berlin, and St. Petersburg. At a time of growing political enfranchisement for Jews within European nations, membership in the official Jewish community became increasingly optional, and Jews in turn created spaces and programs to meet new social needs. The contexts of Jewish life expanded beyond the confines of "traditional" Jewish spaces into sites of consumption and leisure, sometimes to the consternation of Jewish authorities. Sarah Wobick-Segev argues that the social practices that developed between 1890 and the 1930s—such as celebrating holydays at hotels and restaurants, or sending children to summer camp—fundamentally reshaped Jewish community, redefining and extending the boundaries of where Jewishness happened.

Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity

Author : Jess Olson
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804785007
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity by : Jess Olson

Download or read book Nathan Birnbaum and Jewish Modernity written by Jess Olson and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2013-01-09 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the life and thought of one of the most important but least known figures in early Zionism, Nathan Birnbaum. Now remembered mainly for his coinage of the word "Zionism," Birnbaum was a towering figure in early Jewish nationalism. Because of his unusual intellectual trajectory, however, he has been written out of Jewish history. In the middle of his life, in the depth of World War I, Birnbaum left his venerable position as a secular Jewish nationalist for religious Orthodoxy, an unheard of decision in his time. To the dismay of his former colleagues, he adopted a life of strict religiosity and was embraced as a leader in the young, growing world of Orthodox political activism in the interwar period, one of the most successful and powerful movements in interwar central and eastern Europe. Jess Olson brings to light documents from one of the most complete archives of Jewish nationalism, the Nathan and Solomon Birnbaum Family Archives, including materials previously unknown in the study of Zionism, Yiddish-based Jewish nationalism, and the history of Orthodoxy. This book is an important meditation on the complexities of Jewish political and intellectual life in the most tumultuous period of European Jewish history, especially of the interplay of national, political, and religious identity in the life of one of its most fascinating figures.