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Isotopic Tracing Of Fuel Components In Particulate Emissions From Diesel Engines Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Ams
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Book Synopsis Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Components in Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). by :
Download or read book Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Components in Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an isotope-ratio measurement technique developed in the late 1970s for tracing long-lived radioisotopes (e.g., 14C half life = 5760 y). The technique counts individual nuclei rather than waiting for their radioactive decay, allowing measurement of more than 100 low-level 14C samples per day (Vogel et al, 1995). The LLNL AMS system is shown in Fig. 1. The contemporary quantity of 14C in living things (14C/C = 1.2 x 10−12 or 110 fmol 14C/ g C) is highly elevated compared to the quantity of 14C in petroleum-derived products. This isotopic elevation is sufficient to trace the fate of bio-derived fuel components in the emissions of an engine without the use of radioactive materials. If synthesis of a fuel component from biologically-derived source material is not feasible, another approach is to purchase 14C-labeled material (e.g., dibutyl maleate (DBM)) and dilute it with petroleum-derived material to yield a contemporary level of 14C. In each case, the virtual absence of 14C in petroleum based fuels gives a very low 14C background that makes this approach to tracing fuel components practical. Regulatory pressure to significantly reduce the particulate emissions from diesel engines is driving research into understanding mechanisms of soot formation. If mechanisms are understood, then combustion modeling can be used to evaluate possible changes in fuel formulation and suggest possible fuel components that can improve combustion and reduce PM emissions. The combustion paradigm assumes that large molecules break down into small components and then build up again during soot formation. AMS allows us to label specific fuel components, including oxygenates, trace the carbon atoms, and test this combustion modeling paradigm. Volatile and non-volatile organic fractions (VOF, NVOF) in the PM can be further separated. The VOF of the PM can be oxidized with catalysts in the exhaust stream to further decrease PM. The effectiveness of exhaust stream catalysts to oxidize products from tracer fuel components can be monitored through AMS measurement of carbon in PM. The objects of this report are: (1) Determine contribution of diesel fuel components and oxygenates to soot formation; (2) Separate volatile and non-volatile fractions of soot; (3) Test combustion paradigm that all carbon and oxygen in fuel is equal; and (4) Produce data to validate combustion modeling.
Book Synopsis Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Components in Emissions From a Diesel Engine by :
Download or read book Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Components in Emissions From a Diesel Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measured the relative contribution of ethanol to engine particulate matter (PM) from four ethanol-diesel blended fuels using contemporary grain alcohol as a tracer in low 14C diesel fuel. An emulsifier (Span 85) or cosolvent (butyl alcohol) facilitated mixing of the 12-25% ethanol blends. We operated the laboratory test engine, a 1993 Cummins B5.9 diesel, at a steady-state medium load and collected PM samples on pre-combusted quartz filters following dilution of engine exhaust in a mini-dilution tunnel. The ethanol blends emitted less PM and NOX than the control. The cosolvent blends reduced PM more effectively than the emulsified blends with similar oxygen content. The distribution of the oxygen, not just the quantity, was an important factor in reducing PM emissions. Any bio-derived fuel component is easily traced on the fossil background. Schemes for measuring volatile fractions of soot and gaseous emissions can be implemented.
Book Synopsis Tableaux anciens et modernes - Miniatures by :
Download or read book Tableaux anciens et modernes - Miniatures written by and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Isotopic Tracing of Particulate Matter from a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol-in-Diesel Blends by :
Download or read book Isotopic Tracing of Particulate Matter from a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Ethanol-in-Diesel Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) was used to investigate the relative contribution to diesel engine particulate matter (PM) from the ethanol and diesel fractions of blended fuels. Four test fuels along with a diesel fuel baseline were investigated. The test fuels were comprised of 14C depleted diesel fuel mixed with contemporary grain ethanol (>400 the 14C concentration of diesel). An emulsifier (Span 85) or cosolvent (butyl alcohol) was used to facilitate mixing. The experimental test engine was a 1993 Cummins B5.9 diesel rated at 175 hp at 2500 rpm. Test fuels were run at steady-state conditions of 1600 rpm and 210 ft-lbs, and PM samples were collected on quartz filters following dilution of engine exhaust in a mini-dilution tunnel. AMS analysis of the filter samples showed that the ethanol contributed less to PM relative to its fraction in the fuel blend. For the emulsified blends, 6.4% and 10.3% contributions to PM were observed for 11.5% and 23.0% ethanol fuels, respectively. For the cosolvent blends, even lower contributions were observed (3.8% and 6.3% contributions to PM for 12.5% and 25.0% ethanol fuels, respectively).
Book Synopsis Measuring the Effect of Fuel Chemical Structure on Particulate and Gaseous Emissions Using Isotope Tracing by :
Download or read book Measuring the Effect of Fuel Chemical Structure on Particulate and Gaseous Emissions Using Isotope Tracing written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), a technique initially developed for radiocarbon dating and recently applied to internal combustion engines, carbon atoms within specific fuel molecules can be labeled and followed in particulate or gaseous emissions. In addition to examining the effect of fuel chemical structure on emissions, the specific source of carbon for PM can be identified if an isotope label exists in the appropriate fuel source. Existing work has focused on diesel engines, but the samples (soot collected on quartz filters or combustion gases captured in bombs or bags) are readily collected from large industrial combustors as well.
Book Synopsis Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Carbon in the Emissions of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blends by :
Download or read book Isotopic Tracing of Fuel Carbon in the Emissions of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled with Biodiesel Blends written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental tests were conducted on a Cummins 85.9 direct-injected diesel engine fueled with biodiesel blends. 20% and 50% blend levels were tested, as was 100% (neat) biodiesel. Emissions of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO(subscript x)), hydrocarbons (HC) and CO were measured under steady-state operating conditions. The effect of biodiesel on PM emissions was mixed; however, the contribution of the volatile organic fraction to total PM was greater for the higher biodiesel blend levels. When only non-volatile PM mass was considered, reductions were observed for the biodiesel blends as well as for neat biodiesel. The biodiesel test fuels increased NO(subscript x), while HC and CO emissions were reduced. PM collected on quartz filters during the experimental runs were analyzed for carbon-14 content using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMs). These measurements revealed that carbon from the biodiesel portion of the blended fuel was marginally less likely to contribute to PM, compared to the carbon from the diesel portion of the fuel. The results are different than those obtained in previous tests with the oxygenate ethanol, which was observed to be far less likely contribute to PM than the diesel component of the blended fuel. The data suggests that chemical structure of the oxygen- carbon bonds in an oxygenate affects the PM formation process.
Book Synopsis Tracing Fuel Component Carbon in the Emissions from Diesel Engines by :
Download or read book Tracing Fuel Component Carbon in the Emissions from Diesel Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The addition of oxygenates to diesel fuel can reduce particulate emissions, but the underlying chemical pathways for the reductions are not well understood. While measurements of particulate matter (PM), unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) are routine, determining the contribution of carbon atoms in the original fuel molecules to the formation of these undesired exhaust emissions has proven difficult. Renewable bio-derived fuels (ethanol or bio-diesel) containing a universal distribution of contemporary carbon are easily traced by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). These measurements provide general information about the emissions of bio-derived fuels. Another approach exploits synthetic organic chemistry to place 14C atoms in a specific bond position in a specific fuel molecule. The highly labeled fuel molecule is then diluted in 14C-free petroleum-derived stock to make a contemporary petroleum fuel suitable for tracing. The specific 14C atoms are then traced through the combustion event to determine whether they reside in PM, HC, CO, CO2, or other emission products. This knowledge of how specific molecular structures produce certain emissions can be used to refine chemical-kinetic combustion models and to optimize fuel composition to reduce undesired emissions. Due to the high sensitivity of the technique and the lack of appreciable 14C in fossil fuels, fuels for AMS experiments can be labeled with modern levels of 14C and still produce a strong signal. Since the fuel is not radioactive, emission tests can be conducted in any conventional engine lab, dynamometer facility, or on the open road.
Book Synopsis Measuring the Effect of Fuel Structures and Blend Distribution on Diesel Emissions Using Isotope Tracing by : R. W. Dibble
Download or read book Measuring the Effect of Fuel Structures and Blend Distribution on Diesel Emissions Using Isotope Tracing written by R. W. Dibble and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon atoms occupying specific positions within fuel molecules can be labeled and followed in emissions. Renewable bio-derived fuels possess a natural uniform carbon-14 ({sup 14}C) tracer several orders of magnitude above petroleum-derived fuels. These fuels can be used to specify sources of carbon in particulate matter (PM) or other emissions. Differences in emissions from variations in the distribution of a fuel component within a blend can also be measured. Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS), we traced fuel components with biological {sup 14}C/C levels of 1 part in 10{sup 12} against a {sup 14}C-free petroleum background in PM and CO{sub 2}. Different carbon atoms in the ester structure of the diesel oxygenate dibutyl maleate displayed far different propensities to produce PM. Homogeneous cosolvent and heterogeneous emulsified ethanol-in-diesel blends produced significantly different PM despite having the same oxygen content in the fuel. Emulsified blends produced PM with significantly more volatile species. Although ethanol-derived carbon was less likely to produce PM than diesel fuel, it formed non-volatile structures when it resided in PM. The contribution of lubrication oil to PM was determined by measuring an isotopic difference between 100% bio-diesel and the PM it produced. Data produced by the experiments provides validation for combustion models.
Book Synopsis Research in Alternative Fuel Development by : Society of Automotive Engineers
Download or read book Research in Alternative Fuel Development written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Diesel Engines and Liquid Alternative Fuels by : Society of Automotive Engineers
Download or read book Advanced Diesel Engines and Liquid Alternative Fuels written by Society of Automotive Engineers and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "June 2003."/"SAE International Future Transportation Technology Conference, Costa Mesa, California, June 23-25, 2003"--Page [4] of cover./Includes bibliographical references
Book Synopsis New Combustion Systems in SI & Diesel Engines, and Combustion & Emission Formation Processes in Diesel Engines by :
Download or read book New Combustion Systems in SI & Diesel Engines, and Combustion & Emission Formation Processes in Diesel Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Annual Index/abstracts of SAE Technical Papers by :
Download or read book Annual Index/abstracts of SAE Technical Papers written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Using Carbon-14 Isotope Tracing to Investigate Molecular Structure Effects of the Oxygenate Dibutyl Maleate on Soot Emissions from a DI Diesel Engine by :
Download or read book Using Carbon-14 Isotope Tracing to Investigate Molecular Structure Effects of the Oxygenate Dibutyl Maleate on Soot Emissions from a DI Diesel Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of oxygenate molecular structure on soot emissions from a DI diesel engine was examined using carbon-14 (14C) isotope tracing. Carbon atoms in three distinct chemical structures within the diesel oxygenate dibutyl maleate (DBM) were labeled with 14C. The 14C from the labeled DBM was then detected in engine-out particulate matter (PM), in-cylinder deposits, and CO2 emissions using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). The results indicate that molecular structure plays an important role in determining whether a specific carbon atom either does or does not form soot. Chemical-kinetic modeling results indicate that structures that produce CO2 directly from the fuel are less effective at reducing soot than structures that produce CO before producing CO2. Because they can follow individual carbon atoms through a real combustion process, 14C isotope tracing studies help strengthen the connection between actual engine emissions and chemical-kinetic models of combustion and soot formation/oxidation processes.
Book Synopsis Highly Sensitive 14C and 3H Quantification of Biochemical Samples Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry by : J. S. Vogel
Download or read book Highly Sensitive 14C and 3H Quantification of Biochemical Samples Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry written by J. S. Vogel and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) is an isotope ratio mass spectrometer that quantifies low levels of rare isotopes with half-lives between 10 and 10{sup 8} years. Typical sensitivities are 10{sup 6} atoms in a milligram-sized sample. AMS was originally developed for use in the geosciences as a tool to carbon date archaeological artifacts, but has applications in many fields. In the biosciences, the extreme sensitivity of AMS is used to trace nutrients, toxins and therapeutics in humans and animals using less than {micro}g/kg doses containing between 1-100 nCi of {sup 14}C. This sensitivity is used to reduce sample size, reduce chemical exposures to environmental or physiological levels, reduce radiation exposures to subjects, and/or reduce radioactive (and ''mixed'') waste. Compared to decay counting, AMS provides for a much higher measurement throughput for low activity samples. For example, a milligram-sized sample containing 1 dpm of {sup 14}C can be measured to 3% precision in several seconds. That same sample would require approximately 1 week of decay counting to obtain similar precision.
Book Synopsis Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry by : Jose Alonso
Download or read book Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry written by Jose Alonso and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-03-22 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) has become an essential tool in research laboratories and is increasingly used in routine analysis labs (including environmental, food safety and clinical applications). This is the first textbook to present a comprehensive and instructive view of the theory and applications of this growing technique. The main objective of this book is to cover the theory and applications of Isotope Dilution in Analytical Chemistry. The scope is comprehensive to include elemental analysis, speciation analysis, organic analysis and biochemical and clinical analysis together with applications in metabolism studies and traceability of goods. Until now there have been no books published with the same general scope (only book chapters on particular applications). This is a textbook focused at post-graduate level covering the basic knowledge required for doctoral studies in this field. Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry will also outline practical applications of interest for routine testing laboratories where isotope dilution procedures are implemented or can be implemented in the future. This unique book covers all the theoretical and practical aspects of Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS). Due to the increasing application of IDMS in many research laboratories and the increasing implementation of IDMS methodologies in routine testing laboratories, scientists in industry and working in or affiliated to this area will this an invaluable source of information. Concerning the theoretical aspects, the authors present a uniform theoretical background which grows from previous developments in Organic, Speciation and Elemental analysis both in their own laboratory and in other laboratories around the world. This general approach will be simpler and will also include new emerging fields such as quantitative proteomics and metabolism studies.
Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometric Determination of 18O/16O Ratios to Locate the Source of Oxygen in Snap Fuel Capsule Components by : M. E. Smith
Download or read book Mass Spectrometric Determination of 18O/16O Ratios to Locate the Source of Oxygen in Snap Fuel Capsule Components written by M. E. Smith and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The successful application of a mass spectrometric method to determine the source of oxygen diffusion into the container material of a radioisotopic fuel capsule is described. The source was chiefly the oxide fuel (238PuO/ sub 2/) and not the atmosphere. The radiochemical method, based on an [alpha]-n reaction, could not be applied because of the very low [alpha]-particle flux in the liner material.
Book Synopsis Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Light Gas-Forming Elements by : V.S. Sevastyanov
Download or read book Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Light Gas-Forming Elements written by V.S. Sevastyanov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry of Light Gas-Forming Elements explores different methods of isotope analysis, including spark, secondary ion, laser, glow discharge, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. It explains how to evaluate the isotopic composition of light elements (H, C, N, O) in solid, liquid, and gaseous samples of organic and inorganic s
