Islam Is A Foreign Country

Download Islam Is A Foreign Country full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Islam Is A Foreign Country ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Islam Is a Foreign Country

Author : Zareena Grewal
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479800562
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam Is a Foreign Country by : Zareena Grewal

Download or read book Islam Is a Foreign Country written by Zareena Grewal and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considers the question: what does it mean to be Muslim and American? In Islam Is a Foreign Country, Zareena Grewal explores some of the most pressing debates about and among American Muslims: what does it mean to be Muslim and American? Who has the authority to speak for Islam and to lead the stunningly diverse population of American Muslims? Do their ties to the larger Muslim world undermine their efforts to make Islam an American religion? Offering rich insights into these questions and more, Grewal follows the journeys of American Muslim youth who travel in global, underground Islamic networks. Devoutly religious and often politically disaffected, these young men and women are in search of a home for themselves and their tradition. Through their stories, Grewal captures the multiple directions of the global flows of people, practices, and ideas that connect U.S. mosques to the Muslim world. By examining the tension between American Muslims’ ambivalence toward the American mainstream and their desire to enter it, Grewal puts contemporary debates about Islam in the context of a long history of American racial and religious exclusions. Probing the competing obligations of American Muslims to the nation and to the umma (the global community of Muslim believers), Islam is a Foreign Country investigates the meaning of American citizenship and the place of Islam in a global age.

Governing Islam Abroad

Author : Benjamin Bruce
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319786644
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Governing Islam Abroad by : Benjamin Bruce

Download or read book Governing Islam Abroad written by Benjamin Bruce and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-25 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From sending imams abroad to financing mosques and Islamic associations, home states play a key role in governing Islam in Western Europe. Drawing on over one hundred interviews and years of fieldwork, this book employs a comparative perspective that analyzes the foreign religious activities of the two home states with the largest diaspora populations in Europe: Turkey and Morocco. The research shows how these states use religion to promote ties with their citizens and their descendants abroad while also seeking to maintain control over the forms of Islam that develop within the diaspora. The author identifies and explains the internal and foreign political interests that have motivated state actors on both sides of the Mediterranean, ultimately arguing that interstate cooperation in religious affairs has and will continue to have a structural influence on the evolution of Islam in Western Europe.

Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an

Author : Denise Spellberg
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307388395
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an by : Denise Spellberg

Download or read book Thomas Jefferson's Qur'an written by Denise Spellberg and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2014-07-01 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this original and illuminating book, Denise A. Spellberg reveals a little-known but crucial dimension of the story of American religious freedom—a drama in which Islam played a surprising role. In 1765, eleven years before composing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson bought a Qur’an. This marked only the beginning of his lifelong interest in Islam, and he would go on to acquire numerous books on Middle Eastern languages, history, and travel, taking extensive notes on Islam as it relates to English common law. Jefferson sought to understand Islam notwithstanding his personal disdain for the faith, a sentiment prevalent among his Protestant contemporaries in England and America. But unlike most of them, by 1776 Jefferson could imagine Muslims as future citizens of his new country. Based on groundbreaking research, Spellberg compellingly recounts how a handful of the Founders, Jefferson foremost among them, drew upon Enlightenment ideas about the toleration of Muslims (then deemed the ultimate outsiders in Western society) to fashion out of what had been a purely speculative debate a practical foundation for governance in America. In this way, Muslims, who were not even known to exist in the colonies, became the imaginary outer limit for an unprecedented, uniquely American religious pluralism that would also encompass the actual despised minorities of Jews and Catholics. The rancorous public dispute concerning the inclusion of Muslims, for which principle Jefferson’s political foes would vilify him to the end of his life, thus became decisive in the Founders’ ultimate judgment not to establish a Protestant nation, as they might well have done. As popular suspicions about Islam persist and the numbers of American Muslim citizenry grow into the millions, Spellberg’s revelatory understanding of this radical notion of the Founders is more urgent than ever. Thomas Jefferson’s Qur’an is a timely look at the ideals that existed at our country’s creation, and their fundamental implications for our present and future.

Islam

Author : Bernard Ellis Lewis
Publisher : Pearson Prentice Hall
ISBN 13 : 0132716062
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (327 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam by : Bernard Ellis Lewis

Download or read book Islam written by Bernard Ellis Lewis and published by Pearson Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2008-08-19 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for Bernard Lewis "For newcomers to the subject[el]Bernard Lewis is the man." TIME Magazine “The doyen of Middle Eastern studies." The New York Times “No one writes about Muslim history with greater authority, or intelligence, or literary charm.” British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper “Bernard Lewis has no living rival in his field.” Al Ahram, Cairo (the most influential Arab world newspaper) "When it comes to Islamic studies, Bernard Lewis is the father of us all. With brilliance, integrity, and extraordinary mastery of languages and sources, he has led the way for[el]investigators seeking to understand the Muslim world." National Review "Bernard Lewis combines profound depth of scholarship with encyclopedic knowledge of the Middle East and, above all, readability." Daily Telegraph (London) "Lewis speaks with authority in prose marked by lucidity, elegance, wit and force." Newsday (New York) "Lewis' style is lucid, his approach, objective." Philadelphia Inquirer "Lewis writes with unsurpassed erudition and grace." Washington Times An objective, easy-to-read introduction to Islam by Bernard Lewis, one of the West’s leading experts on Islam For many people, Islam remains a mystery. Here Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill examine Islam: what its adherents believe and how their religion has shaped them, their rich and diverse cultures, and their politics over more than 14 centuries. Considered one of the West’s leading experts on Islam, Lewis, with Churchill, has written an illuminating introduction for those who want to understand the faith and the global challenges it confronts and presents. Whatever your political, personal, or religious views, this book will help you understand Islam’s reality. Lewis and Churchill answer questions such as... • How does Islam differ from Judaism and Christianity? • What are the pillars of the Islamic faith? • What does Islam really say about peace and jihad? • How does the faith regard non-Muslims? • What are the differences between Sunni and Shi’a? • What does Islam teach about the position of women in society? • What does Islam say about free enterprise and profit? • What caused the rise of radical Islam? • What are the problems facing Muslims in the U.S. and Europe and what are the challenges posed by those minorities?

Notes on a Foreign Country

Author : Suzy Hansen
Publisher : Farrar, Straus and Giroux
ISBN 13 : 0374712441
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (747 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Notes on a Foreign Country by : Suzy Hansen

Download or read book Notes on a Foreign Country written by Suzy Hansen and published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. This book was released on 2017-08-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Overseas Press Club of America's Cornelius Ryan Award • Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Nonfiction A New York Times Book Review Notable Book • Named a Best Book of the Year by New York Magazine and The Progressive "A deeply honest and brave portrait of of an individual sensibility reckoning with her country's violent role in the world." —Hisham Matar, The New York Times Book Review In the wake of the September 11 attacks and the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Suzy Hansen, who grew up in an insular conservative town in New Jersey, was enjoying early success as a journalist for a high-profile New York newspaper. Increasingly, though, the disconnect between the chaos of world events and the response at home took on pressing urgency for her. Seeking to understand the Muslim world that had been reduced to scaremongering headlines, she moved to Istanbul. Hansen arrived in Istanbul with romantic ideas about a mythical city perched between East and West, and with a naïve sense of the Islamic world beyond. Over the course of her many years of living in Turkey and traveling in Greece, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Iran, she learned a great deal about these countries and their cultures and histories and politics. But the greatest, most unsettling surprise would be what she learned about her own country—and herself, an American abroad in the era of American decline. It would take leaving her home to discover what she came to think of as the two Americas: the country and its people, and the experience of American power around the world. She came to understand that anti-Americanism is not a violent pathology. It is, Hansen writes, “a broken heart . . . A one-hundred-year-old relationship.” Blending memoir, journalism, and history, and deeply attuned to the voices of those she met on her travels, Notes on a Foreign Country is a moving reflection on America’s place in the world. It is a powerful journey of self-discovery and revelation—a profound reckoning with what it means to be American in a moment of grave national and global turmoil.

American Crescent

Author : Sayyid Hassan Qazwini
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780991025015
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis American Crescent by : Sayyid Hassan Qazwini

Download or read book American Crescent written by Sayyid Hassan Qazwini and published by . This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Islam in Foreign Policy

Author : Adeed I. Dawisha
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521277402
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (774 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam in Foreign Policy by : Adeed I. Dawisha

Download or read book Islam in Foreign Policy written by Adeed I. Dawisha and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1985-06-13 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in paperback in 1985, this book was designed to analyse the complex roles which Islam plays in the formulation and implementation of the foreign policies of a number of states in which all, or a considerable part, of the population is Muslim. The countries under study are Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria, Indonesia and the Soviet Union, and in each case a well-known authority looks at the influence of Islam on the process of foreign policy. This book provided a source of information and insight for readers with a serious interest in the subject, including those in politics, international affairs and journalism.

While Europe Slept

Author : Bruce Bawer
Publisher : Anchor
ISBN 13 : 0385517599
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis While Europe Slept by : Bruce Bawer

Download or read book While Europe Slept written by Bruce Bawer and published by Anchor. This book was released on 2006-02-21 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The struggle for the soul of Europe today is every bit as dire and consequential as it was in the 1930s. Then, in Weimar, Germany, the center did not hold, and the light of civilization nearly went out. Today, the continent has entered yet another “Weimar moment.” Will Europeans rise to the challenge posed by radical Islam, or will they cave in once again to the extremists? As an American living in Europe since 1998, Bruce Bawer has seen this problem up close. Across the continent—in Amsterdam, Oslo, Copenhagen, Paris, Berlin, Madrid, and Stockholm—he encountered large, rapidly expanding Muslim enclaves in which women were oppressed and abused, homosexuals persecuted and killed, “infidels” threatened and vilified, Jews demonized and attacked, barbaric traditions (such as honor killing and forced marriage) widely practiced, and freedom of speech and religion firmly repudiated. The European political and media establishment turned a blind eye to all this, selling out women, Jews, gays, and democratic principles generally—even criminalizing free speech—in order to pacify the radical Islamists and preserve the illusion of multicultural harmony. The few heroic figures who dared to criticize Muslim extremists and speak up for true liberal values were systematically slandered as fascist bigots. Witnessing the disgraceful reaction of Europe’s elites to 9/11, to the terrorist attacks on Madrid, Beslan, and London, and to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Bawer concluded that Europe was heading inexorably down a path to cultural suicide. Europe's Muslim communities are powder kegs, brimming with an alienation born of the immigrants’ deep antagonism toward an infidel society that rejects them and compounded by misguided immigration policies that enforce their segregation and empower the extremists in their midst. The mounting crisis produced by these deeply perverse and irresponsible policies finally burst onto our television screens in October 2005, as Paris and other European cities erupted in flames. WHILE EUROPE SLEPT is the story of one American’s experience in Europe before and after 9/11, and of his many arguments with Europeans about the dangers of militant Islam and America’s role in combating it. This brave and invaluable book—with its riveting combination of eye-opening reportage and blunt, incisive analysis—is essential reading for anyone concerned about the fate of Europe and what it portends for the United States.

Islam Is a Foreign Country

Author : Zareena Grewal
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479800880
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam Is a Foreign Country by : Zareena Grewal

Islam and Dhimmitude

Author : Bat Yeʼor
Publisher : Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press
ISBN 13 : 9780838639429
Total Pages : 538 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam and Dhimmitude by : Bat Yeʼor

Download or read book Islam and Dhimmitude written by Bat Yeʼor and published by Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 538 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dhimmitude is thus discussed from the perspective of Muslim theory, and also in regard to divergent Christian attitudes to Jews and Zionism."--BOOK JACKET.

Islam Through Western Eyes

Author : Jonathan Lyons
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231158955
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam Through Western Eyes by : Jonathan Lyons

Download or read book Islam Through Western Eyes written by Jonathan Lyons and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the West's growing involvement in Muslim societies, conflicts, and cultures, its inability to understand or analyze the Islamic world threatens any prospect for East–West rapprochement. Impelled by one thousand years of anti-Muslim ideas and images, the West has failed to engage in any meaningful or productive way with the world of Islam. Formulated in the medieval halls of the Roman Curia and courts of the European Crusaders and perfected in the newsrooms of Fox News and CNN, this anti-Islamic discourse determines what can and cannot be said about Muslims and their religion, trapping the West in a dangerous, dead-end politics that it cannot afford. In Islam Through Western Eyes, Jonathan Lyons unpacks Western habits of thinking and writing about Islam, conducting a careful analysis of the West's grand totalizing narrative across one thousand years of history. He observes the discourse’s corrosive effects on the social sciences, including sociology, politics, philosophy, theology, international relations, security studies, and human rights scholarship. He follows its influence on research, speeches, political strategy, and government policy, preventing the West from responding effectively to its most significant twenty-first-century challenges: the rise of Islamic power, the emergence of religious violence, and the growing tension between established social values and multicultural rights among Muslim immigrant populations. Through the intellectual "archaeology" of Michel Foucault, Lyons reveals the workings of this discourse and its underlying impact on our social, intellectual, and political lives. He then addresses issues of deep concern to Western readers—Islam and modernity, Islam and violence, and Islam and women—and proposes new ways of thinking about the Western relationship to the Islamic world.

Muslim Cool

Author : Su'ad Abdul Khabeer
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479894508
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Muslim Cool by : Su'ad Abdul Khabeer

Download or read book Muslim Cool written by Su'ad Abdul Khabeer and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2016-12-06 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interviews with young Muslims in Chicago explore the complexity of identities formed at the crossroads of Islam and hip hop This groundbreaking study of race, religion and popular culture in the 21st century United States focuses on a new concept, “Muslim Cool.” Muslim Cool is a way of being an American Muslim—displayed in ideas, dress, social activism in the ’hood, and in complex relationships to state power. Constructed through hip hop and the performance of Blackness, Muslim Cool is a way of engaging with the Black American experience by both Black and non-Black young Muslims that challenges racist norms in the U.S. as well as dominant ethnic and religious structures within American Muslim communities. Drawing on over two years of ethnographic research, Su'ad Abdul Khabeer illuminates the ways in which young and multiethnic US Muslims draw on Blackness to construct their identities as Muslims. This is a form of critical Muslim self-making that builds on interconnections and intersections, rather than divisions between “Black” and “Muslim.” Thus, by countering the notion that Blackness and the Muslim experience are fundamentally different, Muslim Cool poses a critical challenge to dominant ideas that Muslims are “foreign” to the United States and puts Blackness at the center of the study of American Islam. Yet Muslim Cool also demonstrates that connections to Blackness made through hip hop are critical and contested—critical because they push back against the pervasive phenomenon of anti-Blackness and contested because questions of race, class, gender, and nationality continue to complicate self-making in the United States.

Islam in a World of Nation-States

Author : James P. Piscatori
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521329859
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (298 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam in a World of Nation-States by : James P. Piscatori

Download or read book Islam in a World of Nation-States written by James P. Piscatori and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1986-11-06 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a reading of classical Islamic literature, the writings of modem Muslims and on extensive travel and interviews, this book discusses ways in which Muslim peoples adapt themselves to a world composed of sovereign nation-states, having peaceful and equal relations with both non-Muslim states and collectivities of other Muslims. The classical and medieval legal theory of Islam appears to place two obstacles in the way of such adaptations; it divides the world into two areas, Muslim and non-Muslim, between which relations can at best be those of truce; and it demands that the life of societies should be regulated by the will of God as revealed in the Qu'ran, not by the will of rulers or of the people. Dr Piscatori shows that the traditional theory provides for some degree of territorial pluralism, which has been clearly reflected in the historical experience whereby stable nation-states have emerged and become part of the international order.

Suburban Islam

Author : Justine Howe
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190863064
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Suburban Islam by : Justine Howe

Download or read book Suburban Islam written by Justine Howe and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-02 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many American Muslims, the 9/11 attacks and subsequent War on Terror marked a rise in intense scrutiny of their religious lives and political loyalties. In Suburban Islam, Justine Howe explores the rise of "third spaces," social surroundings that are neither home nor work, created by educated, middle-class American Muslims in the wake of increased marginalization. Third spaces provide them the context to challenge their exclusion from the American mainstream and to enact visions for American Islam different from those they encounter in their local mosques. One such third space is the Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb Foundation, a family-oriented Muslim institution in Chicago's suburbs. Howe uses Webb as a window into how Muslim American identity is formed through the interplay of communal interpretive practices, institutional rituals, and everyday life. The diverse Muslim families of the Webb Foundation have transformed hallmark secular suburbanite activities like football games, apple picking, and camping trips into acts of piety--rituals they describe as the enactment of "proper" American Muslim identity. Howe analyzes the relationship between these consumerist practices and the Webb Foundation's adult educational programs, through which participants critique what they call "cultural Islam." They envision creating an "indigenous" American Islam characterized by gender equality, reason, and pluralism. Through changing configurations of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic class, Webb participants imagine a "seamless identity" that marries their Muslim faith to an idealized vision of suburban middle-class America. Suburban Islam captures the fragile optimism of educated, cosmopolitan American Muslims during the Obama presidency, as they imagined a post-racial, pluralistic, and culturally resonant American Islam. Even as this vision aims to be more inclusive, it also reflects enduring inequalities of race, class, and gender.

Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty

Author : Mustafa Akyol
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393081974
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty by : Mustafa Akyol

Download or read book Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty written by Mustafa Akyol and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2011-07-18 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A delightfully original take on…the prospects for liberal democracy in the broader Islamic Middle East.”—Matthew Kaminski, Wall Street Journal As the Arab Spring threatens to give way to authoritarianism in Egypt and reports from Afghanistan detail widespread violence against U.S. troops and women, news from the Muslim world raises the question: Is Islam incompatible with freedom? In Islam without Extremes, Turkish columnist Mustafa Akyol answers this question by revealing the little-understood roots of political Islam, which originally included both rationalist, flexible strains and more dogmatic, rigid ones. Though the rigid traditionalists won out, Akyol points to a flourishing of liberalism in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire and the unique “Islamo-liberal synthesis” in present-day Turkey. As he powerfully asserts, only by accepting a secular state can Islamic societies thrive. Islam without Extremes offers a desperately needed intellectual basis for the reconcilability of Islam and liberty.

History of the Nation of Islam

Author : Elijah Muhammad
Publisher : Elijah Muhammad Books
ISBN 13 : 1884855881
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis History of the Nation of Islam by : Elijah Muhammad

Download or read book History of the Nation of Islam written by Elijah Muhammad and published by Elijah Muhammad Books. This book was released on 2008-11-06 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an interview of Elijah Muhammad explaining his initial encounter with his teacher, Master Fard Muhammad and how his messengership came about. The subjects discussed are Master Fard Muhammad's whereabouts, the races and what makes a devil and satan. He answers questions dealing the concept of divine and how ideas are perfected. More basic subjects include Malcolm X, Noble Drew Ali, C. Eric Lincoln, Udom, and a comprehensive range of information.

Islam and Secularism in the Middle East

Author : Azzam Tamimi
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780814782613
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Islam and Secularism in the Middle East by : Azzam Tamimi

Download or read book Islam and Secularism in the Middle East written by Azzam Tamimi and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2000-10 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Western civilization tends to view secularism as a positive achievement. From this perspective, benefits of secularizing trends include the separation of church and state, the rule of law, and freedom from organized religion. In the Arab Middle East, however, Islamist intellectuals increasingly cite Western-inspired secularism as the source of the region's social dislocation and political instability. While secularism in the West led to the spread of democratic values, in the Muslim world it has been associated with dictatorship, the violation of human rights, and the abrogation of civil liberties. Islam and Secularism in the Middle East examines the origins and growth of the movement to abolish the secularizing reforms of the past century by creating a political order guided by Shariah law. Contributors explain the Islamic rejection of secularism as a failed Western Christian ideal and also discuss how secularization was pioneered by those who thought Muslims could only advance politically by emulating Western practices, including the renunciation of religion.