Investigations Into the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Lactones and Dihydrocoumarins

Download Investigations Into the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Lactones and Dihydrocoumarins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Investigations Into the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Lactones and Dihydrocoumarins by : Jinju Rose James

Download or read book Investigations Into the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Lactones and Dihydrocoumarins written by Jinju Rose James and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Lactones and the Development of a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryl Ketones

Download Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Lactones and the Development of a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryl Ketones PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319205434
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Lactones and the Development of a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryl Ketones by : Robert Doran

Download or read book Asymmetric Synthesis of Bioactive Lactones and the Development of a Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Aryl Ketones written by Robert Doran and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis addresses two fundamental areas in contemporary organic chemistry: synthesis of natural products and catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Firstly, a new methodology, developed by our research group, which allows the asymmetric synthesis of lactones, a structural unit ubiquitous in natural products, was utilised in the synthesis of a number of natural product analogues that showed significant biological activity. Secondly, the development of a catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a key structural motif present in a number of natural products and pharmaceuticals was accomplished. During the course of this work we discovered dual stereo control, which is significant because it allows the configuration of a new stereo centre to be controlled by a simple change of proton source.

The Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-lactones by Catalytic Asymmetric Homodimerization of Ketoketenes

Download The Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-lactones by Catalytic Asymmetric Homodimerization of Ketoketenes PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (688 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-lactones by Catalytic Asymmetric Homodimerization of Ketoketenes by : Pei-Hsun Wei

Download or read book The Asymmetric Synthesis of Beta-lactones by Catalytic Asymmetric Homodimerization of Ketoketenes written by Pei-Hsun Wei and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis

Download Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527804072
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis by : Montserrat Diéguez

Download or read book Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis written by Montserrat Diéguez and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-21 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important reference for researchers in the field of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysis Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis offers a comprehensive review of the most current strategies, developed over recent decades, for the design, synthesis, and optimization of these hybrid catalysts as well as material about their application. The contributors—noted experts in the field—present information on the preparation, characterization, and optimization of artificial metalloenzymes in a timely and authoritative manner. The authors present a thorough examination of this interesting new platform for catalysis that combines the excellent selective recognition/binding properties of enzymes with transition metal catalysts. The text includes information on the various applications of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysts for novel reactions, offers insights into the latest advances in the field, and contains an informative perspective on the future: Explores the development of artificial metalloenzymes, the modern and strongly evolving research field on the verge of industrial application Contains a comprehensive reference to the research area of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysis that has experienced tremendous growth in recent years Includes contributions from leading researchers in the field Shows how this new catalysis combines the selective recognition/binding properties of enzymes with transition metal catalysts Written for catalytic chemists, bioinorganic chemists, biochemists, and organic chemists, Artificial Metalloenzymes and MetalloDNAzymes in Catalysis offers a unique reference to the fundamentals, concepts, applications, and the most recent developments for more efficient and sustainable synthesis.

N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis

Download N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527809058
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis by : Akkattu T. Biju

Download or read book N-Heterocyclic Carbenes in Organocatalysis written by Akkattu T. Biju and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summarizing the emerging field of N-heterocyclic carbenes used in organocatalysis, this is an excellent overview of the synthesis and applications of NHCs focusing on carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation. Alongside comprehensive coverage of the synthesis, characteristics and applications, this handbook and ready reference also includes chapters on NHCs for polymerization reactions and natural product synthesis.

Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses

Download Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118778200
Total Pages : 996 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses by : Nagatoshi Nishiwaki

Download or read book Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses written by Nagatoshi Nishiwaki and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-12-17 with total page 996 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced tools for developing new functional materials and applications in chemical research, pharmaceuticals, and materials science Cycloadditions are among the most useful tools for organic chemists, enabling them to build carbocyclic and heterocyclic structures. These structures can then be used to develop a broad range of functional materials, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and optics. With contributions from an international team of leading experts and pioneers in cycloaddition chemistry, this book brings together and reviews recent advances, trends, and emerging research in the field. Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses focuses on two component cycloadditions, with chapters covering such topics as: N1 unit transfer reaction to C–C double bonds [3+2] Cycloaddition of α, β-unsaturated metal-carbene complexes Formal [3+3] cycloaddition approach to natural product synthesis Development of new methods for the construction of heterocycles based on cycloaddition reaction of 1,3-dipoles Cycloreversion approach for preparation of large π-conjugated compounds Transition metal-catalyzed or mediated [5+1] cycloadditions Readers will learn methods for seamlessly executing important reactions such as Diels-Alder and stereoselective dipolar reactions in order to fabricate heterocyclic compounds, natural products, and functional molecules. The book not only features cutting-edge topics, but also important background information, such as the contributors’ process for developing new methodologies, to help novices become fully adept in the field. References at the end of each chapter lead to original research papers and reviews for facilitating further investigation of individual topics. Covering the state of the science and technology, Methods and Applications of Cycloaddition Reactions in Organic Syntheses enables synthetic organic chemists to advance their research and develop new functional materials and applications in chemical research, pharmaceuticals, and materials science.

Privileged Chiral Ligands and Catalysts

Download Privileged Chiral Ligands and Catalysts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527635211
Total Pages : 670 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Privileged Chiral Ligands and Catalysts by : Qi-Lin Zhou

Download or read book Privileged Chiral Ligands and Catalysts written by Qi-Lin Zhou and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-10 with total page 670 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic asymmetric synthesis has been one of the most active research areas in chemistry (Nobel Prize in 2001). The development of efficient chiral catalysts plays a crucial role in asymmetric catalysis. Although many chiral ligands/catalysts have been developed in the past decades, the most efficient catalysts are derived from a few core structures, called "privileged chiral catalysts". This ultimate "must have" and long awaited reference for every chemist working in the field of asymmetric catalysis starts with the core structure of the catalysts, explaining why a certain ligand or catalyst is so successful. It describes in detail the history, the basic structural characteristics, and the applications of these "privileged catalysts". This novel presentation provides readers with a much deeper insight into the topic and makes it a must-have for organic chemists, catalytic chemists, chemists working with/on organometallics, chemists in industry, and libraries. From the contents: * BINAP * Bisphosphacycles - From DuPhos and BPE to a Diverse Set of Broadly Applied Ligands * Josiphos Ligands: From Discovery to Technical Applications * Chiral Spiro Ligands * Chiral Bisoxazoline Ligands * PHOX Ligands * Chiral Salen Complexes * BINOL * TADDOLate Ligands * Cinchona Alkaloids * Proline Derivatives

Organometallics in Organic Synthesis

Download Organometallics in Organic Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642731961
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (427 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Organometallics in Organic Synthesis by : Armin de Meijere

Download or read book Organometallics in Organic Synthesis written by Armin de Meijere and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More and more possible applications of organometallic compounds in organic synthesis have been uncovered and a growing number of scientists are attracted to this area of research. This book presents an state-of-the-art account of the successful application of main- and transition metal mediated syntheses. It will stimulate new ideas and initiate further research in all areas of this fascinating chemistry.

Modern Enolate Chemistry

Download Modern Enolate Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527334521
Total Pages : 454 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Enolate Chemistry by : Manfred Braun

Download or read book Modern Enolate Chemistry written by Manfred Braun and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by one of the world?s leading synthetic chemists in the field, this reference presents modern enolate chemistry with an emphasis on metal O-enolates in asymmetric synthesis. While great care is taken to cover novel, successful concepts, such classical methods as the famous Evans enolates are equally highlighted. Throughout the book representative reaction procedures are presented, thus helping readers to find the best solution for their own synthetic problem. Of high interest to synthetic chemists in academia, as well as the pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and fine chemicals industries.

Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis

Download Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119736412
Total Pages : 798 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis by : Takahiko Akiyama

Download or read book Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis written by Takahiko Akiyama and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-05-27 with total page 798 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis Seminal text presenting detailed accounts of the most important catalytic asymmetric reactions known today This book covers the preparation of enantiomerically pure or enriched chemical compounds by use of chiral catalyst molecules. While reviewing the most important catalytic methods for asymmetric organic synthesis, this book highlights the most important and recent developments in catalytic asymmetric synthesis. Edited by two well-qualified experts, sample topics covered in the work include: Metal catalysis, organocatalysis, photoredox catalysis, enzyme catalysis C–H bond functionalization reactions Carbon–carbon bond formation reactions, carbon–halogen bond formation reactions, hydrogenations, polymerizations, flow reactions Axially chiral compounds Retaining the best of its predecessors but now thoroughly up to date with the important and recent developments in catalytic asymmetric synthesis, the 4th edition of Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis serves as an excellent desktop reference and text for researchers and students, from upper-level undergraduates all the way to experienced professionals in industry or academia.

Radical and Ion-pairing Strategies in Asymmetric Organocatalysis

Download Radical and Ion-pairing Strategies in Asymmetric Organocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0081011555
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Radical and Ion-pairing Strategies in Asymmetric Organocatalysis by : Maxime R Vitale

Download or read book Radical and Ion-pairing Strategies in Asymmetric Organocatalysis written by Maxime R Vitale and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-07-21 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considering the challenge of sustainability facing our society in the coming decades, catalysis is without any doubt a research area of major importance. In this regard, asymmetric organocatalysis, now considered a pillar of green chemistry, deserves particular attention. The first chapter of this volume examines the topic of asymmetric organocatalysis in light of radical chemistry. Recent important progress in this field has been attained by promoting the formation and harnessing the high reactivity of open-shell intermediates. Merging organocatalysis with radical chemistry has been the key to solving some longstanding bottlenecks, and has also significantly contributed to reinforcing the key role of organocatalysis in asymmetric catalysis. This chapter presents the most significant developments in this area, with a particular focus on asymmetric SOMO- and photoredox-organocatalyzed transformations. Chapter 2 focuses on quaternary ammonium salts (R4N+X-), especially chiral derivatives, and their behavior as unique catalysts in organocatalysis. Forming chiral ion-pairs capable of promoting asymmetric reactions, they also operate as unique "transporters involved in phase transfer catalytic processes between liquid–liquid or liquid–solid systems. Furthermore, they offer unique opportunities when forming cooperative ion-paired entities R4N+X-, allowing a synergistic implication of the counter-ion X- either as Brønsted bases or Lewis bases. Specific design of such chiral catalysts in modern chemistry and better insight into their mode of activation facilitates efficient and unprecedented chemical transformations. This chapter provides an overview of the use of chiral quaternary ammonium salts in organocatalysis, emphasizing both general mechanistic aspects and the scope of this approach. - Presents the most significant developments with a particular focus on asymmetric SOMO- and photoredox-organocatalyzed transformations - Givies a larger overview of chiral ammonium salts in organocatalysis rather than a specific review dedicated to specialists in this area - Affords a historical evolution of this field of research

Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry

Download Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483293424
Total Pages : 568 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry by : Alan R. Katritzky

Download or read book Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry written by Alan R. Katritzky and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-01-31 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a one-volume overall picture of the largest of the classical divisions of organic chemistry, suitable for the graduate or advanced undergraduate student, as well as for research workers, both specialists in the field and those engaged in another discipline and requiring knowledge of heterocyclic chemistry. It represents Volume 9 of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry and utilizes the general chapters which appear in the 8-volume work. The highly systematic coverage given to the subject makes this the most authoritative one-volume account of modern heterocyclic chemistry available.

C-C Bond Activation

Download C-C Bond Activation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 364255055X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis C-C Bond Activation by : Guangbin Dong

Download or read book C-C Bond Activation written by Guangbin Dong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-09-18 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors. Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students

Asymmetric Organocatalysis Combined with Metal Catalysis

Download Asymmetric Organocatalysis Combined with Metal Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030438511
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asymmetric Organocatalysis Combined with Metal Catalysis by : Bruce A. Arndtsen

Download or read book Asymmetric Organocatalysis Combined with Metal Catalysis written by Bruce A. Arndtsen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.The chapter "Enamine/Transition Metal Combined Catalysis: Catalytic Transformations Involving Organometallic Electrophilic Intermediates" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions

Download Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118060458
Total Pages : 851 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions by : Gwilherm Evano

Download or read book Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions written by Gwilherm Evano and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 851 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing comprehensive insight into the use of copper in cross-coupling reactions, Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions provides a complete up-to-date collection of the available reactions and catalytic systems for the formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds. This essential reference covers a broad scope of copper-mediated reactions, their variations, key advances, improvements, and an array of academic and industrial applications that have revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. The text also discusses the mechanism of these transformations, the use of copper as cost-efficient alternative to palladium, as well as recently developed methods for conducting copper-mediated reactions with supported catalysts.

Modern Aryne Chemistry

Download Modern Aryne Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527346465
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modern Aryne Chemistry by : Akkattu T. Biju

Download or read book Modern Aryne Chemistry written by Akkattu T. Biju and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-08-23 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A groundbreaking book to offer a a comprehensive account of important reactions involving arynes Modern Aryne Chemistry is the first book on the market to offer a conceptual framework to the reactions related to arynes. It also provides a systematic introduction to the cycloaddition reactions, insertion reactions and transition-metal-catalyzed transformations of arynes. The author, a noted expert on the topic, highlights a novel strategy for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond construction using arynes. The book reveiws the recent use of aryne chemistry for the development of new multicomponent reactions. New advances in this area has shown rapid emergence of a new class of reactions classified under rearrangement reactions. The author also includes information on aryne methods that have been employed for the synthesis of several natural products. The simplicity and sophistication of the synthetic strategy using arynes can serve as a springboard for organic chemists to explore new possibilities and imagine applications of the concept of arynes. This important book: Presents a one-of-kind comprehensive guide to arynes reactions Offers a proven approach to the synthesis of natural product and polymers Reviews the most recent developments in the carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions involving arynes Written for organic, pharmaceutical, medicinal, natural products, and catalytic Chemists, Modern Aryne Chemistry offers a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of reactions related to arynes and the most recent developments in the field.

Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 6 Volume Set

Download Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 6 Volume Set PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118470451
Total Pages : 4542 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (184 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 6 Volume Set by : Zerong Wang

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry, 6 Volume Set written by Zerong Wang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 4542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of 2018 PROSE Award for MULTIVOLUME REFERENCE/SCIENCE This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive and easy reference to physical organic chemistry (POC) methodology and techniques. It puts POC, a classical and fundamental discipline of chemistry, into the context of modern and dynamic fields like biochemical processes, materials science, and molecular electronics. Covers basic terms and theories into organic reactions and mechanisms, molecular designs and syntheses, tools and experimental techniques, and applications and future directions Includes coverage of green chemistry and polymerization reactions Reviews different strategies for molecular design and synthesis of functional molecules Discusses computational methods, software packages, and more than 34 kinds of spectroscopies and techniques for studying structures and mechanisms Explores applications in areas from biology to materials science The Encyclopedia of Physical Organic Chemistry has won the 2018 PROSE Award for MULTIVOLUME REFERENCE/SCIENCE. The PROSE Awards recognize the best books, journals and digital content produced by professional and scholarly publishers. Submissions are reviewed by a panel of 18 judges that includes editors, academics, publishers and research librarians who evaluate each work for its contribution to professional and scholarly publishing. You can find out more at: proseawards.com Also available as an online edition for your library, for more details visit Wiley Online Library