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Investigation On Nitric Oxide And Soot Of Biodiesel And Conventional Diesel Using A Medium Duty Diesel Engine
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Book Synopsis Investigation on Nitric Oxide and Soot of Biodiesel and Conventional Diesel Using a Medium Duty Diesel Engine by : Hoseok Song
Download or read book Investigation on Nitric Oxide and Soot of Biodiesel and Conventional Diesel Using a Medium Duty Diesel Engine written by Hoseok Song and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel has been suggested as an alternative fuel to the petroleum diesel fuel. It beneficially reduces regulated emission gases, but increases NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) Thus, the increase in NOx is the barrier for potential growth of the biodiesel fuel. In general, NOx formation is dominated by flame temperature. Interestingly, soot can play a role as a heat sink as well as a heat transfer media to high temperature gases. Thus, the cooling effect of soot may change the flame temperature and therefore, NOx emissions. In this study, emphasis is placed on the relationship between soot and NO (Nitric oxide) formation. For the experimental study, a metallic fuel additive is used since barium is known to be effective to suppress soot formation during combustion. The barium additive is applied to #2D (Number 2 diesel fuel) by volume basis: 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 %-v, and to the palm olein oil by 0.25 %-v. All the tests are carried out in a four-cylinder medium duty diesel engine, 4045 DI diesel engine, manufactured by John Deere. For the analysis, an analytical model is used to estimate combustion temperature, NO concentration and soot emissivity. The results show that NO concentration does not have the expected trade-off relation with soot. Rather, NO concentration is found to be more strongly affected by ambient temperature and combustion characteristics than by soot. The results of the analytical model show the reasonable NO estimation and the improvement on temperature calculation. However, the model is not able to explain the detailed changes of soot emissivity by the different fuels since the emissivity correlation is developed empirically for diesel fuel.
Book Synopsis A modelling study of soot and nitric oxide formation in diesel engines by : Robert Roy Raine
Download or read book A modelling study of soot and nitric oxide formation in diesel engines written by Robert Roy Raine and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling Soot Formation in Diesel Engines by : Alumah Arad
Download or read book Modeling Soot Formation in Diesel Engines written by Alumah Arad and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This study focuses on using biodiesel fuel as a means for decreasing diesel engine particulateemissions. Biodiesel is a general name for mixtures of long chain esters, generally methyl or ethylesters, used as alternative fuels in diesel engines. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification, usuallyof vegetable oils, with short chain aliphatic alcohols. Most researchers agree that diesel engineparticulate matter emissions decrease with the addition of biodiesel to diesel fuel.In this study, a new phenomenological model of soot formation and oxidation was developed fordiesel-biodiesel blend combustion."-- From the abstract.
Book Synopsis Health Effects of Transport-related Air Pollution by : Michal Krzyzanowski
Download or read book Health Effects of Transport-related Air Pollution written by Michal Krzyzanowski and published by WHO Regional Office Europe. This book was released on 2005 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases related to the air pollution caused by road transport affect tens of thousands of people in the WHO Europe region each year. This publication considers the policy challenges involved in the need to reduce the related risks to public health and the environment, whilst meeting socio-economic requirements for effective transport systems. It sets out a systematic review of the literature and a comprehensive evaluation of the health hazards of transport-related air pollution, including factors determining emissions, the contribution of traffic to pollution levels, human exposure and the results of epidemiological and toxicological studies to identify and measure the health effects, and suggestions for policy actions and further research.
Book Synopsis An Experimentally Determined Temporally Based Study of Turbo-charged Diesel Nitric Oxide Emissions by : Ronald J. Donahue
Download or read book An Experimentally Determined Temporally Based Study of Turbo-charged Diesel Nitric Oxide Emissions written by Ronald J. Donahue and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Transient Nitric Oxide Emission in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine by : Xiansong Chen
Download or read book Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Transient Nitric Oxide Emission in a Turbocharged Diesel Engine written by Xiansong Chen and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 by : Luis Manuel Ventura
Download or read book Study About Nitrogen Oxide Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Diesel Engines Fueled with B20 written by Luis Manuel Ventura and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of biodiesel is one of the alternatives to reduce oil dependence in the transport sector and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. One of the most common engines in Europe was subjected to some tests, aiming to discover the efficiency effects and the emission characteristics when consuming a fuel containing 20% of biodiesel and 80% of diesel (B20), and comparing the results with the use of 100% diesel (B0). Using an engine test bench, several working points of the engine were chosen considering different engine rotation from idle speed to 3500 rpm and from residual torque to 120 Nm, covering the great majority of the normal running operation of this kind of engines when installed in light vehicles. The results revealed a non-proportional effect for fuel consumption for different engine regimes where the energetic differences were, in some operation regimes, totally compensated with efficiency increase. The NOx emission analysis allows to admit that the use of biodiesel in the fuel leads to a consequence on emissions increase that is not always obvious, since in some regimes that increase is noticeable, but for other regimes a slight decrease or no significant change was detected.
Book Synopsis Cold Flow Improvement of Biodiesel and Investigation of the Effect of Biodiesel Emulsification on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions by : Osama Elsanusi
Download or read book Cold Flow Improvement of Biodiesel and Investigation of the Effect of Biodiesel Emulsification on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions written by Osama Elsanusi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing concerns over environmental issues and conventional resource depletion have heightened our motivation to use clean and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is simply derived from biomass proposed as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, which contributes to a reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), smoke intensity, and unburned hydrocarbon (HC). However, biodiesel has inferior cold flow properties and emits higher nitrogen oxides (NOx) compared to conventional diesel. The present work aims at improving cold flow properties of biodiesel using the fractionation method combined with additives, and investigates their effects on a diesel engine's regulated emissions and performance. In addition, emulsion fuels were found to reduce both NOx emission and smoke intensity. Experiments using urea, mixture of recovered urea and crystal, and crystal fractionation were conducted; the additives include ethanol, methanol, and diethyl ether (DEE). Results using two modern diesel engines (a light-duty and a heavy-duty) were investigated using various fuels. The heavy-duty engine was fueled with different fuel types and eight emulsion fuels at two idling conditions (1200 rpm and 1500 rpm). The light-duty engine was fueled with biodiesel blends, fractionated biodiesel blends, emulsified diesel-biodiesel, emulsified diesel-biodiesel ammonium hydroxides blends, and emulsified biodiesel at three different engine operating conditions. The conclusion was that a mixture of recovered urea and crystal fractionation provided higher production efficiency and acceptable cloud point. A significant reduction in NOx emission was obtained from emulsified fuels compared with their bases, and emulsion biodiesel with 2.5% water revealed results that were comparable to diesel in terms of NOx and CO emissions at all engine operating conditions.
Book Synopsis The Impact of Biodiesel-based Na on the Durability of Cu-Zeolite SCR Catalysts and Other Diesel Aftertreatment Devices by : Daniel William Brookshear
Download or read book The Impact of Biodiesel-based Na on the Durability of Cu-Zeolite SCR Catalysts and Other Diesel Aftertreatment Devices written by Daniel William Brookshear and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel fuel has increased in popularity in recent years as an alternative fuel choice, but there are concerns related to the impact it will have on diesel engines and aftertreatment systems relative to conventional diesel fuel. One major concern is the presence of sodium (Na) in finished biodiesel fuel due to the use of Na-hydroxyl as a liquid-phase catalyst during biodiesel synthesis. The current study focuses on determining the impact of biodiesel-based Na on the performance and materials characterization of diesel aftertreatment devices including lean NOx̳ traps (LNT), diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC), diesel particulate filters (DPF), and Cu-zeolite selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts. Long-term engine aged LNT, DOC, and DPF samples are provided by research partners, while a 517 cc single-cylinder Hatz diesel engine is used to perform accelerated Na-aging of aftertreatment systems consisting of a DOC, SCR, and DPF in either the light-duty (DOC-SCR-DPF) or heavy-duty (DOC-DPF-SCR) configuration. Bench-flow reactor (BFR) evaluations reveal that the performance of LNT and DOC catalysts is negligibly affected by exposure to Na, but that Cu-zeolite SCR in the light-duty configuration suffers a drastic reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx̳) performance. The performance loss can be avoided by placing the SCR downstream of the DPF in the heavy-duty aftertreatment configuration, but electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) of the DPF from this configuration identifies excessive Na ash buildup and migration of Na into the DPF substrate. v EPMA analysis of the Na-aged SCR determined that the contamination pattern is similar to that observed in the long-term engine-aged DOC and LNT samples, providing credibility to the accelerated Na-aging process. Materials characterization techniques including diffuse-reflective infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and BET surface area measurements determined that loss of catalyst surface area and a decrease in the number of active Cu sites for ammonia (NH3) adsorption and SCR reactions are the most likely cause of the reduced nitrogen oxides (NOx̳) performance in the light-duty configuration accelerated Na-aged SCR. Finally, mathematical modeling successfully predicts the performance of fresh SCR catalysts, but is less accurate for catalysts exposed to elevated levels of Na.
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Difference in Cool Flame Characteristics Between Petroleum Diesel and Soybean Biodiesel Operating in Low Temperature Combustion Mode by : Aditya Muthu Narayanan
Download or read book Investigation of the Difference in Cool Flame Characteristics Between Petroleum Diesel and Soybean Biodiesel Operating in Low Temperature Combustion Mode written by Aditya Muthu Narayanan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the promising solutions to rising emission standards is the in-cylinder emission reduction, through low temperature combustion. Low temperature combustion defeats conventional soot-NOx trade off by simultaneous reduction of both emissions by controlling the in-cylinder temperature below the Soot and NOx forming temperature zones. The use of low temperature combustion strategy phases the combustion into the expansion stroke, making the entire combustion process highly sensitive to start of high temperature combustion. Early start of high temperature combustion results in the advancement of combustion, resulting in higher in-cylinder temperature and pressure promoting the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Delayed start of combustion results in the retardation of the high temperature combustion further into the expansion stroke the first stage combustion, in this case cool flame combustion, has an important role to play in the phasing of high temperature combustion, associated emissions and efficiency. The focus of this study is to investigate the difference in the cool flame combustion characteristics between petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel, when operating in low temperature combustion mode. Previous studies have attributed the absence of the cool flame in biodiesel purely due to oxygen content of the biodiesel. Cycle-to-cycle variation, exhaust gas constituents, rail pressure and fuel penetration length were analyzed to determine the causes for difference in the cool flame characteristic between the two fuels. The result of the analysis was that cool flame combustion is present in all combustion processes and not a product of systematic error or due to the combustion of the partially combusted species in the recirculated exhaust gas. It does not entirely depend on the chemical composition of fuel and rather on the in-cylinder conditions in particular the ambient oxygen concentration. Lower ambient oxygen concentration causes the cool flame to advance with respect to the high temperature heat release, making it visible in the heat release profile. The appearance of the cool flame at increased rail pressure in biodiesel does not cause a change in the trend of ignition delay, unburned hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide with respect to rail pressure. It only results in the retardation of high temperature combustion, further into the expansion stroke. Low temperature combustion defeats conventional soot-NOx trade off by simultaneous reduction of both emissions by controlling the in-cylinder temperature below the Soot and NOx forming temperature zones. In this study, low temperature combustion is achieved with the use of high exhaust gas recirculation circulation and late injection timing, phasing the combustion in the expansion stroke. The use of low temperature combustion strategy phases the combustion into the expansion stroke, making the entire combustion process highly sensitive to start of high temperature combustion. Early start of high temperature combustion results in the advancement of combustion, resulting in higher in-cylinder temperature and pressure promoting the formation of oxides of nitrogen. Delayed start of combustion results in the retardation of the high temperature combustion further into the expansion stroke, increasing the concentration of unburned hydrocarbon in the exhaust. Hence the first stage combustion, in this case cool flame combustion, has an important role to play in the phasing of high temperature combustion, associated emissions and efficiency. The focus of this study is to investigate the difference in the cool flame combustion characteristics between petroleum diesel and soybean biodiesel, when operating in low temperature combustion mode. Previous studies have attributed the absence of the cool flame in biodiesel purely due to oxygen content of the biodiesel. Late injection timing along with EGR was used to achieve LTC combustion (verified by soot-NOx comparison with conventional combustion), to realize the difference in cool flame characteristics between the two fuels. Further, cycle-to-cycle variation, exhaust gas constituents, rail pressure and fuel penetration length were analyzed to determine the causes for difference in the cool flame characteristic between the two fuels. The result of the analysis was that cool flame combustion is present in all combustion processes and not a product of systematic error or due to the combustion of the partially combusted species in the recirculated exhaust gas. It does not entirely depend on the chemical composition of fuel and rather on the in-cylinder conditions in particular the ambient oxygen concentration. Lower ambient oxygen concentration causes the cool flame to advance with respect to the high temperature heat release, making it visible in the heat release profile. The appearance of the cool flame at increased rail pressure in biodiesel does not cause a change in the trend of ignition delay, unburned hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide with respect to rail pressure. It only results in the retardation of high temperature combustion, further into the expansion stroke. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/151940
Book Synopsis Models for Combustion and Formation of Nitric Oxide and Soot in Direct Injection Diesel Engines by : H. Hiroyasu
Download or read book Models for Combustion and Formation of Nitric Oxide and Soot in Direct Injection Diesel Engines written by H. Hiroyasu and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of Fuel Property and Biodiesel Effects in a Highly Dilute Low Temperature Combustion Regime with a Light-duty Diesel Engine by : Huy Tran
Download or read book Investigation of Fuel Property and Biodiesel Effects in a Highly Dilute Low Temperature Combustion Regime with a Light-duty Diesel Engine written by Huy Tran and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide in a Diesel Engine by : Genie Gertruda Maria Stoffels
Download or read book Nitric Oxide in a Diesel Engine written by Genie Gertruda Maria Stoffels and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Study of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Its Decomposition During Diesel Engine Combustion by : Jorge Manuel Gonzalez Esparza
Download or read book A Study of Nitric Oxide (NO) and Its Decomposition During Diesel Engine Combustion written by Jorge Manuel Gonzalez Esparza and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Impact of Rail Pressure and Biodiesel Fueling on the Particulate Morphology and Soot Nanostructures from a Common-rail Turbocharged Direct Injection Diesel Engine by :
Download or read book Impact of Rail Pressure and Biodiesel Fueling on the Particulate Morphology and Soot Nanostructures from a Common-rail Turbocharged Direct Injection Diesel Engine written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effect of rail pressure and biodiesel fueling on the morphology of exhaust particulate agglomerates and the nanostructure of primary particles (soot) was investigated with a common-rail turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. The engine was operated at steady state on a dynamometer running at moderate speed with both low (30%) and medium-high (60%) fixed loads, and exhaust particulate was sampled for analysis. Ultra-low sulfur diesel and its 20% v/v blends with soybean methyl ester biodiesel were used. Fuel injection occurred in a single event around top dead center at three different injection pressures. Exhaust particulate samples were characterized with TEM imaging, scanning mobility particle sizing, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and XRD analysis. Particulate morphology and oxidative reactivity were found to vary significantly with rail pressure and with biodiesel blend level. Higher biodiesel content led to increases in the primary particle size and oxidative reactivity but did not affect nanoscale disorder in the as-received samples. For particulates generated with higher injection pressures, the initial oxidative reactivity increased, but there was no detectable correlation with primary particle size or nanoscale disorder.
Book Synopsis Driving and Engine Cycles by : Evangelos G. Giakoumis
Download or read book Driving and Engine Cycles written by Evangelos G. Giakoumis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-09 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents in detail the most important driving and engine cycles used for the certification and testing of new vehicles and engines around the world. It covers chassis and engine-dynamometer cycles for passenger cars, light-duty vans, heavy-duty engines, non-road engines and motorcycles, offering detailed historical information and critical review. The book also provides detailed examples from SI and diesel engines and vehicles operating during various cycles, with a focus on how the engine behaves during transients and how this is reflected in emitted pollutants, CO2 and after-treatment systems operation. It describes the measurement methods for the testing of new vehicles and essential information on the procedure for creating a driving cycle. Lastly, it presents detailed technical specifications on the most important chassis-dynamometer cycles around the world, together with a direct comparison of those cycles.
Book Synopsis Investigation of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Biodiesel-fueled Engines by : Mustafa Ertunc Tat
Download or read book Investigation of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from Biodiesel-fueled Engines written by Mustafa Ertunc Tat and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids. It is obtained from triglycerides through the transesterfication process. The objective of this research was to determine the reason for the higher levels of NOx emissions that have been observed from biodiesel fueled engines. A concept map was developed to show the interrelationships between the fuel and engine variables that affect NOx production. It was determined that a change in combustion timing caused by changes in fuel properties between diesel fuel and biodiesel might be the source of the NOx increase. Tests were conducted to determine the effect of blending biodiesel with diesel fuel on these properties, and to determine the effect of biodiesel fuel properties such as the lower heating value, density, speed of sound, bulk modulus, cetane number, and volatility on the NOx emissions from a diesel fueled with biodiesel. It was found that biodiesel is denser and less compressible than No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels and that the chain length and saturation increase the density, speed of sound, and isentropic bulk modulus. It was also found that the higher oxides of nitrogen emission could be explained by a start of combustion advance. Half of the start of combustion advance originated from a start of injection advance of which about half is due to the automatic timing advance of the pump as it injects more fuel to compensate for the lower heating value of biodiesel and half is due to the bulk modulus, viscosity, and density of fuel, which show significant differences from pump to pump. The other half of the start of combustion timing advance was due to the higher cetane number of the biodiesel. The highter cetane number in the soybean biodiesel advances the start of combustion and therefore contributes to the increase of the NOx; however, the cetane number of the yellow grease biodiesel was so high that it suppressed the premixed portion of the combustion and lowered the brake specific oxides of nitrogen emission relative to soybean oil biodiesel.
