International Norm Dynamics And The End Of Poverty

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International Norms, Normative Change, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Author : Noha Shawki
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498533035
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis International Norms, Normative Change, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals by : Noha Shawki

Download or read book International Norms, Normative Change, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals written by Noha Shawki and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2016-09-06 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an edited volume that focuses on international norms and normative change in some of the key areas of sustainable human development. This is an important and timely topic since the international community adopted a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September of 2015. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development will guide international development efforts over the next fifteen years. For this reason, developing a deeper understanding of the SDGs, the international norms that underpin them, and any normative change they represent is vital for students, scholars, and development practitioners and professionals. This volume is designed to provide an account of some of the normative debates and normative change that the process of developing a set of SDGs has entailed. Its goal is to assess the origins, nature, extent, and implications of normative change in the context of the post-2015 development agenda. It also evaluates the extent to which the SDGs represent a significant change from established development norms and practices.

Winning the Peace

Author : Andrew Carr
Publisher : Melbourne Univ. Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0522867057
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (228 download)

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Book Synopsis Winning the Peace by : Andrew Carr

Download or read book Winning the Peace written by Andrew Carr and published by Melbourne Univ. Publishing. This book was released on 2015-01-05 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winning the Peace seeks to explore and explain how Australian governments, during the modern period of Australia's engagement with Asia (from 1983 till today), have attempted to use their defence and foreign policies to shape the region. While there were certainly times of tension during this period, such as the spikes around the end of the Cold War and during the early years of the War on Terror, the region has been largely defined by peace. Because of this peace and thanks to Australia's relative size as a 'middle power', the government's attempt to change how other states act and think was not sought through the deployment or use of force but through military and diplomatic engagement and persuasion. Australia's smaller size also meant it had to be strategic in its efforts. It had to determine which changes were priorities, it had to re-organise and develop its resources, it had to deploy them effectively and efficiently, and it had to be able to sustain the effort in the face of competition and rejection. This book focuses on the three main 'campaigns' the Australian government has undertaken since the early 1980s to reshape the Asia-Pacific in pursuit of its national interests.

Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change

Author : Alan Bloomfield
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317479572
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change by : Alan Bloomfield

Download or read book Norm Antipreneurs and the Politics of Resistance to Global Normative Change written by Alan Bloomfield and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over recent decades International Relations scholars have investigated norm dynamics processes at some length, with the ‘norm entrepreneur’ concept having become a common reference point in the literature. The focus on norm entrepreneurs has, however, resulted in a bias towards investigating the agents and processes of successful normative change. This book challenges this inherent bias by explicitly focusing on those who resist normative change - norm ‘antipreneurs’. The utility of the norm antipreneur concept is explored through a series of case studies encompassing a range of issue areas and contributed by a mix of well-known and emergent scholars of norm dynamics. In examining the complexity of norm resistance, particular attention is paid to the nature and intent of the actors involved in norm-contestation, the sites and processes of resistance, the strategies and tactics antipreneurs deploy to defend the values and interests they perceive to be threatened by the entrepreneurs, and whether it is the entrepreneurs or the antipreneurs who enjoy greater inherent advantages. This text will therefore be of interest to scholars and students of International Relations, International Law, Political Science, Sociology and History.

Global Poverty

Author : David Hulme
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317575202
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Poverty by : David Hulme

Download or read book Global Poverty written by David Hulme and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-02-11 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Around 1.4 billion people presently live in extreme poverty, and yet despite this vast scale, the issue of global poverty had a relatively low international profile until the end of the 20th century. In this important new work, Hulme charts the rise of global poverty as a priority global issue, and its subsequent marginalisation as old themes edged it aside (trade policy and peace-making in regions of geo-political importance) and new issues were added (terrorism, global climate change and access to natural resources). Key updates for the new edition: evaluation of the post-2015 Development Agenda and the Rio+20 exploration of how Colombia and Brazil are pushing a sustainability agenda as a Southern perspective to challenge the aid focus of OECD post-MDGs interests examination and discussion of the gradual shift of power and influence to the BRICs and emerging regional powers (Indonesia, Turkey, South Africa) but the lack of change in global institutions exploration of Russia’s lack of participation in the development agenda The first book to tackle the issue of global poverty through the lens of global institutions; this fully updated volume provides an important resource for all students and scholars of international relations, development studies and international political economy.

Norms, Storytelling and International Institutions in China

Author : Xiaoyu Lu
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030567079
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Norms, Storytelling and International Institutions in China by : Xiaoyu Lu

Download or read book Norms, Storytelling and International Institutions in China written by Xiaoyu Lu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a political ethnography of norm diffusion and storytelling through international institutions in China. It is driven by intellectual puzzles and realpolitik questions: are we converging or diverging on values? Do emerging powers reinforce or reshape the existing international order? Are international institutions socialising emerging powers or being used to promote alternative norms? This book addresses these questions through fieldwork research over three years at the United Nations Development Programme in China, the first international development agency to enter post-reform China in 1979. It provides a crucial case to study the everyday practices of norm diffusion in emerging powers, and highlights the central role of storytelling in translating and contesting normative scripts. The book selects norms in human rights, rule of law and development cooperation to analyse how translators and brokers innovatively use stories to advocate, and how these normative stories move back-and-forth between local-global spaces and orders. "A fascinating ethnography that tells us much about international institutions and China's changing role in the world: of interest both to China specialists and theorists of international relations." —Rana Mitter, Director of the University of Oxford China Centre, University of Oxford, UK “Through pioneering ethnographic research, Xiaoyu Lu’s outstanding book makes a major contribution to our understanding of norm diffusion and the ways in which China is shaping, and is shaped by, international development norms. Lu’s richly textured analysis shows how ‘norm translators’ use case studies, personal stories, and other narratives to negotiate between global and local normative orders, and to facilitate the day-to-day processes of norm diffusion." —Amy King, Associate Professor, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, Australia "An intricate account of the everyday politics in international development institution, that will enrich our understanding of emerging powers and their roles in global development.” —Emma Mawdsley, Director of the Margaret Anstee Centre for Global Studies, University of Cambridge, UK

From Poverty to Power

Author : Duncan Green
Publisher : Oxfam
ISBN 13 : 0855985933
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (559 download)

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Book Synopsis From Poverty to Power by : Duncan Green

Download or read book From Poverty to Power written by Duncan Green and published by Oxfam. This book was released on 2008 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a look at the causes and effects of poverty and inequality, as well as the possible solutions. This title features research, human stories, statistics, and compelling arguments. It discusses about the world we live in and how we can make it a better place.

Contesting Global Environmental Knowledge, Norms and Governance

Author : M. J. Peterson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351679996
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Contesting Global Environmental Knowledge, Norms and Governance by : M. J. Peterson

Download or read book Contesting Global Environmental Knowledge, Norms and Governance written by M. J. Peterson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through theoretical discussions and case studies, this volume explores how processes of contestation about knowledge, norms, and governance processes shape efforts to promote sustainability through international environmental governance. The epistemic communities literature of the 1990s highlighted the importance of expert consensus on scientific knowledge for problem definition and solution specification in international environmental agreements. This book addresses a gap in this literature – insufficient attention to the multiple forms of contestation that also inform international environmental governance. These forms include within-discipline contestation that helps forge expert consensus, inter-disciplinary contestation regarding the types of expert knowledge needed for effective response to environmental problems, normative and practical arguments about the proper roles of experts and laypersons, and contestation over how to combine globally developed norms and scientific knowledge with locally prevalent norms and traditional knowledge in ways ensuring effective implementation of environmental policies. This collection advances understanding of the conditions under which contestation facilitates or hinders the development of effective global environmental governance. The contributors examine how attempts to incorporate more than one stream of expert knowledge and to include lay knowledge alongside it have played out in efforts to create and maintain multilateral agreements relating to environmental concerns. It will interest scholars and graduate students of political science, global governance, international environmental politics, and global policy making. Policy analysts should also find it useful.

The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights

Author : Malcolm Langford
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107512344
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights by : Malcolm Langford

Download or read book The Millennium Development Goals and Human Rights written by Malcolm Langford and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) have generated tremendous discussion in global policy and academic circles. On the one hand, they have been hailed as the most important initiative ever in international development. On the other hand, they have been described as a great betrayal of human rights and universal values that has contributed to a depoliticization of development. With contributions from scholars from the fields of economics, law, politics, medicine and architecture, this volume sets out to disentangle this debate in both theory and practice. It critically examines the trajectory of the MDGs, the role of human rights in theory and practice, and what criteria might guide the framing of the post-2015 development agenda. The book is essential reading for anyone interested in global agreements on poverty and development.

Post-2015 UN Development

Author : Stephen Browne
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135073619
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Post-2015 UN Development by : Stephen Browne

Download or read book Post-2015 UN Development written by Stephen Browne and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-08-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2000, at the United Nations Millennium Summit, world leaders agreed to the Millennium Declaration. The Declaration included development targets to be reached by 2015, which were to become known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Progress has been made towards the achievement of the MDGs, but poverty remains widespread. With the terminal year approaching, the international community has begun the process of determining the goals which might follow the MDGs. While the UN is driving the process, there has been very little introspection on its own organizational capacity to help countries to meet the goals and is being increasingly sidelined by other more effective development organizations and initiatives. Based on extensive original research that has critically examined the role and functions of the organizations of the UN development system, this book seeks to capture in a single volume a comprehensive review of the UN’s performance and prospects for development. The contributors each offer extensive experience and familiarity—as practitioners and researchers—with the UN and development; and the book will contribute to the urgently needed debate on the reform of the UN development system at a critical juncture. The main rationale for this book, and its timing, is the unusual opportunity provided by the 2015 threshold to re-think the UN development system and to empower it to support a new development agenda and will be of interest to students, scholars of International Organizations and development studies.

International Labour Standards and Platform Work

Author : Mathias Wouters
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403540419
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis International Labour Standards and Platform Work by : Mathias Wouters

Download or read book International Labour Standards and Platform Work written by Mathias Wouters and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-11-25 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Platform work – the matching of the supply of and demand for paid labour through an online platform – often depends on workers who operate in a “grey area” between the archetype of an employee and a self-employed worker. This important book explores the utility of the International Labour Organization’s existing standards in governing this phenomenon. It indicates that despite their relevance, many standards have little or no impact. The standards apply to the issue but they fail to connect with it. The author shows how three ILO conventions – the Home Work Convention, 1996 (No. 177), the Private Employment Agencies Convention, 1997 (No. 181), and the Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) – can be revitalised to have an impact on the platform work debate. In the course of the analysis he responds in depth to such questions as the following: What are digital labour platforms? What does decent work mean? Did the ILO centenary fundamentally change anything? What is the link between private employment services and platform work? How do crowdworkers relate to homeworkers and teleworkers? Are platform workers engaged in domestic work? What form could a future ILO standard on platform work take? Given that the ILO plans to start discussions on a potential future standard for platform work in 2022, this book will prove very useful in highlighting the issues and standards that such discussions should consider. Research has shown that the techniques and tools of the platform economy have spread far beyond gig work, resulting in widespread “gigification” and restructuring of workplace behaviours and relationships, jobs, and communities across the world. For this and other reasons, including the book’s detailed analysis of issues not addressed elsewhere, labour lawyers, in-house counsel, researchers, and policymakers will gain valuable insight into what decent work in the platform economy would require, thus greatly broadening the discussion on this difficult-to-regulate phenomenon.

Millennium Development Goals

Author : Sakiko Fukuda-Parr
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1315414244
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis Millennium Development Goals by : Sakiko Fukuda-Parr

Download or read book Millennium Development Goals written by Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heralded as a success that mobilized support for development, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ushered in an era of setting development agendas by setting global goals. This book critically evaluates the MDG experience from the capabilities and human rights perspectives, and questions the use of quantitative targets as an instrument of global governance. It provides an account of their origins, trajectory and influence in shaping the policy agenda, and ideas about international development during the first 15 years of the 21st century. The chapters explore: • whether the goals are adequate as benchmarks for the transformative vision of the Millennium Declaration; • how the goals came to be formulated the way they were, drawing on interviews with key actors who were involved in the process; • how the goals exercised influence through framing to shape policy agendas on the part of both developing countries and the international community; • the political economy that drove the formulation of the goals and their consequences on the agendas of the South and the North; • the effects of quantification and indicators on ideas and action; and • the lessons to be drawn for using numeric goals to promote global priorities. Representing a significant body of work on the MDGs in its multiple dimensions, compiled here for the first time as a single collection that tells the whole definitive story, this book provides a comprehensive resource. It will be of great interest to students, researchers and policymakers in the fields of development, human rights, international political economy, and governance by numeric indicators.

The Millennium Development Goals: Challenges, Prospects and Opportunities

Author : Nana #N/A
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351542435
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

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Book Synopsis The Millennium Development Goals: Challenges, Prospects and Opportunities by : Nana #N/A

Download or read book The Millennium Development Goals: Challenges, Prospects and Opportunities written by Nana #N/A and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the 15-year Millennium Development Goals approach their conclusion, we can now measure their larger successes and failures in more than ?snapshot? fashion; and we can begin to consider how best to shape the international development agenda for the coming decades based on what we have learned. But the performance and outlook for the MDGs can neither be reduced to the sum of its eight goals, nor be divorced from international dynamics - the hard interests of states and other actors, and the global dynamics that impact on both. For that reason, this volume balances contextual analysis, the role of formative and constraining forces, the importance of normative considerations and illuminating case studies to deliver a study of the MDGs which has depth and nuance as well as breadth. Poised between judging the recent performance and the future promise of the MDGs, this book is substantial, provocative and timely.This book was published as a special issue of Third World Quarterly.

Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance

Author : Ali Farazmand
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030662527
Total Pages : 13623 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance by : Ali Farazmand

Download or read book Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance written by Ali Farazmand and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-04-05 with total page 13623 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This global encyclopedic work serves as a comprehensive collection of global scholarship regarding the vast fields of public administration, public policy, governance, and management. Written and edited by leading international scholars and practitioners, this exhaustive resource covers all areas of the above fields and their numerous subfields of study. In keeping with the multidisciplinary spirit of these fields and subfields, the entries make use of various theoretical, empirical, analytical, practical, and methodological bases of knowledge. Expanded and updated, the second edition includes over a thousand of new entries representing the most current research in public administration, public policy, governance, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and management covering such important sub-areas as: 1. organization theory, behavior, change and development; 2. administrative theory and practice; 3. Bureaucracy; 4. public budgeting and financial management; 5. public economy and public management 6. public personnel administration and labor-management relations; 7. crisis and emergency management; 8. institutional theory and public administration; 9. law and regulations; 10. ethics and accountability; 11. public governance and private governance; 12. Nonprofit management and nongovernmental organizations; 13. Social, health, and environmental policy areas; 14. pandemic and crisis management; 15. administrative and governance reforms; 16. comparative public administration and governance; 17. globalization and international issues; 18. performance management; 19. geographical areas of the world with country-focused entries like Japan, China, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Eastern Europe, North America; and 20. a lot more. Relevant to professionals, experts, scholars, general readers, researchers, policy makers and manger, and students worldwide, this work will serve as the most viable global reference source for those looking for an introduction and advance knowledge to the field.

Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India

Author : Knut A. Jacobsen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317403584
Total Pages : 523 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India by : Knut A. Jacobsen

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India written by Knut A. Jacobsen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-08-11 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A second, revised edition of this title is available at https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Handbook-of-Contemporary-India/Jacobsen/p/book/9781032244068 India is the second largest country in the world with regard to population, the world’s largest democracy and by far the largest country in South Asia, and one of the most diverse and pluralistic nations in the world in terms of official languages, cultures, religions and social identities. Indians have for centuries exchanged ideas with other cultures globally and some traditions have been transformed in those transnational and transcultural encounters and become successful innovations with an extraordinary global popularity. India is an emerging global power in terms of economy, but in spite of India’s impressive economic growth over the last decades, some of the most serious problems of Indian society such as poverty, repression of women, inequality both in terms of living conditions and of opportunities such as access to education, employment, and the economic resources of the state persist and do not seem to go away. This Handbook contains chapters by the field’s foremost scholars dealing with fundamental issues in India’s current cultural and social transformation and concentrates on India as it emerged after the economic reforms and the new economic policy of the 1980s and 1990s and as it develops in the twenty-first century. Following an introduction by the editor, the book is divided into five parts: Part I: Foundation Part II: India and the world Part III: Society, class, caste and gender Part IV: Religion and diversity Part V: Cultural change and innovations Exploring the cultural changes and innovations relating a number of contexts in contemporary India, this Handbook is essential reading for students and scholars interested in Indian and South Asian culture, politics and society. Chapter 11 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Research Handbook on International Law and Social Rights

Author : Christina Binder
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788972139
Total Pages : 587 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (889 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Handbook on International Law and Social Rights by : Christina Binder

Download or read book Research Handbook on International Law and Social Rights written by Christina Binder and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive Research Handbook offers a comparative overview of the history, nature and current status of social rights at the universal and regional level. Tracing their evolution from rather modest beginnings, to becoming the category of rights responding most accurately to the 21st century’s policy objectives of poverty eradication and equitable resource allocation, this Research Handbook assesses the mechanisms used to enhance the implementation and enforcement of social rights.

Challenges to Emerging and Established Powers: Brazil, the United Kingdom and Global Order

Author : Marco Vieira
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317269934
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Challenges to Emerging and Established Powers: Brazil, the United Kingdom and Global Order by : Marco Vieira

Download or read book Challenges to Emerging and Established Powers: Brazil, the United Kingdom and Global Order written by Marco Vieira and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume explores the analytical possibilities of contrasting Brazil and the United Kingdom as examples of emerging and established powers, respectively. It is organised around several themes focusing on the roles of Brazil and the United Kingdom in the management of global economic governance, international development, international security, the politics of regional integration, global climate change governance, and the political leveraging of sports mega-events. Each chapter explores Brazil’s and/or the UK’s particular foreign policies and their resulting impact on these key areas of global governance and politics. The conceptual focus is on these states’ motivations as either status-seekers (Brazil) or status-maintainers (UK) in the context of a fast moving international landscape. The chapters in this book directly or indirectly indicate that these states wish to draw attention to their aspiring or established positions as key global players through either visible foreign policy action and/or symbolic rhetoric. This book was originally published as a special issue of Global Society.

The Politics behind Aid and Cooperation Norms

Author : Rubens de Siqueira Duarte
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1498582737
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics behind Aid and Cooperation Norms by : Rubens de Siqueira Duarte

Download or read book The Politics behind Aid and Cooperation Norms written by Rubens de Siqueira Duarte and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2019-08-27 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the use of norms by British and Brazilian actors in aid/cooperation in the 21st century, unveiling the politics behind norm circulation. Inspired by a constructivist approach, this research analyses actors’ agency in asymmetric international and domestic environments, in which different norms, dissimilar identities, and opposing interests coexist. Regardless of the discourses and theories surrounding the differentiation between North-South and South-South aid/cooperation, British and Brazilian actors use norms to achieve their own goals at the domestic and international levels. Processes of norm circulation in aid/cooperation have a greater impact at the international level and within the domestic environment of donor/partner countries, than in promoting behavioral changes in recipient countries. However, the content of British and Brazilian norms is different given their historical position in the international architecture and domestic context. The present study sought to unveil the politics behind how actors use aid/cooperation norms in order to achieve their goals in three major instances: 1- the international forums where actors debate the aid/cooperation architecture; 2- the domestic environment of donor/partner countries; and, 3- the domestic level of recipient countries, where international norms are diffused.