International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135167036
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract by : Emilia Onyema

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract written by Emilia Onyema and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-04-05 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the formation, nature and effect of the arbitrators’ contract, addressing topics such as the appointment, challenge, removal and duties and rights of arbitrators, disputing parties and arbitration institutions. The arguments made in the book are based on a semi-autonomous theory of the juridical nature of international arbitration and a contractual theory of the legal nature of these relationships. From these premises, the book analyses the formation of the arbitrator’s contract in both ad hoc and institutional references. It also examines the institution’s contract with the disputing parties and its effect on the arbitrator’s contract under institutional references. The book draws from national arbitration laws and institutional rules in various jurisdictions to give a global view of the issues examined in it. The arbitrator’s contract is analysed from a global perspective of arbitral law and practice with insights from various jurisdictions in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. The primary focus of the book is an analysis of the formation of the arbitrator’s contract and the terms of this contract and the institution’s contract. The primary question of the consequences (if any) of the breaches of the terms of these contracts and its impact on the exclusion or limitation of liability of arbitrators and institutions is also analysed with the conclusion that since these transactions are contractual and the terms can be categorised as in any normal contract, then normal contractual remedies can be applied to the breaches of these terms. International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator’s Contract will be of great value to arbitration practitioners and researchers in arbitration. It will also be very useful to students of arbitration on the topics of arbitrators and arbitration institution.

International Contracts and National Economic Regulation:Dispute Resolution Through International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041198105
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis International Contracts and National Economic Regulation:Dispute Resolution Through International Commercial Arbitration by : Mahmood Bagheri

Download or read book International Contracts and National Economic Regulation:Dispute Resolution Through International Commercial Arbitration written by Mahmood Bagheri and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2000-12-06 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growth of national economic regulation and the process of globalisation increasingly expose international transactions to an array of regulations from different jurisdictions. These developments often contribute to widespread international contractual failures when parties claim the incompatibility of their contractual obligations with regulatory laws. The author challenges conventional means of dispute resolution and argues for an interdisciplinary approach whereby disciplines such as international economic law, conflict of laws, contract law and economic regulations are functionally united to resolve international and multifaceted regulatory disputes. He identifies the normative foundation of contract law as an important determinant in this process, contending that contract law is essentially neutral and underpinned by the concept of corrective justice, while economic regulations are mainly prompted by distributive justice. Applying this corrective/distributive justice dichotomy to international contracts, the author critically assesses major conflict of laws approaches such as `proper law', `the Rome Convention' and `governmental interest analysis', which could disregard either public interest or private rights. The author, taking these theories into account, proposes an alternative two-dimensional interest analysis approach. He tests the viability of this approach with reference to arbitral awards and court decisions in various jurisdictions and concludes that it uniquely fits into the structure of international commercial arbitration. In adopting this approach arbitrators would take into account both corrective and distributive justice, and to the extent that corrective justice prevails, would be able to avert a total failure of the contract.

Choice of Forum and Laws in International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Choice of Forum and Laws in International Commercial Arbitration by : Peter Edward Nygh

Download or read book Choice of Forum and Laws in International Commercial Arbitration written by Peter Edward Nygh and published by Kluwer Law International. This book was released on 1997 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International commercial arbitration raises issues other than the choice of the law applicable to the principal contract. Autonomy may have a wider meaning, extending beyond the choice of applicable law to the choice of arbitration itself, and of the place or places where it is to be conducted. Nor is it altogether clear what the forum is, if any. This paper raises the fundamental question of what gives the arbitrator his or her competence--the will of the parties or the law of the seat of arbitration which the parties may, or may not, have chosen? The paper also suggests an answer to the questions of which choice of law rules, if any, should be applied by the arbitrators, to what extent arbitrators will apply mandatory rules (règles d'application immédiate), as well as which law governs the procedural aspects and whether it has to be the procedural law of a national system. The new English Arbitration Act 1996 has also been taken into account.

International Commercial Arbitration in New York

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019993861X
Total Pages : 725 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Arbitration in New York by : James H. Carter

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration in New York written by James H. Carter and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 725 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Commercial Arbitration in New York focuses on the distinctive aspects of international arbitration in New York. Serving as an essential strategic guide, this book allows practitioners to represent clients more effectively in cases where New York is implicated as either the place of arbitration or evidence or assets are located in New York. Each chapter elucidates a vital topic, including the existing New York legal landscape, drafting considerations for clauses designating New York as the place of arbitration, and material and advice on selecting arbitrators. The book also covers a series of topics at the intersection of arbitral process and the New York courts, including jurisdiction, enforcing arbitration agreements, and obtaining preliminary relief and discovery. Class action arbitration, challenging and enforcing arbitral awards, and biographical materials on New York-based international arbitrators is also included, making this a comprehensive, valuable resource for practitioners.

Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403510668
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration by : Peter Sester

Download or read book Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration written by Peter Sester and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast bulk of claims in international commercial arbitration are contractual in nature. Viewed through that lens, what comes to occupy centre stage in the arbitration of disputes is the choice of applicable contract law. This book breaks new ground by for the first time focusing in depth on the contract law chosen by the parties to be applied to disputes. The author uses a comparative-inductive methodology to analyse why – according to statistics of the International Chamber of Commerce – English, New York, and Swiss contract law outperform transnational and other contract law regimes in the choice-of-law provision of business contracts. He finds that these three bodies of law share a firm commitment to enforcing the contract as written, thus prioritizing certainty, stability, and predictability, and clearly recognizing the parties’ right to determine for themselves (and have arbitrators and courts respect) central issues such as risk allocation and price. Starting from a detailed comparative examination of traditional and contemporary theories of contract, the author develops a minimalist approach that is acceptable to lawyers with a civil or common law background and that facilitates dealmaking by providing a clear set of hard-edged rules in four areas – formation of contracts, invalidity and public policy, contract interpretation, and damages for breach – and showing how each of the three contract regimes that are dominant in practice manifests his approach. With its emphasis on pragmatic adjudication grounded on facts and consequences rather than on conceptualisms and generalities, the book greatly enhances the ability of arbitrators to make decisions based on legal arguments that fit the setting of international commercial arbitration. It is sure to become established as a tool to achieve the defined objective of facilitating cross-border commercial transactions as well as providing arbitrators with a set of rules for the interpretation of contractual provisions and the quantification of damages. ‘Peter Sester confronts the reality that disputes in commercial arbitration are overwhelmingly contract-based, and properly directs our attention away from the contract by which the parties agreed to arbitrate to the contract by reference to which they intended their disputes to be adjudicated. This is a most welcome move and one that cannot help stimulate those whose interests are similarly situated on the frontier between the law of arbitration and the law of international contracts.’ Prof. George A. Bermann Columbia University, New York City ‘This is a book that is not only useful but also close to market expectations. ... Summing up, I would like to congratulate Peter Sester for giving us a free-market society book. He provides his readers with much food for thought and a remarkable admonition not to replace the parties’ work with public policy considerations.’ Prof. Dr Peter Nobel Emeritus Universities St. Gallen and Zurich, Switzerland

International Commercial Agreements

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403536934
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Agreements by : William Fox

Download or read book International Commercial Agreements written by William Fox and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2023-12-05 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precise planning, drafting and vigorous negotiation lie at the heart of every international commercial agreement. But as the international business community moves toward the third decade of the twenty-first century, a large amount of the detail of these agreements has migrated to the Internet and has become part of electronic commerce. This incomparable one-volume work, now in its seventh edition, begins by discussing and analyzing all the basic components of international contracts regardless of whether the contracting parties are interacting face-to-face or dealing electronically at some distance from each other. The work stands alone among contract drafting guides and has proven its enduring worth. Using an established and highly practical format, the book offers precise information and analysis of a wide variety of issues and forms of agreement, as well as the various forms of international commercial dispute resolution. The seventh edition includes new and updated material on a large number of issues and concepts, such as: new developments and technical progress in electronic commerce; the use of concepts of standardization, i.e., the work of the International Organization for Standardization as a contract drafting tool; new developments in artificial intelligence in contract drafting; the use of cryptocurrencies as a payment device; expedited arbitration, early neutral evaluation and digital procedures for dispute resolution; online dispute resolution, including the phenomenon of the “robot arbitrator”; and foreign direct investment, investment law and investor-state dispute resolution. Each chapter provides numerous references to additional sources, including websites, journal articles, and texts. Materials from and citations to appropriate literature and languages other than English are included. Recognizing that business executives entering into an international commercial transaction are mainly interested in drafting and negotiating an agreement that satisfies all of the parties and that will be performed as promised, this superb guide will measurably assist any lawyer or business executive in planning and implementing contracts and resolving disputes even when that person is not interested in a full-blown understanding of the entire landscape of international contracts. Business executives who are not lawyers will find that this book gives them the understanding and perspective necessary to work effectively with legal experts.

Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788973852
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (889 download)

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Book Synopsis Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration by : Hossein Fazilatfar

Download or read book Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration written by Hossein Fazilatfar and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overriding Mandatory Rules in International Commercial Arbitration discusses the applicability of mandatory rules of law in international commercial arbitration and addresses the concerns of the arbitrators and judges at various stages of arbitration and the enforcement of the award.

Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Sweet & Maxwell
ISBN 13 : 9780421862401
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (624 download)

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Book Synopsis Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration by : Alan Redfern

Download or read book Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration written by Alan Redfern and published by Sweet & Maxwell. This book was released on 2004 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly acclaimed by practitioners all over the world, Law & Practice of International Commercial Arbitration has deservedly become the leading text in its field. With its comprehensive review of the legal context within which international commercial arbitration operates, Redfern & Hunter is the ultimate user-friendly explanation of how arbitration, and in particular international commercial arbitration, works. The 4th edition has been expanded to give a wider global scope to the work. Readers can also benefit from the expert insight and advice of world-renowned international practitioners. international practitioner * Contains a comprehensive review of the international commercial arbitration process from start to finish * Includes commentary on suitable places of arbitration, developments in international trade law and the increasing harmonisation of national laws governing international arbitration * Appendices include the major international rules of arbitration and conventions * Explains how arbitration should be conducted to be cost effective and profitable * Fully updated to take account of the latest developments all over the world - including a new chapter on investment arbitrations

Essays on International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9780860107057
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays on International Commercial Arbitration by : Petar Sarcevic

Download or read book Essays on International Commercial Arbitration written by Petar Sarcevic and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the light of the considerable reliance placed by the international business community on systems of dispute settlement, this work gathers together contributions (in French & English) by experts from a wide range of specialisations. They successfully address the regulation & practice of arbitration in the Arab World, assessing the contribution of European & American legislation & the impact of the UNCITRAL model law. The contributions by eminent legal practitioners, academics, members of government & judiciary, reflect also upon current developments. The volume publishes the proceedings of the third Euro-Arab Congress held in Amman, October 1989; the second volume Euro-Arab Arbitration II was published in 1989 by Graham & Trotman.

International Arbitration and International Commercial Law

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 904113767X
Total Pages : 882 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis International Arbitration and International Commercial Law by : Stefan Kröll

Download or read book International Arbitration and International Commercial Law written by Stefan Kröll and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-04-26 with total page 882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the last half-century, as UNCITRAL official, professor, arbitrator and father of the Willem C. Vis Arbitration Moot, Eric Bergsten has been at the forefront of progress in international commercial arbitration. Now, on the occasion of his eightieth birthday, the international arbitration and sales law community has gathered to honour him with this substantial collection of new essays on the many facets of the field to which he continues to bring his intellect, integrity, inquisitive nature, eye for detail, precision, and commitment to public service. Celebrating the long-standing and sustained contribution Eric Bergsten has made in international commercial law, international arbitration, and legal education, more than fifty colleagues – among them quite a few of the best-known arbitrators and arbitration academics in the world – present 45 pieces that, individually both engaging and incisive, collectively present a thorough and far-reaching account of the state of the field today, with contributions covering international sales law, commercial law, commercial arbitration, and investment arbitration. In addition, nine essays on issues in legal education mirror the great importance of the renowned Willem C. Vis International Commercial Arbitration Moot, Eric’s Vienna project which has offered a life-changing experience for so many young lawyers from all over the world.

Arbitration in Complex International Contracts

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Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9041116621
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis Arbitration in Complex International Contracts by : Joachim Frick

Download or read book Arbitration in Complex International Contracts written by Joachim Frick and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2001-10-24 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technical, economic, and social development of the last one hundred years has created a new type of long-term contract which one may call `Complex International Contract'. Typical examples include complex civil engineering and constructions contracts as well as joint venture, shareholders, project finance, franchising, cooperation and management agreements. The dispute resolution mechanism, which normally deals with such contracts, is commercial arbitration, which has been deeply affected in recent decades by attempts to improve its capabilities. Most importantly, there is the trend towards further denationalization of arbitration with respect to the applicable substantive law. In this regard, a new generation of conflict rules no longer imposes on the arbitrators a particular method to be applied for the purpose of determining the applicable rules of law. Moreover, arbitration more frequently took on the task of adapting Complex International Contracts to changed circumstances. Also, special rules have been developed for so-called multi-party arbitration and fast track arbitration facilitating efficient dispute resolution. The author describes these trends both from a practical as well as a theoretical perspective, evaluating not only the advantages, but also the risks involved with the new developments in arbitration. Relevant issues with respect to the drafting and renegotiation of such contracts are also discussed.

The Freshfields Guide to Arbitration Clauses in International Contracts

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Author :
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 904113400X
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (411 download)

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Book Synopsis The Freshfields Guide to Arbitration Clauses in International Contracts by : Jan Paulsson

Download or read book The Freshfields Guide to Arbitration Clauses in International Contracts written by Jan Paulsson and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With this newly updated edition of the Freshfields Guide to Arbitration Clauses in International Contracts - still in the concise, attractive format that made the original so popular - lawyers and business people will confidently negotiate contracts that ensure a speedy, clear-cut resolution of any dispute likely to arise. Taking into account the many significant developments in the law and practice of international arbitration that have occurred over the years since the previous editions, it offers: ; clear, uncomplicated contract-drafting advice, derived from the authors' wide-ranging practical experience; model clauses that ensure the effectiveness of dispute resolution provisions - and avoid pitfalls, and important reference materials.

International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator's Contract

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0415492785
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (154 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator's Contract by : Emilia Onyema

Download or read book International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitrator's Contract written by Emilia Onyema and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the formation, nature and effect of the arbitratorsâe(tm) contract, addressing topics such as the appointment, challenge, removal and duties and rights of arbitrators, disputing parties and arbitration institutions. The arguments made in the book are based on a semi-autonomous theory of the juridical nature of international arbitration and a contractual theory of the legal nature of these relationships. From these premises, the book analyses the formation of the arbitratorâe(tm)s contract in both ad hoc and institutional references. It also examines the institutionâe(tm)s contract with the disputing parties and its effect on the arbitratorâe(tm)s contract under institutional references. The book draws from national arbitration laws and institutional rules in various jurisdictions to give a global view of the issues examined in it. The arbitratorâe(tm)s contract is analysed from a global perspective of arbitral law and practice with insights from various jurisdictions in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. The primary focus of the book is an analysis of the formation of the arbitratorâe(tm)s contract and the terms of this contract and the institutionâe(tm)s contract. The primary question of the consequences (if any) of the breaches of the terms of these contracts and its impact on the exclusion or limitation of liability of arbitrators and institutions is also analysed with the conclusion that since these transactions are contractual and the terms can be categorised as in any normal contract, then normal contractual remedies can be applied to the breaches of these terms. International Commercial Arbitration and the Arbitratorâe(tm)s Contract will be of great value to arbitration practitioners and researchers in arbitration. It will also be very useful to students of arbitration on the topics of arbitrators and arbitration institution.

International Commercial Contracts

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 113995234X
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Contracts by : Giuditta Cordero-Moss

Download or read book International Commercial Contracts written by Giuditta Cordero-Moss and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-05-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Any practising lawyer and student working with international commercial contracts faces standardised contracts and international arbitration as mechanisms for dispute settlement. Transnational rules may be applicable, but national law is still important. Based on extensive practical experience, this book analyses international contract practice and its interaction with the various applicable sources: which role is played by the contractual regulation, which by national law, which by transnational sources, what is the interaction among these factors, and how does this all apply to contracts that refer disputes to international arbitration?

Swiss Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108381812
Total Pages : 822 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Swiss Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration by : Christoph Müller

Download or read book Swiss Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration written by Christoph Müller and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-30 with total page 822 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a systematic presentation of the most important commercial contracts under Swiss law, i.e., the contract of sale, the contract for work and services, the simple mandate contract, and the commercial agency contract, as well as the licence agreement, the exclusive distribution agreement, and the settlement agreement. The book also contains an in-depth introduction of the Swiss law of obligations, covering topics such as the fundamental principles of contract law, the obligation (as the effect of the contract), the formation of contracts, contract interpretation, validity of contracts, agency, general terms and conditions, and breach of contract. After English law, Swiss law is deemed to be the most attractive law applicable to the parties' contract in an international context. At the same time, English is usually chosen as the language of the arbitration proceedings. This book will therefore be an indispensable resource for all English-speaking lawyers interested in international commercial arbitration.

International Commercial Agreements

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis International Commercial Agreements by : William F. Fox

Download or read book International Commercial Agreements written by William F. Fox and published by Springer. This book was released on 1988 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789403510361
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration by : Peter Sester

Download or read book Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration written by Peter Sester and published by . This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vast bulk of claims in international commercial arbitration are contractual in nature. Viewed through that lens, what comes to occupy centre stage in the arbitration of disputes is the choice of applicable contract law. This book breaks new ground by for the first time focusing in depth on the contract law chosen by the parties to be applied to disputes. The author uses a comparative-inductive methodology to analyse why - according to statistics of the International Chamber of Commerce - English, New York, and Swiss contract law outperform transnational and other contract law regimes in the choice-of-law provision of business contracts. He finds that these three bodies of law share a firm commitment to enforcing the contract as written, thus prioritizing certainty, stability, and predictability, and clearly recognizing the parties' right to determine for themselves (and have arbitrators and courts respect) central issues such as risk allocation and price. Starting from a detailed comparative examination of traditional and contemporary theories of contract, the author develops a minimalist approach that is acceptable to lawyers with a civil or common law background and that facilitates dealmaking by providing a clear set of hard-edged rules in four areas - formation of contracts, invalidity and public policy, contract interpretation, and damages for breach - and showing how each of the three contract regimes that are dominant in practice manifests his approach. With its emphasis on pragmatic adjudication grounded on facts and consequences rather than on conceptualisms and generalities, the book greatly enhances the ability of arbitrators to make decisions based on legal arguments that fit the setting of international commercial arbitration. It is sure to become established as a tool to achieve the defined objective of facilitating cross-border commercial transactions as well as providing arbitrators with a set of rules for the interpretation of contractual provisions and the quantification of damages. 'Peter Sester confronts the reality that disputes in commercial arbitration are overwhelmingly contract-based, and properly directs our attention away from the contract by which the parties agreed to arbitrate to the contract by reference to which they intended their disputes to be adjudicated. This is a most welcome move and one that cannot help stimulate those whose interests are similarly situated on the frontier between the law of arbitration and the law of international contracts.' Prof. George A. Bermann Columbia University, New York City 'This is a book that is not only useful but also close to market expectations. ... Summing up, I would like to congratulate Peter Sester for giving us a free-market society book. He provides his readers with much food for thought and a remarkable admonition not to replace the parties' work with public policy considerations.' Prof. Dr Peter Nobel Emeritus Universities St. Gallen and Zurich, Switzerland