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Interactions Between Intrarenal Nitric Oxide And The Renin Angiotensin System In The Control Of Kidney Function And Blood Pressure
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Book Synopsis Interactions Between Intrarenal Nitric Oxide and the Renin-angiotensin System in the Control of Kidney Function and Blood Pressure by : Christine Godfrey Schnackenberg
Download or read book Interactions Between Intrarenal Nitric Oxide and the Renin-angiotensin System in the Control of Kidney Function and Blood Pressure written by Christine Godfrey Schnackenberg and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Neural Control of Renal Function by : Ulla Kopp
Download or read book Neural Control of Renal Function written by Ulla Kopp and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The kidney is innervated with efferent sympathetic nerve fibers reaching the renal vasculature, the tubules, the juxtaglomerular granular cells, and the renal pelvic wall. The renal sensory nerves are mainly found in the renal pelvic wall. Increases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity reduce renal blood flow and urinary sodium excretion by activation of α1-adrenoceptors and increase renin secretion rate by activation of β1-adrenoceptors. In response to normal physiological stimulation, changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity contribute importantly to homeostatic regulation of sodium and water balance. The renal mechanosensory nerves are activated by stretch of the renal pelvic tissue produced by increases in renal pelvic tissue of a magnitude that may occur during increased urine flow rate. Activation of the sensory nerves elicits an inhibitory renorenal reflex response consisting of decreases in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity leading to natriuresis. Increasing efferent sympathetic nerve activity increases afferent renal nerve activity which, in turn, decreases efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity by activation of the renorenal reflexes. Thus, activation of the afferent renal nerves buffers changes in efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the overall goal of maintaining sodium balance. In pathological conditions of sodium retention, impairment of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes contributes to an inappropriately increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity in the presence of sodium retention. In states of renal disease or injury, there is a shift from inhibitory to excitatory reflexes originating in the kidney. Studies in essential hypertensive patients have shown that renal denervation results in long-term reduction in arterial pressure, suggesting an important role for the efferent and afferent renal nerves in hypertension. Table of Contents: Part I: Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Neural Control of Renal Hemodynamics / Neural Control of Renal Tubular Function / Neural Control of Renin Secretion Rate / Part II: Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Introduction / Neuroanatomy / Renorenal Reflexes / Mechanisms Involved in the Activation of Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Part III: Pathophysiological States / Efferent Renal Sympathetic Nerves / Afferent Renal Sensory Nerves / Conclusions / References
Book Synopsis The Renin-Angiotensin System and the Kidney by : Xiao C. Li
Download or read book The Renin-Angiotensin System and the Kidney written by Xiao C. Li and published by Biota Publishing. This book was released on 2015-03-01 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the most important endocrine (tissue-to-tissue), paracrine (cell-to-cell) and intracrine (intracellular/nuclear) humoral systems in the regulation of blood pressure, cardiovascular, and kidney function in health and disease. The RAS has remarkably evolved from the initial discovery of the rate-limiting enzyme renin to a complex biochemical and physiological cascade involving more than a dozen members. Currently, there are up to five axes or pathways identified in the RAS; each has its substrate, enzyme, effector peptide, receptor, and downstream signaling pathways. These include the renin/ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor, the APA/ANG III/AT2 receptor, the ACE2/ANG (1-7)/Mas receptor, the prorenin/prorenin receptor (PRR), and the ANG IV/AT4 receptor (IRAP) pathways. Accordingly, the roles of the RAS have expanded well beyond the classic endocrine paradigm as a powerful vasoconstrictor, a potent aldosterone stimulator, or a sodium-retaining hormonal system. The goals of this article are to review and discuss the current insights into and new perspectives on the expression, localization, and novel actions of the RAS with a focus in the kidney. Special emphasis will be placed on recently discovered new members of the RAS derived from studies using innovative mutant rats or mice that either overexpress (knockin) or are deficient (knockout) of a particular substrate, enzyme, ANG peptide, or receptor. This new knowledge will help improve our understanding how each of these pathways act directly or indirectly to regulate blood pressure, cardiovascular and kidney function in physiology, and can be targeted to treat hypertension, cardiovascular and renal diseases.
Book Synopsis The Renin-angiotensin System and Progression of Renal Diseases by : Gunter Wolf
Download or read book The Renin-angiotensin System and Progression of Renal Diseases written by Gunter Wolf and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has long been seen as a systemic endocrine system in which angiotensin II (ANG II) is solely involved in blood pressure regulation and the mediation of aldosterone release. However, it is now known that specific organ systems exhibit their own local RAS, functioning for the most part independently from their systemic counterpart. A deluge of data from the last decade has shown that ANG II displays many more functions than just regulating blood pressure: ANG II is a growth factor, exhibits profibrogenic actions, and even serves as a proinflammatory cytokine. It is now clear that this peptide plays a pivotal role in the progression of chronic kidney disease towards endstage renal failure. Clinical studies have provided compelling evidence that interference with ANG II slows this deterioration of renal function.This publication presents the first comprehensive summary of this important topic: Basic concepts as well as clinical aspects of the RAS are reviewed by international experts who made many of the key discoveries that constitute our contemporary understanding of ANG II as a central factor in the progression of renal disease. This publication should be read by physicians treating patients with chronic renal diseases (internists, nephrologists and urologists). Moreover, basic scientists such as renal physiologists, renal pathologists and biochemists who want a comprehensive overview of the subject will profit from reading this book.
Book Synopsis Physiological Role of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics, Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure in Healthy Humans by : Jesper Nørgaard Bech
Download or read book Physiological Role of Nitric Oxide in the Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics, Sodium Excretion and Blood Pressure in Healthy Humans written by Jesper Nørgaard Bech and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System by : Samy I. McFarlane
Download or read book Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System written by Samy I. McFarlane and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) plays an important role not only in salt and water homeostasis but also in the cardiovascular system, the kidney, and the brain. While several volumes address different aspects of the RAAS function, this book provides cutting-edge information on the pathogenesis of various disorders related to RAAS overactivation. It also presents unique aspects of RAAS functioning that have not been sufficiently described in the literature. Topics covered include assessment of hypoaldosteronism in infancy, RASS and cognitive decline, and the role of RAAS in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Written by experts in the field in an easy-to-follow and illustrated format, this volume will benefit students and practitioners, as well as clinical and basic science investigators alike.
Author :Michael S. Goligorsky Publisher :Springer Science & Business Media ISBN 13 :9780412080616 Total Pages :504 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (86 download)
Book Synopsis Nitric Oxide and the Kidney by : Michael S. Goligorsky
Download or read book Nitric Oxide and the Kidney written by Michael S. Goligorsky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-09-30 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of remarkable recent breakthroughs have made the study of nitric oxide one of the most exciting fields in physiology and pathophysiology. This authoritative edited volume reviews the progress to date and opens perspectives to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The contributors are leading authorites, in most cases the investigators who have pioneered the ideas explored in the book.
Book Synopsis The Renin-angiotensin System in Experimental Renovascular Hypertension and Its Relationship to the Automatic Nervous System During Dietary Sodium Restriction by : Thomas Edward Lohmeier
Download or read book The Renin-angiotensin System in Experimental Renovascular Hypertension and Its Relationship to the Automatic Nervous System During Dietary Sodium Restriction written by Thomas Edward Lohmeier and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Drugs, Enzymes and Receptors of the Renin-Angiotensin System by : Ahsan Husain
Download or read book Drugs, Enzymes and Receptors of the Renin-Angiotensin System written by Ahsan Husain and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-02-23 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1898, when Tigerstadt and Bergman first extracted renin from rabbit kidney, the reninrugs, Enzymes and Receptors of the Renin is designed to highlight molecular and clinical approaches to understanding the renin Chapter topics have been specifically chosen to cover selected contemporary, controversial and unresolved issues. A novel and unique feature of this book is that a commentary on each chapter, written by an independent peer or peers, is included to present alternative views, greater depth and a different perspective. Clinicians and researchers alike will find this volume a stimulating, and perhaps even entertaining, addition to their libraries. .
Book Synopsis Role of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Blood Pressure Regulation in Obese Rats by : Quaisar Ali
Download or read book Role of Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Blood Pressure Regulation in Obese Rats written by Quaisar Ali and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renin angiotensin system (RAS) consists of enzymes, hormones, proteins and peptides. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important peptide of RAS. Ang II acts via AT1 receptor (AT1R) and AT2 receptor (AT2R). While AT1R is known to cause antinatriuresis and increase in blood pressure, the role of AT2R in renal function and long-term BP regulation is not well defined. Recently our laboratory showed that AT2R are upregulated in the kidney of obese rats and selective activation of these receptors stimulates nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, inhibits proximal tubules Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity and increases urinary sodium excretion. In light of those findings, we undertook this project to investigate the role of AT2R in renal function, long-term blood pressure control and interaction with renal AT1R function in obese Zucker rats, an animal model exhibiting hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and hypertension. Also, we studied the mechanism associated with hyperglycemia induced AT2R upregulation in proximal tubule cells. First, we designed experiment to determine whether AT2R has a protective role in blood pressure increase in obese rats. We treated obese Zucker rats with AT2R antagonist PD123319 (PD) for two weeks and BP was measured. Treatment with PD significantly increased the blood pressure, which was associated with increased renal renin expression in obese rats. This suggested that AT2R protect against increase in blood pressure by keeping renal renin expression low. Then, we designed experiments to determine whether chronic AT2R activation affects Na-balance and lowers BP in obese rats. We treated lean and obese Zucker rats with AT2R agonist CGP42112A (CGP) for two weeks. Two weeks treatment caused a decrease in BP by 19 mmHg and in Na-balance in obese but not in lean rats. The plasma renin activity was significantly decreased in both lean and obese CGP-treated rats. The expression of AT2R, AT1R, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and renin in the kidney cortex was not affected by the CGP-treatment of obese or lean rats. However, ACE2 expression and activity was significantly increased in CGP-treated obese rats and not in lean rats. These studies suggest that long-term activation of AT2R decreases BP in obese rats. The reduction in BP by AT2R agonist treatment may have been contributed by a decrease in Na-balance and an enhanced expression and activity of ACE2 in renal cortex. In order to determine whether the reduction in BP and decrease in Na-balance might have been contributed by the ability of AT2R to antagonize renal AT1R function in CGP-treated obese rats, we again treated the obese Zucker rats with CGP for two weeks. We performed the renal function study after two weeks under anesthesia. We found that CGP-treatment of obese rats caused reduction in Ang II pressor response and blunted the candesartan-induced natriuresis/diuresis in these rats suggesting that chronic activation of AT2R antagonizes the function of AT1R. Earlier studies from our laboratory suggest that AT2R promote Na-excretion but the contribution of different nephron segments in AT2R-induced natriuresis is not known. We investigated the involvement of proximal tubule AT2R in natriuresis by blocking the two important distal tubule Na-transporters (NaCl cotransporter and ENaC). We found that selective activation of AT2R with a novel AT2R agonist C21 promoted natriuresis predominantly via proximal tubules. We also performed in vitro experiments (HK2 cells) to elucidate the potential signaling mechanism involved in the proximal tubule AT2R upregulation in diabetes/hyperglycemia. In this experiment, we exposed HK2 cells with high glucose with and without IRF-1 siRNA. High glucose increased AT2R expression in HK2 cells and is mediated via transcriptional mechanism involving the transcription factor IRF-1. Collectively, the data suggest that long-term treatment with AT2R agonist attenuates positive Na-balance, lowers renal renin expression, antagonizes the function of AT1R and decreases blood pressure in obese Zucker rats. Moreover AT2R upregulation in response to hyperglycemia may be compensatory mechanism to exert a beneficial role in kidney function. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of AT2R for treating obesity/diabetes related hypertension.
Book Synopsis Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney by : Robert J. Alpern
Download or read book Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney written by Robert J. Alpern and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-10-10 with total page 2922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A classic nephrology reference for over 20 years, Seldin & Giebisch’s The Kidney, is the acknowledged authority on renal physiology and pathophysiology. The fourth edition follows the changed focus of nephrology research to the study of how individual molecules work together to affect cellular and organ function, emphasizing the mechanisms of disease. With over 40 new chapters and over 1000 illustrations, this edition offers the most in-depth discussion anywhere of the physiologic and pathophysiologic processes of renal disease. Comprehensive, authoritative coverage progresses from molecular biology and cell physiology to clinical issues regarding renal function and dysfunction. If you research the development of normal renal function or the mechanisms underlying renal disease, Seldin & Giebisch’s The Kidney is your number one source for information. * Offers the most comprehensive coverage of fluid and electrolyte regulation and dysregulation in 51 completely revised chapters unlike Brenner & Rector's The Kidney which devotes only 7 chapters to this topic.* Includes 3 sections, 31 chapters, devoted to regulation and disorders of acid-base homeostasis, and epithelial and nonepithelial transport regulation. Brenner & Rector's only devotes 5 chapters to these topics.* Previous three editions edited by Donald Seldin and Gerhard Giebisch, world renowned names in nephrology. The title for the fourth edition has been changed to reflect their considerable work on previous editions and they have also written the forward for this edition. * Over 20 million adults over age 20 have chronic kidney disease with the number of people diagnosed doubling each decade making it America's ninth leading cause of death.
Book Synopsis Toxicologic Pathology by : Pritam S. Sahota
Download or read book Toxicologic Pathology written by Pritam S. Sahota and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-04-09 with total page 987 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As drug development shifts over time to address unmet medical needs and more targeted therapies are developed, previously unseen pharmacological or off-target effects may occur in treatment. Designed to provide practical information for the bench toxicologic pathologist working in pharmaceutical drug research, Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Saf
Book Synopsis Interactions Between Nitric Oxide and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in the Control of Blood Pressure by : Rohit Ramchandra
Download or read book Interactions Between Nitric Oxide and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in the Control of Blood Pressure written by Rohit Ramchandra and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book by : Alan S. L. Yu
Download or read book Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book written by Alan S. L. Yu and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-10-25 with total page 3585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overcome the toughest clinical challenges in nephrology with Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney -- the most well-known nephrology resource in the world. A diverse team of more than 200 international contributors brings you the latest knowledge and best practices on every front in nephrology worldwide. From basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices, Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney is your go-to resource for any stage of your career. Review of the basic science that underpins clinical nephrology, comprehensive selection of the most important bibliographical sources in nephrology, and Board Review-style questions help you prepare for certification or recertification. Coverage of kidney health and disease from pre-conception through fetal and infant health, childhood, adulthood, and into old age. Expanded sections and chapter on global perspective and ethical considerations. Uniform terminology and nomenclature in line with emerging consensus in world kidney community. More than 700 full-color high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making provide a visual grasp and better understanding of critical information. Internationally diverse, trusted guidance and perspectives from a team of well-respected global contributors . An editorial team headed by Dr. Skorecki and handpicked by Dr. Brenner ensures the ongoing adherence to previous standards of excellence. All chapters have been extensively updated or entirely rewritten by authorities in their respective fields. The latest clinical information including recent clinical trials, genetic causes of kidney disease, cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease, new paradigms in fluid and electrolyte management, and pediatric kidney disease, keep you current with the rapid development of care and research worldwide.
Book Synopsis Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book by : Maarten W. Taal
Download or read book Brenner and Rector's The Kidney E-Book written by Maarten W. Taal and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 3064 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overcome the toughest clinical challenges in nephrology with the new 9th edition of Brenner/Rector’s The Kidney! A brand-new editorial team of Drs. Maarten W. Taal, Glenn M. Chertow, Philip A. Marsden, Karl Skorecki, Alan S. L. Yu, and Barry M. Brenner,, together with a diverse list of international contributors bring you the latest knowledge and best practices on every front in nephrology worldwide. Brand-new sections on Global Considerations in Nephrology and Pediatric Nephrology, as well as new chapters on recent clinical trials, cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease, identification of genetic causes of kidney disease, and many others, keep you at the forefront of this rapidly growing, ever-changing specialty. Brenner/Rector remains the go-to resource for practicing and training nephrologists and internists who wish to master basic science, pathophysiology, and clinical best practices. Broaden your knowledge base with expert, dependable, comprehensive answers for every stage of your career from the most comprehensive, definitive clinical reference in the field! Prepare for certification or recertification with a review of the basic science that underpins clinical nephrology as well as a comprehensive selection of the most important bibliographical sources in nephrology. Visually grasp and better understand critical information with the aid of over 700 full-color high-quality photographs as well as carefully chosen figures, algorithms, and tables to illustrate essential concepts, nuances of clinical presentation and technique, and decision making. Get internationally diverse, trusted guidance and perspectives from a team of well-respected global contributors, all of whom are at the top and the cutting edge of your field. A new editorial team headed by Dr. Taal and hand-picked by Dr. Brenner ensures the ongoing adherence to previous standards of excellence. Access information quickly thanks to a new, reorganized format and supplemental figures, tables, additional references, and expanded discussions. Keep current with the rapid development of care and research worldwide. A new section, "Global Considerations", focuses on regions outside Europe and North America. Leading experts from Latin America, Africa, Near and Middle East, Indian Subcontinent, Far East, Oceania and Australia present their expert insights into specific conditions, as well as progress and challenges in the development of the specialty. Improve therapy and outcomes for children with renal disease. New to this edition, "Pediatric Nephrology" addresses renal pathologies that usually present in childhood and covers topics such as Maturation of Kidney Structure and Function; Fluid; Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders in Children; Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children; Dialysis in Children; and Kidney Transplantation in Children. Stay up to date with all the latest clinical information including recent clinical trials, genetic causes of kidney disease, and cardiovascular and renal risk prediction in chronic kidney disease.
Book Synopsis The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) by : Thomas Unger
Download or read book The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) written by Thomas Unger and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-04-18 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System: Functional Aspects and Therapeutic Implications is the first comprehensive publication to signal the protective role of a distinct part of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), providing readers with early insight into a complex system which will become of major medical importance in the near future. Focusing on recent research, The Protective Arm of the Renin Angiotensin System presents a host of new experimental studies on specific components of the RAS, namely angiotensin AT2 receptors (AT2R), the angiotensin (1–7) peptide with its receptor Mas, and the enzyme ACE 2, which exert significant beneficial, health-promoting actions by counterbalancing the well-known harmful arm of the RAS with its classical angiotensin AT1 receptor. This innovative concept of the protective arm of the RAS, examined in this reference, represents an indispensable background and will be a strong support for biomedical students, researchers, cardiologists, surgeons, nephrologists, diabetologists, and endocrinologists, as well as any other physician or researcher concerned with RAS physiology, pathophysiology and clinical implications. Provides a complete understanding of the protective side of the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) involving angiotensin AT2 receptor, ACE2, and Ang(1-7)/Mas receptor Combines the knowledge of editors who pioneered research on the protective renin angiotensin system including; Dr. Thomas Unger, one of the founders of AT2 receptor research; Dr. Ulrike M. Steckelings, who contributed significantly to first preclinical studies with a novel specific AT2-agonist, and Dr. Robson Santos who pioneered research on angiotensin-(1-7) and its receptor Mas. Shows that the protective RAS axes are able to ameliorate the course of several cardiovascular, renal, metabolic and neurological diseases Provides the basis for the understanding of a novel therapeutic approach to stimulate components of the protective arm of the RAS.
Book Synopsis The Study of Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression, Function, and Regulation in the Renal Vasculature During Postnatal Renal Development by : Brian Blake Ratliff
Download or read book The Study of Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression, Function, and Regulation in the Renal Vasculature During Postnatal Renal Development written by Brian Blake Ratliff and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
