Interaction of People and the Marine Environment

Download Interaction of People and the Marine Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (156 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interaction of People and the Marine Environment by :

Download or read book Interaction of People and the Marine Environment written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Connecting People to Their Oceans: Issues and Options for Effective Ocean Literacy

Download Connecting People to Their Oceans: Issues and Options for Effective Ocean Literacy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889635090
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Connecting People to Their Oceans: Issues and Options for Effective Ocean Literacy by : Angel Borja

Download or read book Connecting People to Their Oceans: Issues and Options for Effective Ocean Literacy written by Angel Borja and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there is growing evidence of the importance of marine ecosystems for our societies, evidence shows also that pressures from human activities on these ecosystems are increasing, putting the health of marine ecosystems at stake worldwide. Hence, Blue Economy is becoming an important component of future socio-economic development strategies (e.g. this is called Blue Growth in Europe), that eventually can result in increasing pressures at sea, and despite the current regulatory framework (in particular with the Oceans Act, in USA or Canada, and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, in Europe), it is likely that this situation will continue in the future. Ensuring all those connected to the sea, directly or indirectly, gain a better understanding of the importance of the seas, the human-sea interactions and opportunities to act better and reduce impacts from human pressures, is central to Ocean Literacy (OL). Receiving increasing attention in Europe and USA, OL is a challenge for all parts of society: educators & trainers, children and professionals, civil society and scientists, consumers and policy/decision makers. It is seen as part of the package of solutions that will lead to a change in behavior and practice, thus reducing impacts and resulting in healthier marine ecosystems, whilst allowing development opportunities offered by seas are seized in a sustainable manner. This Research Topic focuses on the issues and options for effective OL worldwide. It discusses: (1) existing experiences in OL (formal and informal education for children, training for professionals, tools for raising awareness of consumers - and of investors in the marine sectors...) and their effectiveness (from understanding better to acting differently); (2) the role OL could play (in interaction with innovation, regulation, economic incentive, social norms...) to support human capital development as key component of sustainable growth; and (3) pre-conditions for effective OL for different sectors and target groups. Questions relevant to OL include: Which knowledge - produced by whom - to share and how? Who to target - and how to effectively reach those targeted? How to design OL initiatives - including by mobilizing those targeted (via living lab approaches e.g.) - to ensure effective OL and pave the way for behavior change? What are the knowledge gaps that limit our capacity to design effective OL? As scientists, it is likely you have many more questions to offer and discuss.

Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea

Download Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004330828
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea by : Dionysius A. Agius

Download or read book Human Interaction with the Environment in the Red Sea written by Dionysius A. Agius and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains a selection of fourteen papers presented at the Red Sea VI conference held at Tabuk University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2013. It sheds light on many aspects related to the environmental and biological perspectives, history, archaeology and human culture of the Red Sea, opening the door to more interdisciplinary research in the region. It stimulates a new discourse on different human adaptations to, and interactions with, the environment. With contributions by Andre Antunes, K. Christopher Beard, Ahmed Hussein, Emad Khalil, Solène Marion de Procé, Abdirachid Mohamed, Ania Kotarba-Morley, Sandra Olsen, Andrew Peacock, Eleanor Scerri, Pierre Schneider, Marijke Van Der Veen and Chiara Zazzaro.

Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans

Download Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482226405
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans by : Chris Maser

Download or read book Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans written by Chris Maser and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-10-14 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by Chris Maser, one of the architects of the sustainability movement, Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective explores a critical number of the myriad aspects that comprise the great, reciprocal feedback loops between the mountain peaks, the deep sea, and everywhere in between. Maser's exploration of these connections g

The Exploited Seas

Download The Exploited Seas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0973007311
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (73 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Exploited Seas by : International Maritime Economic History Association

Download or read book The Exploited Seas written by International Maritime Economic History Association and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book combines the approaches of maritime history and ecological science to explore the evolution of life-forms and eco-systems in the ocean from a historical perspective, in order to establish and develop the sub-discipline of marine environmental history. Documentary records relating to the human activity, such as fishing, plus naturally occurring paleo-ecological data are analysed in order to determine the structure and function of exploited ecosystems. The book is divided into four chapter groups, the first concerned with Newfoundland and Grand Banks' fisheries, the second with the potential of historical sources to provide a history of marine animal populations, the third explores the development of fisheries in the southern hemisphere during the twentieth century, and the final section explores the limitations of data and existing analysis of whale populations. The epilogue reiterates the suggestion that collaboration between historians and biologists is the key to furthering the sub-discipline.

The Land-Sea Interactions

Download The Land-Sea Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119007666
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Land-Sea Interactions by : André Monaco

Download or read book The Land-Sea Interactions written by André Monaco and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a systemic view of the diversity of pressures and impacts produced by climate change and human actions. Erosion of biodiversity by changing ocean chemistry, the intensification of global change raises the problem of the adaptation of living resources. Land uses induce ecological imbalances leading to asphyxiation true coastal ecosystems. More than a billion tons of solid waste must be assimilated by the marine environment and food webs. Radioactive discharges emitted into the atmosphere or into the aquatic environment, raise the question of their future. Sea and Ocean series offers a transversal approach of the ocean system that leads to governance, sustainable resource management and adaptation of societies.

Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems

Download Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520253434
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems by : Torben C. Rick

Download or read book Human Impacts on Ancient Marine Ecosystems written by Torben C. Rick and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2008-04-29 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “An excellent volume with mature, sophisticated, comprehensive research by leaders in the fields of archaeology, zooarchaeology, and paleoarchaeology that will be useful to scientists of many interests.”—David Steadman, author of Extinction and Biogeography of Tropical Pacific Birds “This volume will make a significant contribution to our understanding of ancient human impacts on marine ecosystems, which will be of interest to all researchers who are concerned about the environment. The editors and contributors are commended for their efforts on this significant research topic.”—Steven R. James, coeditor of The Archaeology of Global Change: The Impact of Humans on Their Environment

People – Marine Mammal Interactions

Download People – Marine Mammal Interactions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288945231X
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis People – Marine Mammal Interactions by : Andrew Butterworth

Download or read book People – Marine Mammal Interactions written by Andrew Butterworth and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-08-15 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our relationships with marine mammals are complex. We have used them as resources, and in some places this remains the case; viewed them as competitors and culled them (again ongoing in some localities); been so captivated and intrigued by them that we have taken them into captivity for our entertainment; and developed a lucrative eco-tourism activity focused on them in many nations. When we first envisaged this special topic, we had two overarching aims: Firstly, we hoped to generate critical evaluation of some of our relationships with these animals. Secondly, we hoped to attract knowledgeable commentators and experts who might not traditionally publish in the peer-reviewed literature. We were also asking ourselves a question about what responsibility mankind might have to marine mammals, on our rapidly changing planet? The answer to the question; can, or should, humans have responsibility for the lives of marine mammals when they are affected by our activities? - is, in our opinion, ‘yes’ – and the logical progression from this question is to direct research and effort to understand and optimise the actions, reactions and responses that mankind may be able to take. We hope that the papers in this special issue bring some illumination to a small selection of topics under this much wider topic area, and prove to be informative and stimulating.

Oceans and Human Health

Download Oceans and Human Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080877826
Total Pages : 669 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oceans and Human Health by : Patrick J. Walsh

Download or read book Oceans and Human Health written by Patrick J. Walsh and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-09-02 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oceans and Human Health highlights an unprecedented collaboration of environmental scientists, ecologists and physicians working together on this important new discipline, to the benefit of human health and ocean environmental integrity alike. Oceanography, toxicology, natural products chemistry, environmental microbiology, comparative animal physiology, epidemiology and public health are all long established areas of research in their own right and all contribute data and expertise to an integrated understanding of the ways in which ocean biology and chemistry affect human health for better or worse. This book introduces this topic to researchers and advanced students interested in this emerging field, enabling them to see how their research fits into the broader interactions between the aquatic environment and human health. - Color illustrations of aquatic life and oceanic phenomena such as hurricanes and algal blooms - Numerous case studies - Socio-economic and Ethical Analyses place the science in a broader context - Study questions for each chapter to assist students and instructors - Risks and remedies sections to help define course modules for instruction

Sustaining Marine Fisheries

Download Sustaining Marine Fisheries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309055261
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustaining Marine Fisheries by : National Research Council

Download or read book Sustaining Marine Fisheries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-03-19 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluctuations and declines in marine fish populations have caused growing concern among marine scientists, fisheries managers, commercial and recreational fishers, and the public. Sustaining Marine Fisheries explores the nature of marine ecosystems and the complex interacting factors that shape their productivity. The book documents the condition of marine fisheries today, highlighting species and geographic areas that are under particular stress. Challenges to achieving sustainability are discussed, and shortcomings of existing fisheries management and regulation are examined. The volume calls for fisheries management to adopt a broader ecosystem perspective that encompasses all relevant environmental and human influences. Sustaining Marine Fisheries offers new approaches to building workable fisheries management institutions, improving scientific data, and developing management tools. The book recommends ways to change current practices that encourage overexploitation of fish resources. It will be of special interest to marine policymakers and ecologists, fisheries regulators and managers, fisheries scientists and marine ecologists, fishers, and concerned individuals.

Marine Pollution and Human Health

Download Marine Pollution and Human Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849732876
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marine Pollution and Human Health by : R E Hester

Download or read book Marine Pollution and Human Health written by R E Hester and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is growing concern about the state of the world's oceans. The rapid growth of human populations in coastal regions has led to increasing dependence on marine resources. Beneficial features related to food supply and life style need to be balanced against the hazards presented by microbial pathogens, chemical pollutants, and toxic algal blooms. In this book, a group of experts from a range of backgrounds review the key aspects of the marine environment in relation to human health. An initial overview explains the need for integrating a range of disciplines, from physical oceanography and marine biology to molecular biology and epidemiology. Only by this approach can we hope to predict the consequences of environmental change and exploitation of natural resources upon our coastal ecosystems and, ultimately, on society and human health. Subsequent chapters then focus on more specialized topics. Firstly, waterborne pathogens are reviewed in detail and the microbial measures and policy implications important for protecting humans from exposure are described. Next, the consumption of contaminated seafood is considered along with its implications regarding the growth of aquaculture. Priority pollutants, emerging contaminants, and plastics are investigated as are the effects of climate change on pollution. Some phytoplankton produce biotoxins which accumulate in the flesh of filter-feeders such as bivalve molluscs. This creates a health risk when the shellfish are consumed by humans. The penultimate chapter, therefore, concentrates on harmful algal blooms (HABs) and the methodologies used to safeguard human health. The book concludes by proposing a holistic systems approach, such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management, to address the interconnected scientific challenges of increased human population pressure, pollution, over-exploitation of food resources, and the urgent need for effective public health solutions to be developed from politically and environmentally meaningful policies.

Marine Community Ecology and Conservation

Download Marine Community Ecology and Conservation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sinauer
ISBN 13 : 9781605352282
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (522 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marine Community Ecology and Conservation by : Mark D. Bertness

Download or read book Marine Community Ecology and Conservation written by Mark D. Bertness and published by Sinauer. This book was released on 2014-02-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on advancements over the last decade, this book gives advanced undergraduate and graduate students a current overview of what is known about the structure and organisation of the assemblages of organisms that live in the ocean, with each chapter written by leading researchers.

Human-Wildlife Conflict

Download Human-Wildlife Conflict PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191510882
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Human-Wildlife Conflict by : Megan Draheim

Download or read book Human-Wildlife Conflict written by Megan Draheim and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2015-07-30 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) has classically been defined as a situation where wildlife impacts humans negatively (physically, economically, or psychologically), and where humans likewise negatively impact wildlife. However, there is growing consensus that the conflict between people about wildlife is as important as the conflict between people and wildlife. HWC not only affects the conservation of one species in a particular geographic area, but also impacts the willingness of an individual, a community, and wider society to support conservation programs in general. This book explores the complexity inherent in these situations, covering the theory, principles, and practical applications of HWC work, making it accessible and usable for conservation practitioners, as well as of interest to researchers more concerned with a theoretical approach to the subject. Through a series of case studies, the book's authors and editors tackle a wide variety of subjects relating to conflict, from the challenges of wicked problems and common pool resources, to the roles that storytelling and religion can play in conflict. Throughout the book, the authors work with a Conservation Conflict Transformation (CCT) approach, adapted from the peacebuilding field to address the reality of conservation today. The authors utilise one of CCT's key analytic components, the Levels of Conflict model, as a tool to provide insight into their case studies. Although the examples discussed are from the world of marine conservation, the lessons they provide are applicable to a wide variety of global conservation issues, including those in the terrestrial realm. Human-Wildlife Conflict will be essential reading for graduate students and established researchers in the field of marine conservation biology. It will also be a valuable reference for a global audience of conservation practitioners, wildlife managers, and other conservation professionals.

Marine Ecosystem-based Management

Download Marine Ecosystem-based Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marine Ecosystem-based Management by : Katherine Esther Mills

Download or read book Marine Ecosystem-based Management written by Katherine Esther Mills and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in applying ecosystem-based management (EBM) to marine ecosystems has grown in recent years, but factors that affect its implementation have not been studied extensively. This dissertation focused on three implementation needs: (1) expanding scientific information about the ecosystem, (2) understanding diverse stakeholders' perceptions and priorities, and (3) incorporating scientific information into management. One study investigated ecosystem change in the Gulf of Maine based on forty years of fish community data. Substantial compositional changes, shifts in biomass and abundance, and marked reductions in organism size were noted across multiple levels of organization, from individual species to the aggregate community. Many of these changes were concentrated in the mid-1980s and early 1990s, suggesting a rapid biological shift in the ecosystem. Another study documented the perceptions of six stakeholder groups regarding EBM. Across the groups, stakeholders viewed EBM as building on a foundation of good resource management that is guided by both scientific information and stakeholder input. However, they also expected EBM to account for complexity in the ecosystem and address cross-jurisdictional issues. Despite some common perceptions and goals, key distinctions between groups were also noted, which may affect their ability to work together to implement EBM. A final study evaluated the effectiveness of ecosystem indicators and state-ofthe-environment (SOE) reports for providing stakeholders and decision-makers with scientific information needed to support EBM. Results show that current indicator and reporting programs do not convey fundamental ecosystem concepts, and improvements are necessary to ensure that they build scientific understandings that are relevant to EBM. Together these three studies highlight the utility of interdisciplinary perspectives and the need for strategic advancement of scientific knowledge to meet the goals of marine EBM.

Researching People and the Sea

Download Researching People and the Sea PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303059601X
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Researching People and the Sea by : Madeleine Gustavsson

Download or read book Researching People and the Sea written by Madeleine Gustavsson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this unique edited collection, social scientists reflect upon and openly share insights gathered from researching people and the sea. Understanding how people use, relate to and interact with coastal and marine environments has never been more important, with social scientists having an increasingly vital contribution to make. Yet practical experiences in deploying social science approaches in this field are typically hidden away in field notes and unpublished doctoral manuscripts, with the opportunity for shared learning that comes from doing research often missed. There is a need for reflection on how social science knowledge is produced. This collection presents experiences from the field, its necessary reflexivity and innovation in methods, and the challenges and opportunities of translating across disciplines and policy. It brings to light the tacit expertise needed to study people and the sea and offers lessons which readers could employ in their own research. With a focus on the future direction of marine social sciences, the volume is highly relevant to masters and doctoral students and more experienced researchers engaged in studying people and the sea, as well as policy makers, practitioners and scientists wishing to understand the social dimension of marine and coastal environments. Chapters 2 and 3 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Future Of Marine Life In A Changing Ocean, The: The Fate Of Marine Organisms And Processes Under Climate Change And Other Types Of Human Perturbation

Download Future Of Marine Life In A Changing Ocean, The: The Fate Of Marine Organisms And Processes Under Climate Change And Other Types Of Human Perturbation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 178634744X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Of Marine Life In A Changing Ocean, The: The Fate Of Marine Organisms And Processes Under Climate Change And Other Types Of Human Perturbation by : M Debora Iglesias-rodriguez

Download or read book Future Of Marine Life In A Changing Ocean, The: The Fate Of Marine Organisms And Processes Under Climate Change And Other Types Of Human Perturbation written by M Debora Iglesias-rodriguez and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-12-24 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together the state of our knowledge on the interactions between climate change and marine biota. It focusses broadly on the environmental stressors during the Anthropocene period; when human activities started to have a significant global impact on earth's geological imprint and ecosystems. This period of rapid change is accompanied by rising carbon dioxide levels, increasing global temperatures, loss of oxygen in aquatic systems, and the fast release of pollutants into the environment among many other environmental stressors originating from large scale human activities, such as widespread overfishing.The Future of Marine Life in a Changing Ocean starts by providing the reader with a brief background on fundamental concepts in ocean science and climate. It then moves on to a brief description of recent changes in marine chemistry such as ocean acidification, a decline in oxygen levels in the oceans, ocean warming, and marine pollution, with some examples of shifts in ecosystem diversity. The chapters discuss these topics in the context of how a changing ocean impacts ecosystem health, the biological carbon pump, the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the surface ocean into the deep sea, and the perceived notion of the ocean's unlimited resilience to maintain its role as a 'carbon reservoir'. Topics include threats to marine diversity, ecosystem function, latitudinal shifts in productivity and diversity, and changes in global cycling of elements such as carbon. It concludes with an analysis of the impact of climate change on food security.Written for undergraduate and graduate students, and researchers in the natural and social sciences, this book provides a science background to study environmental change in marine ecosystems as well as a science framework to study policy, marine law and the economics of climate change. This book is an essential read for anyone hoping to understand key challenges facing our oceans.

Stressors in the Marine Environment

Download Stressors in the Marine Environment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191028886
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stressors in the Marine Environment by : Martin Solan

Download or read book Stressors in the Marine Environment written by Martin Solan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multitude of direct and indirect human influences have significantly altered the environmental conditions, composition, and diversity of marine communities. However, understanding and predicting the combined impacts of single and multiple stressors is particularly challenging because observed ecological feedbacks are underpinned by a number of physiological and behavioural responses that reflect stressor type, severity, and timing. Furthermore, integration between the traditional domains of physiology and ecology tends to be fragmented and focused towards the effects of a specific stressor or set of circumstances. This novel volume summarises the latest research in the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a comprehensive range of marine stressors, including chemical and noise pollution, ocean acidification, hypoxia, UV radiation, thermal and salinity stress before providing a perspective on future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today. Stressors in the Marine Environment synthesises the combined expertise of a range of international researchers, providing a truly interdisciplinary and accessible summary of the field. It is essential reading for graduate students as well as professional researchers in environmental physiology, ecology, marine biology, conservation biology, and marine resource management. It will also be of particular relevance and use to the regulatory agencies and authorities tasked with managing the marine environment, including social scientists and environmental economists.