Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies

Download Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030362604
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies by : Anand Krishnan

Download or read book Integrative Nanomedicine for New Therapies written by Anand Krishnan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-02 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents current laboratory, scientific and clinical aspects of nanomaterials used for medical applications in the fields of regenerative medicine, dentistry and pharmacy. It gives a broad overview of the in vitro compatibility assessment of nanostructured materials implemented in the medical field by the combination of classical biological protocols. The chapters cover all aspects of integrative medicine, such as green derived nanomaterials for biological applications; synthetic and nature-derived lipid nanoparticles and polymer nanoparticles.

Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapies

Download Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1926895185
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapies by : Mathew Sebastian

Download or read book Nanomedicine and Cancer Therapies written by Mathew Sebastian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-27 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology has the power to radically change the way cancer is diagnosed, imaged, and treated. The holistic approach to cancer involves noninvasive procedures that emphasize restoring the health of human energy fields. Presenting a wealth of information and research about the most potent cancer healing therapies, this forward-thinking book explores how nanomedicine, holistic medicine, and other cancer therapies play important roles in treatment of this disease. Topics include nanobiotechnology for antibacterial therapy and diagnosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and cancer, antioxidants and combinatorial therapies, and optical and mechanical investigations of nanostructures for biomolecular detection.

The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine

Download The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000021270
Total Pages : 681 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine by : Shaker A. Mousa

Download or read book The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine written by Shaker A. Mousa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 681 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The enormous advances in nanomedicine and precision medicine in the past two decades necessitated this comprehensive reference, which can be relied upon by researchers, clinicians, pharmaceutical scientists, regulators, policymakers, and lawyers alike. This standalone, full-color resource broadly surveys innovative technologies and advances pertaining to nanomedicine and precision medicine. In addition, it addresses often-neglected yet crucial areas such as translational medicine, intellectual property law, ethics, policy, FDA regulatory issues, nano-nomenclature, and artificial nano-machines—all accomplished in a user-friendly, broad yet interconnected format. The book is essential reading for the novice and the expert alike in diverse fields such as medicine, law, pharmacy, genomics, biomedical sciences, ethics, and regulatory science. The book’s multidisciplinary approach will attract a global audience and serve as a valuable reference resource for industry, academia, and government.

Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine

Download Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429521545
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine by : Pradipta Ranjan Rauta

Download or read book Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine written by Pradipta Ranjan Rauta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-10-10 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology in biology and medicine: Research advancements & future perspectives is focused to provide an interdisciplinary, integrative overview on the developments made in nanotechnology till date along with the ongoing trends and the future prospects. It presents the basics, fundamental results/current applications and latest achievements on nanobiotechnological researches worldwide scientific era. One of the major goals of this book is to highlight the multifaceted issues on or surrounding of nanotechnology on the basis of case studies, academic and theoretical articles, technology transfer (patents and copyrights), innovation, economics and policy management. Moreover, a large variety of nanobio-analytical methods are presented as a core asset to the early career researchers. This book has been designed for scientists, academician, students and entrepreneurs engaged in nanotechnology research and development. Nonetheless, it should be of interest to a variety of scientific disciplines including agriculture, medicine, drug and food material sciences and consumer products. Features It provides a thoroughly comprehensive overview of all major aspects of nanobiotechnology, considering the technology, applications, and socio-economic context It integrates physics, biology, and chemistry of nanosystems It reflects the state-of-the-art in nanotechnological research (biomedical, food, agriculture) It presents the application of nanotechnology in biomedical field including diagnostics and therapeutics (drug discovery, screening and delivery) It also discusses research involving gene therapy, cancer nanotheranostics, nano sensors, lab-on-a-chip techniques, etc. It provides the information about health risks of nanotechnology and potential remedies. It offers a timely forum for peer-reviewed research with extensive references within each chapter

Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery

Download Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1926895177
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (268 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery by : Mathew Sebastian

Download or read book Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery written by Mathew Sebastian and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-07-23 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This forward-looking book focuses on the recent advances in nanomedicine and drug delivery. It outlines the extraordinary new tools that have become available in nanomedicine and presents an integrated set of perspectives that describe where we are now and where we should be headed to put nanomedicine devices into applications as quickly as possible, while also considering the possible dangers of nanomedicine. The book considers the full range of nanomedicinal applications that employ molecular nanotechnology inside the human body, from the perspective of a future practitioner in an era of widely available nanomedicine. Written by some of the most innnovative minds in medicine and engineering, this unique volume will help professionals understand cutting-edge and futuristic areas of research that can have tremendous payoff in terms of improving human health. Readers will find insightful discussions of nanostructured intelligent materials and devices that are considered technically feasible and which have a high potential to produce advances in medicine in the near future. Topics include: Health benefits of phytochemicals and the application of colloidal delivery systems Study of non-covalent attachment of recombinant targeting proteins to polymer-modified Adenoviral gene delivery vectors The role of nanoparticles as adjuvants for mucosal vaccine delivery Poly(amido-amine)s as delivery styems for biologically active substances Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles Nanomedicine in the use of cancer treatment Dendrimers, capsules based on lipid vesicles for drug delivery Many other recent achievements

Handbook on Nanobiomaterials for Therapeutics and Diagnostic Applications

Download Handbook on Nanobiomaterials for Therapeutics and Diagnostic Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128219149
Total Pages : 612 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook on Nanobiomaterials for Therapeutics and Diagnostic Applications by : Anand Krishnan

Download or read book Handbook on Nanobiomaterials for Therapeutics and Diagnostic Applications written by Anand Krishnan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-03-18 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Nano-biomaterials for Therapeutics and Diagnostic Applications covers in-depth topics on nano-biomaterials and nano drug delivery systems (biosensors and bioimaging) involving polymer nanocomposites, metal nanocomposites, and other carbon family fibers and proteins. The book covers the current application of tiny machines or nanodevices and their use as early detection systems for life threatening diseases, giving detailed literature on the development of nanodevices, their use as diagnostic tools, and their present trend in the industry and market. In addition, their synthesis, potential applications and future of smart nanodevices in diagnosis of diseases and their use as smart clinical devices is covered. Users will find sections on recent advances in interdisciplinary research on the processing, morphology, structure and properties of nanostructured materials and their applications in drug delivery for various diseases such as cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer disease, ophthalmic diseases, and more. - Offers a comprehensive coverage of the therapeutics and smart nanodevices as diagnostic tools and their potential clinical applications in biosensing and bioimaging - Includes a glimpse into the nano-biomaterials that are essential components in nanomedicines - Describes nanodevices in the early diagnosis of the diseases - Explains the nano-drug delivery system for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, tuberculosis, Alzheimer disease, and ophthalmic diseases - Encompasses all information, starting from the design of nano-biomaterials to their applications in theranostics

Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine

Download Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439808767
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine by : Harry F. Tibbals

Download or read book Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine written by Harry F. Tibbals and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Considering the fluid nature of nano breakthroughs—and the delicate balance between benefits and consequences as they apply to medicine—readers at all levels require a practical, understandable base of information about these developments to take greatest advantage of them. Medical Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine meets that need by introducing non-experts to nanomedicine and its evolving organizational infrastructure. This practical reference investigates the impact of nanotechnology on applications in medicine and biomedical sciences, and the broader societal and economic effects. Eschewing technological details, it focuses on enhancing awareness of the business, regulatory, and administrative aspects of medical applications. It gives readers a critical, balanced, and realistic evaluation of existing nanomedicine developments and future prospects—an ideal foundation upon which to plan and make decisions. Covers the use of nanotechnology in medical applications including imaging, diagnosis and monitoring, drug delivery systems, surgery, tissue regeneration, and prosthetics Part of the Perspectives in Nanotechnology series—which contains broader coverage of the societal implications of nanotechnology—this book can be used as a standalone reference. Organized by historical perspective, current status, and future prospects, this powerful book: Explores background, definitions and terms, and recent trends and forces in nanomedicine Surveys the landscape of nanomedicine in government, academia, and the private sector Reviews projected future directions, capabilities, sustainability, and equity of nanomedicine, and choices to be made regarding its use Includes graphical illustrations, references, and keywords to reinforce concepts and aid further research In its assessment of alternative and sometimes conflicting concepts proposed for the application of nanotechnology to medicine, this book surveys major initiatives and the work of leading labs and innovators. It uses informative examples and case summaries to illustrate proven accomplishments and imagined possibilities in research and development.

Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine

Download Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889457451
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine by : Susan Hua

Download or read book Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine written by Susan Hua and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that is revolutionizing the way we detect and treat damage to the human body. Nanomedicine applies nanotechnology to highly specific medical interventions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. They are increasingly being used to overcome biological barriers in the body to improve the way we deliver compounds to specific tissues and organs. In particular, nanomedicines have been shown to be beneficial for stabilizing therapeutic compounds, overcoming obstacles to cellular and tissue uptake, and improving biodistribution of compounds to target sites in vivo. Nanomedicines have demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages for a multitude of biomedical applications, however the clinical translation of these nanotechnology platforms has not progressed as quickly as the plethora of positive results would have suggested. Understanding the advances in nanomedicine to date and the challenges that still need to be overcome, will allow future research to improve on existing platforms and to address the current translational and regulatory limitations. This eBook “Advances and Challenges in Nanomedicine” has brought together experts in the fields of nanomedicine, nanotechnology, nanotoxicology, pharmaceutics, manufacturing, and translation to discuss the application of nanotechnology to drug delivery. This information is presented as original research, opinion, perspective, and review articles. The goal of this eBook is to generate collaborative discussion on the current status, general trends, challenges, strategies, and future direction of pharmaceutical nanotechnology, as well as highlight current and emerging nanoparticulate platforms with potential medical applications.

Nanomedicine Manufacturing and Applications

Download Nanomedicine Manufacturing and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128209429
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanomedicine Manufacturing and Applications by : Francis Verpoort

Download or read book Nanomedicine Manufacturing and Applications written by Francis Verpoort and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomedicine explores the modification and enhancement of the properties and performances of typical drugs to treat various diseases. Nano-based medicines have advantages in several ways, such as in nanotherapeutics, nanotheranostics, and nanodiagnostics. Nanomedicine Manufacturing and Applications effectively explores the major manufacturing techniques and applications of nanomaterial-based medicine in the areas of chemotherapy, biochips, insulin pumps, and other treatment methods. This book explains how nanomedicines are developed from nanoparticles as well as their biomedical and other applications related to healthcare. This book is an important reference source for nanoscientists, biomaterials scientists, and biomedical engineers who want to learn more about how nano-based medicines are made and used. - Outlines the process of making nanomedicine as well as nanodrug carriers, with a focus on nanomedicine for cancer treatment. - Explains the formulation and manufacturing process of nanomedicines, showing how to build these materials. - Demonstrates how nano-based medicines are being used to tackle a range of diseases in a way that conventional medicines cannot.

Nanomedicine in Translational Research

Download Nanomedicine in Translational Research PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443222584
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (432 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanomedicine in Translational Research by : Kaladhar Kamalasanan

Download or read book Nanomedicine in Translational Research written by Kaladhar Kamalasanan and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-09-17 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomedicine in Translational Research: Status and Future Challenges harnesses the current developments and future directions of diagnostic and therapeutic solutions in clinical scenarios. This book integrates nanomedicine and biomaterials to develop healthcare technology for improved patient care and clinical practices, through applications using theranostics, biomaterials, 3-D printing, regenerative medicines, and nanosystems. Those in this multidisciplinary field will need to improve procedures and protocols, as well as regulatory guidelines and their clinical implications. This book will be highly useful as it is written by experts in the field for researchers working in the areas of nanotechnology, biomaterials, drug delivery, and pharmaceuticals for chronic diseases. - Focuses on the pillars contributing to the global healthcare crisis: geopolitical changes, overpopulation/migration, and climate change. - Includes personal interviews with many world leaders in different areas along with the authors' hands-on experience on healthcare, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, for drafting the contents that confirm advanced healthcare. - Provides a broad and multidisciplinary understanding of healthcare, allowing the readers to understand their role and empower them to take initiatives to emerging solutions.

Nanostructures for Novel Therapy

Download Nanostructures for Novel Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323461484
Total Pages : 908 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanostructures for Novel Therapy by : Denisa Ficai

Download or read book Nanostructures for Novel Therapy written by Denisa Ficai and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-02-25 with total page 908 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanostructures for Novel Therapy: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications focuses on the fabrication and characterization of therapeutic nanostructures, in particular, synthesis, design, and in vitro and in vivo therapeutic evaluation. The chapters provide a cogent overview of recent therapeutic applications of nanostructured materials that includes applications of nanostructured materials for wound healing in plastic surgery and stem cell therapy. The book explores the promise for more effective therapy through the use of nanostructured materials, while also assessing the challenges their use might pose from both an economic and medicinal point of view. This innovative look at how nanostructured materials are used in therapeutics will be of great benefit to researchers, providing a greater understanding of the different ways nanomaterials could improve medical treatment, along with a discussion of the obstacles that need to be overcome in order to guarantee widespread availability. - Outlines how the characteristics of nanostructures made from different materials gives particular properties that can be successfully used in therapeutics - Compares the properties of different nanostructures, allowing medicinal chemists and engineers to select which are most appropriate for their needs - Highlights new uses of nanostructures within the therapeutic field, enabling the discovery of new, more effective drugs

Integrated Nanomaterials and their Applications

Download Integrated Nanomaterials and their Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981996105X
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Integrated Nanomaterials and their Applications by : Deepa Suhag

Download or read book Integrated Nanomaterials and their Applications written by Deepa Suhag and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-12-06 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides an overview of different nanoparticles, their classification, and their applications in healthcare, food sciences, environmental sciences, and agricultural sciences. The introductory chapters discuss different types of nanoparticles, their types, and their structural properties. The subsequent chapter examines factors that influence the biocompatibility and toxicity of NPs for the safe and sustainable development of emerging nanoparticles. The chapter systematically reviews the nanoparticle-based contrast agents employed in most common biomedical imaging modalities. The book further examines the applications of advanced nanoparticle design that are utilized for both non-personalized and precision applications for improving precision therapies. The book provides a comprehensive update on nanoparticles’ toxic effects, the factors underlying their toxicity, and the mechanisms by which toxicity is induced. This book is an ideal guide for researchers and students interested in understanding the applications of nanoparticles in biomedical sciences and the healthcare sector.

Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications

Download Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128241683
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications by : Hafiz M. N. Iqbal

Download or read book Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications written by Hafiz M. N. Iqbal and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nano-Bioremediation: Fundamentals and Applications explores how nano-bioremediation is used to remedy environmental pollutants. The book's chapters focus on the design, fabrication and application of advanced nanomaterials and their integration with biotechnological processes for the monitoring and treatment of pollutants in environmental matrices. It is an important reference source for materials scientists, engineers and environmental scientists who are looking to increase their understanding of bioremediation at the nanoscale. The mitigation of environmental pollution is the biggest challenge to researchers and the scientific community, hence this book provides answers to some important questions. As an advanced hybrid technology, nano-bioremediation refers to the integration of nanomaterials and bioremediation for the remediation of pollutants. The rapid pace of urbanization, massive development of industrial sectors, and modern agricultural practices all cause a controlled or uncontrolled release of environmentally-related hazardous contaminants that are seriously threatening every key sphere, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and anthroposphere. Explores the current and potential applications of nano-bioremediation in the remediation of hazardous pollutants Outlines the major properties and classes of nanomaterials that make them efficient bioremediation agents Assesses the major challenges of effectively implementing bioremediation techniques at the nanoscale

Cutaneous Melanoma

Download Cutaneous Melanoma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cutaneous Melanoma by :

Download or read book Cutaneous Melanoma written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine

Download Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1908818786
Total Pages : 573 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine by : Michael R. Hamblin

Download or read book Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine written by Michael R. Hamblin and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-02-17 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscience has become one of the key growth areas in recent years. It can be integrated into imaging and therapy to increase the potential for novel applications in the field of photomedicine. In the past commercial applications of nanoscience have been limited to materials science research only, however, in recent years nanoparticles are rapidly being incorporated into industrial and consumer products. This is mainly due to the expansion of biomedical related research and the burgeoning field of nanomedicine. Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine covers a wide range of nanomaterials including nanoparticles used for drug delivery and other emerging fields such as optofluidics, imaging and SERS diagnostics. Introductory chapters are followed by a section largely concerned with imaging, and finally a section on nanoscience-enabled therapeutics. - Covers a comprehensive up-to-date information on nanoscience - Focuses on the combination of photomedicine with nanotechnology to enhance the diversity of applications - Pioneers in the field have written their respective chapters - Opens a plethora of possibilities for developing future nanomedicine - Easy to understand and yet intensive coverage chapter by chapter

Selected Topics In Nanomedicine

Download Selected Topics In Nanomedicine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814472875
Total Pages : 599 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Selected Topics In Nanomedicine by : Thomas Ming Swi Chang

Download or read book Selected Topics In Nanomedicine written by Thomas Ming Swi Chang and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2013-09-16 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanomedicine consists of the use of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in medicine. There have been extensive developments in the area of nanomedicine. The scope of this book is first to discuss the origin of nanomedicine. Following this, instead of a general overview of the whole area, 24 chapters on selected topics of important areas are described in detail. Authors are selected from around the world to give a representative and international view of the activities in the area of nanomedicine.

Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering

Download Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111835107X
Total Pages : 606 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering by : Paras N. Prasad

Download or read book Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering written by Paras N. Prasad and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-26 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an introduction to the emerging field of nanomedicine and its applications to health care. It describes the many multidisciplinary challenges facing nanomedicine and discusses the required collaboration between chemists, physicists, engineers and clinicians. The book introduces the reader to nanomedicine's vast potential to improve and extend human life through the application of nanomaterials in diagnosis and treatment of disease.