Integration Of Electric Vehicles And Battery Storage Systems

Download Integration Of Electric Vehicles And Battery Storage Systems full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Integration Of Electric Vehicles And Battery Storage Systems ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Integration of Electric Vehicles and Battery Storage Systems

Author : Hrvoje Pandžić
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3036501789
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integration of Electric Vehicles and Battery Storage Systems by : Hrvoje Pandžić

Download or read book Integration of Electric Vehicles and Battery Storage Systems written by Hrvoje Pandžić and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-04-22 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achieving the goal of green and environmentally friendly energy systems is not possible without the concept of energy storage. Such storage should charge when renewable generation, e.g., photovoltaics and wind farms, is abundant and discharge during periods of its scarcity. Although pumped hydropower plants have been widely used as extremely large capacity energy storage, the recent technological developments in lithium-based batteries have made them economically feasible. The major advantages of batteries over a conventional energy storage system, i.e., hydropower, include its modularity and ease of integration with the transport system. This Special Issue is thus focused on both stationary batteries and mobile batteries in electric vehicles. Both should be used to provide flexibility and balancing services to power systems. While stationary batteries are focused solely on the power system, the batteries within electric vehicles need to primarily fulfill the task of providing energy for transportation. This is why their use in power systems is secondary. However, due to generally long parking periods, they can become a detrimental asset in terms of balancing the power system.

Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles

Author : Erik Schaltz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783039369621
Total Pages : 550 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles by : Erik Schaltz

Download or read book Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles written by Erik Schaltz and published by . This book was released on 2020-09-10 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global electric car fleet exceeded 7 million battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in 2019, and will continue to increase in the future, as electrification is an important means of decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. The energy storage system is a very central component of the electric vehicle. The storage system needs to be cost-competitive, light, efficient, safe, and reliable, and to occupy little space and last for a long time. It should also be produced and disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner. This leaves many research challenges, and the purpose of this book is therefore to provide a platform for sharing the latest findings on energy storage systems for electric vehicles (electric cars, buses, aircraft, ships, etc.) Research in energy storage systems requires several sciences working together, and this book therefore include contributions from many different disciplines; this covers a wide range of topics, e.g. battery-management systems, state-of-charge and state-of-health estimation, thermal-battery-management systems, power electronics for energy storage devices, battery aging modelling, battery reuse and recycling, etc.

Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment

Author : Mohammad Saad Alam
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000393046
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment by : Mohammad Saad Alam

Download or read book Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment written by Mohammad Saad Alam and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-08-19 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric Vehicle Integration in a Smart Microgrid Environment The growing demand for energy in today’s world, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, has been met with massive exploitation of fossil fuels, resulting in an increase in environmental pollutants. In order to mitigate the issues arising from conventional internal combustion engine-powered vehicles, there has been a considerable acceleration in the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Research has shown that the impact of fossil fuel use in transportation and surging demand in power owing to the growing EV charging infrastructure can potentially be minimalized by smart microgrids. As EVs find wider acceptance with major advancements in high efficiency drivetrain and vehicle design, it has become clear that there is a need for a system-level understanding of energy storage and management in a microgrid environment. Practical issues, such as fleet management, coordinated operation, repurposing of batteries, and environmental impact of recycling and disposal, need to be carefully studied in the context of an ageing grid infrastructure. This book explores such a perspective with contributions from leading experts on planning, analysis, optimization, and management of electrified transportation and the transportation infrastructure. The primary purpose of this book is to capture state-of-the-art development in smart microgrid management with EV integration and their applications. It also aims to identify potential research directions and technologies that will facilitate insight generation in various domains, from smart homes to smart cities, and within industry, business, and consumer applications. We expect the book to serve as a reference for a larger audience, including power system architects, practitioners, developers, new researchers, and graduate-level students, especially for emerging clean energy and transportation electrification sectors in the Middle East and Southeast Asia.

Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks

Author : Rodrigo Garcia-Valle
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461401348
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (614 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks by : Rodrigo Garcia-Valle

Download or read book Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks written by Rodrigo Garcia-Valle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-29 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks provides coverage of the challenges and opportunities posed by the progressive integration of electric drive vehicles. Starting with a thorough overview of the current electric vehicle and battery state-of-the-art, this work describes dynamic software tools to assess the impacts resulting from the electric vehicles deployment on the steady state and dynamic operation of electricity grids, identifies strategies to mitigate them and the possibility to support simultaneously large-scale integration of renewable energy sources. New business models and control management architectures, as well as the communication infrastructure required to integrate electric vehicles as active demand are presented. Finally, regulatory issues of integrating electric vehicles into modern power systems are addressed. Inspired by two courses held under the EES-UETP umbrella in 2010 and 2011, this contributed volume consists of nine chapters written by leading researchers and professionals from the industry as well as academia.

ICT for Electric Vehicle Integration with the Smart Grid

Author : Nand Kishor
Publisher : Transportation
ISBN 13 : 9781785617621
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis ICT for Electric Vehicle Integration with the Smart Grid by : Nand Kishor

Download or read book ICT for Electric Vehicle Integration with the Smart Grid written by Nand Kishor and published by Transportation. This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a basis for full integration of electric vehicles into the smart grid, through the use of ICT tools. It looks at transport and energy system modelling, simulation and optimisation processes; vehicle on-line optimal control, estimation and prediction; energy system strategic planning; and services such as smart charging.

Smart Grids for Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems

Author : Rajkumar Viral
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000649466
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Smart Grids for Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems by : Rajkumar Viral

Download or read book Smart Grids for Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Energy Storage Systems written by Rajkumar Viral and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-10-10 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive reference text discusses simulation with case studies and realworld applications related to energy system models, the large-scale integration of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. The text covers analysis and modeling of the large-scale integration of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems. It further discusses economic aspects useful for policy makers and industrial professionals. It covers important topics, including smart grids architectures, wide-area situational awareness (WASA), energy management systems (EMS), demand response (DR), smart grid standardization exertions, virtual power plants, battery degradation modeling, optimization approaches in modeling, and smart metering infrastructure. The book: Discusses the analysis and modeling of the large-scale integration of renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems Covers issues and challenges encountered in the large-scale integration of electric vehicles, energy storage systems and renewable energy systems into future smart grid design Provides simulation with case studies and real-world applications related to energy system models, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems Discusses the integration of large renewable energy systems, with the presence of a large number of electric vehicles and storage devices/systems Discussing concepts of smart grids, together with the deployment of electric vehicles, energy storage systems and renewable energy systems, this text will be useful as a reference text for graduate students and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, renewable energy, and clean technologies. It further discusses topics, including electric grid infrastructure, architecture, interfacing, standardization, protocols, security, reliability, communication, and optimal control.

Plug-in Electric Vehicle Grid Integration

Author : Islam Safak Bayram
Publisher : Artech House
ISBN 13 : 1630814733
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Plug-in Electric Vehicle Grid Integration by : Islam Safak Bayram

Download or read book Plug-in Electric Vehicle Grid Integration written by Islam Safak Bayram and published by Artech House. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative new resource provides a comprehensive introduction to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including critical discussions on energy storage and converter technology. The architecture and models for sustainable charging infrastructures and capacity planning of small scale fast charging stations are presented. This book considers PEVs as mobile storage units and explains how PEVS can provide services to the grid. Enabling technologies are explored, including energy storage, converter, and charger technologies for home and park charging. The adoption of EV is discussed and examples are given from the individual battery level to the city level. This book provides guidance on how to build and design sustainable transportation systems. Optimal arrival rates, optimal service rates, facility location problems, load balancing, and demand forecasts are covered in this book. Time-saving MATLAB code and background tables are included in this resource to help engineers with their projects in the field.

Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid

Author : Sergio Saponara
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039364251
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (393 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid by : Sergio Saponara

Download or read book Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid written by Sergio Saponara and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-02 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a reprint in book form of the Energies MDPI Journal Special Issue , entitled “Energy Storage Systems and Power Conversion Electronics for E-Transportation and Smart Grid”. The Special Issue was managed by two Guest Editors from Italy and Norway: Professor Sergio Saponara from the University of Pisa and Professor Lucian MIHET-POPA from Østfold University College, in close cooperation with the Editors from Energies. The papers published in this SI are related to the emerging trends in energy storage and power conversion electronic circuits and systems, with a specific focus on transportation electrification, and on the evolution from the electric grid to a smart grid. An extensive exploitation of renewable energy sources is foreseen for the smart grid, as well as a close integration with the energy storage and recharging systems of the electrified transportation era. Innovations at the levels of both algorithmic and hardware (i.e., power converters, electric drives, electronic control units (ECU), energy storage modules and charging stations) are proposed. Research and technology transfer activities in energy storage systems, such as batteries and super/ultra-capacitors, are essential for the success of electric transportation, and to foster the use of renewable energy sources. Energy storage systems are the key technology to solve these issues, and to increase the adoption of renewable energy sources in the smart grid.

Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations

Author : Sandeep Dhundhara
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111976033X
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations by : Sandeep Dhundhara

Download or read book Energy Storage for Modern Power System Operations written by Sandeep Dhundhara and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-10-19 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ENERGY STORAGE for MODERN POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS Written and edited by a team of well-known and respected experts in the field, this new volume on energy storage presents the state-of-the-art developments and challenges for modern power systems for engineers, researchers, academicians, industry professionals, consultants, and designers. Energy storage systems have been recognized as the key elements in modern power systems, where they are able to provide primary and secondary frequency controls, voltage regulation, power quality improvement, stability enhancement, reserve service, peak shaving, and so on. Particularly, deployment of energy storage systems in a distributed manner will contribute greatly in the development of smart grids and providing promising solutions for the above issues. The main challenges will be the adoption of new techniques and strategies for the optimal planning, control, monitoring and management of modern power systems with the wide installation of distributed energy storage systems. Thus, the aim of this book is to illustrate the potential of energy storage systems in different applications of modern power systems, with a view toward illuminating recent advances and research trends in storage technologies. This exciting new volume covers the recent advancements and applications of different energy storage technologies that are useful to engineers, scientists, and students in the discipline of electrical engineering. Suitable for the engineers at power companies and energy storage consultants working in the energy storage field, this book offers a cross-disciplinary look across electrical, mechanical, chemical and renewable engineering aspects of energy storage. Whether for the veteran engineer or the student, this is a must-have for any library. AUDIENCE Electrical engineers and other designers, engineers, and scientists working in energy storage

Integrating Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries with Photovoltaics in Microgrids

Author : Feng Guo (Electrical engineer)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrating Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries with Photovoltaics in Microgrids by : Feng Guo (Electrical engineer)

Download or read book Integrating Retired Electric Vehicle Batteries with Photovoltaics in Microgrids written by Feng Guo (Electrical engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is expected that by 2020, there will be a large number of battery packs retired from Electric Vehicles (EVs). These retired EV batteries may be utilized as energy storage systems in a Microgrid to help with the integration of renewable energy resources and provide different functions, such as Time-of-Use energy management, frequency and voltage regulation, emergency power supply, etc. In this dissertation, both system and circuit level studies are performed on the implementation of retired EV batteries with Photovoltaic (PV) systems in Microgrid applications.

Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292614711
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Handbook on Battery Energy Storage System written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2018-12-01 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook serves as a guide to deploying battery energy storage technologies, specifically for distributed energy resources and flexibility resources. Battery energy storage technology is the most promising, rapidly developed technology as it provides higher efficiency and ease of control. With energy transition through decarbonization and decentralization, energy storage plays a significant role to enhance grid efficiency by alleviating volatility from demand and supply. Energy storage also contributes to the grid integration of renewable energy and promotion of microgrid.

Battery Management System for Future Electric Vehicles

Author : Dirk Söffker
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039433504
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Battery Management System for Future Electric Vehicles by : Dirk Söffker

Download or read book Battery Management System for Future Electric Vehicles written by Dirk Söffker and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-11-09 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The future of electric vehicles relies nearly entirely on the design, monitoring, and control of the vehicle battery and its associated systems. Along with an initial optimal design of the cell/pack-level structure, the runtime performance of the battery needs to be continuously monitored and optimized for a safe and reliable operation and prolonged life. Improved charging techniques need to be developed to protect and preserve the battery. The scope of this Special Issue is to address all the above issues by promoting innovative design concepts, modeling and state estimation techniques, charging/discharging management, and hybridization with other storage components.

Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets

Author : Qiuwei Wu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111856801X
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets by : Qiuwei Wu

Download or read book Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets written by Qiuwei Wu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-23 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the policy drivers, benefits and challenges for grid integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the open electricity market environment, this book provides a comprehensive overview of existing electricity markets and demonstrates how EVs are integrated into these different markets and power systems. Unlike other texts, this book analyses EV integration in parallel with electricity market design, showing the interaction between EVs and differing electricity markets. Future regulating power market and distribution system operator (DSO) market design is covered, with up-to-date case studies and examples to help readers carry out similar projects across the world. With in-depth analysis, this book describes: the impact of EV charging and discharging on transmission and distribution networks market-driven EV congestion management techniques, for example the day-ahead tariff based congestion management scenario within electric distribution networks optimal EV charging management with the fleet operator concept and smart charging management EV battery technology, modelling and tests the use of EVs for balancing power fluctuations from renewable energy sources, looking at power system operation support, including frequency reserve, power regulation and voltage support An accessible technical book for power engineers and grid/distributed systems operators, this also serves as a reference text for researchers in the area of EVs and power systems. It provides distribution companies with the knowledge they need when facing the challenges introduced by large scale EV deployment, and demonstrates how transmission system operators (TSOs) can develop the existing system service market in order to fully utilize the potential of EV flexibility. With thorough coverage of the technologies for EV integration, this volume is informative for research professors and graduate students in power systems; it will also appeal to EV manufacturers, regulators, EV market professionals, energy providers and traders, mobility providers, EV charging station companies, and policy makers.

Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids

Author : Vitor Monteiro
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443139709
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids by : Vitor Monteiro

Download or read book Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids written by Vitor Monteiro and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-08-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicle Electrification in Modern Power Grids: Disruptive Perspectives on Power Electronics Technology and Control Challenges collects the newest advances in technology for electric vehicle integration into one practical volume for professionals and advanced researchers. The book not only summarizes and clarifies legislation and grid codes for the area, but also outlines the modeling and analytical techniques needed, including predicting power converter reliability and its remaining useful life. Specializing in microgrid clusters, the book provides advanced power electronics device technology from wide-band-gap (WBG) to DSP-based digital control platforms and new materials for passive filters. Blending cutting-edge research and practical technology, this book provides a centralized resource for advanced researchers and engineers looking to accelerate vehicle electrification in the power grid. Reveals new, disruptive power electronics and modeling technologies to enable EV integration into the grid Collects guidance on mechanisms for digital control for EV charging and modes of operation, from V2G to G2H Provides legislation and grid codes needed by engineers working on vehicle electrification in power grids

Electric Energy Storage Systems

Author : Przemyslaw Komarnicki
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662532751
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electric Energy Storage Systems by : Przemyslaw Komarnicki

Download or read book Electric Energy Storage Systems written by Przemyslaw Komarnicki and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-06-21 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book describes methods of modeling, planning and implementing electric energy storage systems. Energy storage becomes an important issue when more and more electric power is generated by wind mills and photovoltaics systems, because green energy is more volatile. So energy storage is necessary to guarantee safe and secure electric energy supply.Market and power system oriented operations of electric energy storage require different planning methods and different algorithms for searching the optimal solution. These methods are described in detail for energy storage implementations in generation, transmission and distribution levels. Economic aspects are considered.For many years, the authors have been developing smart grid solutions as well as a methology of modeling and planning electric energy storage usage. The aim has been to increase the flexibility of the power system heading for an energy system which is completely generated by green energy.

Integration of Renewable and Distributed Energy Resources in Power Systems

Author : Tomás Gómez San Román
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 303943487X
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integration of Renewable and Distributed Energy Resources in Power Systems by : Tomás Gómez San Román

Download or read book Integration of Renewable and Distributed Energy Resources in Power Systems written by Tomás Gómez San Román and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-02 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power sector is poised for transformative changes. Improvements in the cost and performance of a range of distributed energy generation (DG) technologies and the potential for breakthroughs in distributed energy storage (DS) are creating new options for onsite power generation and storage, driving increasing adoption and impacting utility distribution system operations. In addition, changing uses and use patterns for electricity—from plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) to demand response (DR)—are altering demands placed on the electric power system. Finally, the infusion of new information and communications technology (ICT) into the electric system and its markets is enabling the collection of immense volumes of data on power sector operations and use; unprecedented control of generation, networks, and loads; and new opportunities for the delivery of energy services. In this Special Issue of Energies, research papers on topics related to the integration of distributed energy resources (DG, DS, EV, and DR) are included. From technologies to software tools to system-wide evaluations, the impacts of all aforementioned distributed resources on both operation and planning are examined.

Distributed Energy Storage Devices in Smart Grids

Author : Guido Carpinelli
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039284347
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Distributed Energy Storage Devices in Smart Grids by : Guido Carpinelli

Download or read book Distributed Energy Storage Devices in Smart Grids written by Guido Carpinelli and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-15 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy storage systems have been recognized as viable solutions for implementing the smart grid paradigm, but have created challenges in terms of load levelling, integrating renewable and intermittent sources, voltage and frequency regulation, grid resiliency, improving power quality and reliability, reducing energy import during peak demand periods, and so on. In particular, distributed energy storage addresses a wide range of the above potential issues, and it is gaining attention from customers, utilities, and regulators. Distributed energy storage has considerable potential for reducing costs and improving the quality of electric services. However, installation costs and lifespan are the main drawbacks to the wide diffusion of this technology. In this context, a serious challenge is the adoption of new techniques and strategies for the optimal planning, control, and management of grids that include distributed energy storage devices. Regulatory guidance and proactive policies are urgently needed to ensure a smooth rollout of this technology. This book collects recent contributions of methodologies applied to the integration of distributed energy storage devices in smart power systems. Several areas of research (optimal siting and sizing of energy storage systems, adaption of energy storage systems to load leveling and harmonic compensation, integration for electric vehicles, and optimal control systems) are investigated in the contributions collected in this book.