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Integrating Monaural And Binaural Cues For Sound Localization And Segregation In Reverberant Environments
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Book Synopsis Integrating Monaural and Binaural Cues for Sound Localization and Segregation in Reverberant Environments by : John F. Woodruff
Download or read book Integrating Monaural and Binaural Cues for Sound Localization and Segregation in Reverberant Environments written by John F. Woodruff and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We also consider how the computational goal of CASA-based segregation should be defined in reverberant environments. The ideal binary mask (IBM) has been established as a main goal of CASA. While the IBM is defined unambiguously in anechoic conditions, in reverberant environments there is some flexibility in how one might define the target signal itself and therefore, ambiguity is introduced to the notion of the IBM. Due to the perceptual distinction between early and late reflections, we introduce the reflection boundary as a parameter to the IBM definition to allow target reflections to be divided into desirable and undesirable components. We conduct a series of intelligibility tests with normal hearing listeners to compare alternative IBM definitions. Results show that it is vital for the IBM definition to account for the energetic effect of early target reflections, and that late target reflections should be characterized as noise.
Book Synopsis Auditory-based Algorithms for Sound Segregation in Multisource and Reverberant Environments by : Nicoleta Roman
Download or read book Auditory-based Algorithms for Sound Segregation in Multisource and Reverberant Environments written by Nicoleta Roman and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: At a cocktail party, we can selectively attend to a single voice and filter out other interferences. This perceptual ability has motivated a new field of study known as computational auditory scene analysis (CASA) which aims to build speech separation systems that incorporate auditory principles. The psychological process of figure-ground segregation suggests that the target signal should be segregated as foreground while the remaining stimuli are treated as background. Accordingly, the computational goal of CASA should be to estimate an ideal time-frequency (T-F) binary mask, which selects the target if it is stronger than the interference in a local T-F unit. This dissertation investigates four aspects of CASA processing: location-based speech segregation, binaural tracking of multiple moving sources, binaural sound segregation in reverberation, and monaural segregation of reverberant speech. For localization, the auditory system utilizes the interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural intensity difference (IID) between the ears. We observe that within a narrow frequency band, modifications to the relative strength of the target source with respect to the interference trigger systematic changes for ITD and IID resulting in a characteristic clustering. Consequently, we propose a supervised learning approach to estimate the ideal binary mask. A systematic evaluation shows that the resulting system produces masks very close to the ideal binary ones and large speech intelligibility improvements. In realistic environments, source motion requires consideration. Binaural cues are strongly correlated with locations in T-F units dominated by one source resulting in channel-dependent conditional probabilities. Consequently, we propose a multi-channel integration method of these probabilities in order to compute the likelihood function in a target space. Finally, a hidden Markov model is employed for forming continuous tracks and automatically detecting the number of active sources. Reverberation affects the ITD and IID cues. We therefore propose a binaural segregation system that combines target cancellation through adaptive filtering and a binary decision rule to estimate the ideal binary mask. A major advantage of the proposed system is that it imposes no restrictions on the interfering sources. Quantitative evaluations show that our system outperforms related beamforming approaches. Psychoacoustic evidence suggests that monaural processing play a vital role in segregation. It is known that reverberation smears the harmonicity of speech signals. We therefore propose a two-stage separation system that combines inverse filtering of target room impulse response with pitch-based segregation. As a result of the first stage, the harmonicity of a signal arriving from target direction is partially restored while signals arriving from other locations are further smeared, and this leads to improved segregation and considerable signal-to-noise ratio gains.
Book Synopsis Efficient Binaural Sound Localization in Noisy and Reverberant Environments by : Tom Goeckel
Download or read book Efficient Binaural Sound Localization in Noisy and Reverberant Environments written by Tom Goeckel and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Technology of Binaural Understanding by : Jens Blauert
Download or read book The Technology of Binaural Understanding written by Jens Blauert and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-12 with total page 815 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sound, devoid of meaning, would not matter to us. It is the information sound conveys that helps the brain to understand its environment. Sound and its underlying meaning are always associated with time and space. There is no sound without spatial properties, and the brain always organizes this information within a temporal–spatial framework. This book is devoted to understanding the importance of meaning for spatial and related further aspects of hearing, including cross-modal inference. People, when exposed to acoustic stimuli, do not react directly to what they hear but rather to what they hear means to them. This semiotic maxim may not always apply, for instance, when the reactions are reflexive. But, where it does apply, it poses a major challenge to the builders of models of the auditory system. Take, for example, an auditory model that is meant to be implemented on a robotic agent for autonomous search-&-rescue actions. Or think of a system that can perform judgments on the sound quality of multimedia-reproduction systems. It becomes immediately clear that such a system needs • Cognitive capabilities, including substantial inherent knowledge • The ability to integrate information across different sensory modalities To realize these functions, the auditory system provides a pair of sensory organs, the two ears, and the means to perform adequate preprocessing of the signals provided by the ears. This is realized in the subcortical parts of the auditory system. In the title of a prior book, the term Binaural Listening is used to indicate a focus on sub-cortical functions. Psychoacoustics and auditory signal processing contribute substantially to this area. The preprocessed signals are then forwarded to the cortical parts of the auditory system where, among other things, recognition, classification, localization, scene analysis, assignment of meaning, quality assessment, and action planning take place. Also, information from different sensory modalities is integrated at this level. Between sub-cortical and cortical regions of the auditory system, numerous feedback loops exist that ultimately support the high complexity and plasticity of the auditory system. The current book concentrates on these cognitive functions. Instead of processing signals, processing symbols is now the predominant modeling task. Substantial contributions to the field draw upon the knowledge acquired by cognitive psychology. The keyword Binaural Understanding in the book title characterizes this shift. Both books, The Technology of Binaural Listening and the current one, have been stimulated and supported by AABBA, an open research group devoted to the development and application of models of binaural hearing. The current book is dedicated to technologies that help explain, facilitate, apply, and support various aspects of binaural understanding. It is organized into five parts, each containing three to six chapters in order to provide a comprehensive overview of this emerging area. Each chapter was thoroughly reviewed by at least two anonymous, external experts. The first part deals with the psychophysical and physiological effects of Forming and Interpreting Aural Objects as well as the underlying models. The fundamental concepts of reflexive and reflective auditory feedback are introduced. Mechanisms of binaural attention and attention switching are covered—as well as how auditory Gestalt rules facilitate binaural understanding. A general blackboard architecture is introduced as an example of how machines can learn to form and interpret aural objects to simulate human cognitive listening. The second part, Configuring and Understanding Aural Space, focuses on the human understanding of complex three-dimensional environments—covering the psychological and biological fundamentals of auditory space formation. This part further addresses the human mechanisms used to process information and interact in complex reverberant environments, such as concert halls and forests, and additionally examines how the auditory system can learn to understand and adapt to these environments. The third part is dedicated to Processing Cross-Modal Inference and highlights the fundamental human mechanisms used to integrate auditory cues with cues from other modalities to localize and form perceptual objects. This part also provides a general framework for understanding how complex multimodal scenes can be simulated and rendered. The fourth part, Evaluating Aural-scene Quality and Speech Understanding, focuses on the object-forming aspects of binaural listening and understanding. It addresses cognitive mechanisms involved in both the understanding of speech and the processing of nonverbal information such as Sound Quality and Quality-of- Experience. The aesthetic judgment of rooms is also discussed in this context. Models that simulate underlying human processes and performance are covered in addition to techniques for rendering virtual environments that can then be used to test these models. The fifth part deals with the Application of Cognitive Mechanisms to Audio Technology. It highlights how cognitive mechanisms can be utilized to create spatial auditory illusions using binaural and other 3D-audio technologies. Further, it covers how cognitive binaural technologies can be applied to improve human performance in auditory displays and to develop new auditory technologies for interactive robots. The book concludes with the application of cognitive binaural technologies to the next generation of hearing aids.
Book Synopsis Investigating Compensatory Mechanisms for Sound Localization by : Christopher Montagne
Download or read book Investigating Compensatory Mechanisms for Sound Localization written by Christopher Montagne and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sound localization can be difficult in a reverberant environment. Fortunately listeners can utilize various perceptual compensatory mechanisms to increase the reliability of sound localization when provided with ambiguous physical evidence. For example, the directional information of echoes can be perceptually suppressed by the direct sound to achieve a single, fused auditory event in a process called the precedence effect (Litovsky et al., 1999). Visual cues also influence sound localization through a phenomenon known as the ventriloquist effect. It is classically demonstrated by a puppeteer who speaks without visible lip movements while moving the mouth of a puppet synchronously with his/her speech (Gelder and Bertelson, 2003). If the ventriloquist is successful, sound will be "captured" by vision and be perceived to be originating at the location of the puppet. This thesis investigates the influence of vision on the spatial localization of audio-visual stimuli. Participants seated in a sound-attenuated room indicated their perceived locations of either ISI or level-difference stimuli in free field conditions. Two types of stereophonic phantom sound sources, created by modulating the inter-stimulus time interval (ISI) or level difference between two loudspeakers, were used as auditory stimuli. The results showed that the light cues influenced auditory spatial perception to a greater extent for the ISI stimuli than the level difference stimuli. A binaural signal analysis further revealed that the greater visual bias for the ISI phantom sound sources was correlated with the increasingly ambiguous binaural cues of the ISI signals. This finding suggests that when sound localization cues are unreliable, perceptual decisions become increasingly biased towards vision for finding a sound source. These results support the cue saliency theory underlying cross-modal bias and extend this theory to include stereophonic phantom sound sources.
Book Synopsis The Technology of Binaural Listening by : Jens Blauert
Download or read book The Technology of Binaural Listening written by Jens Blauert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-07 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reports on the application of advanced models of the human binaural hearing system in modern technology, among others, in the following areas: binaural analysis of aural scenes, binaural de-reverberation, binaural quality assessment of audio channels, loudspeakers and performance spaces, binaural perceptual coding, binaural processing in hearing aids and cochlea implants, binaural systems in robots, binaural/tactile human-machine interfaces, speech-intelligibility prediction in rooms and/or multi-speaker scenarios. An introduction to binaural modeling and an outlook to the future are provided. Further, the book features a MATLAB toolbox to enable readers to construct their own dedicated binaural models on demand.
Book Synopsis Binaural Hearing by : Ruth Y. Litovsky
Download or read book Binaural Hearing written by Ruth Y. Litovsky and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-01 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of Binaural Hearing involves studies of auditory perception, physiology, and modeling, including normal and abnormal aspects of the system. Binaural processes involved in both sound localization and speech unmasking have gained a broader interest and have received growing attention in the published literature. The field has undergone some significant changes. There is now a much richer understanding of the many aspects that comprising binaural processing, its role in development, and in success and limitations of hearing-aid and cochlear-implant users. The goal of this volume is to provide an up-to-date reference on the developments and novel ideas in the field of binaural hearing. The primary readership for the volume is expected to be academic specialists in the diverse fields that connect with psychoacoustics, neuroscience, engineering, psychology, audiology, and cochlear implants. This volume will serve as an important resource by way of introduction to the field, in particular for graduate students, postdoctoral scholars, the faculty who train them and clinicians.
Book Synopsis Effects of Amplitude Modulation on Sound Localization in Reverberant Environments by : Paul W. Anderson
Download or read book Effects of Amplitude Modulation on Sound Localization in Reverberant Environments written by Paul W. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Auditory localization involves different cues depending on the spatial domain. Azimuth localization cues include interaural time differences (ITDs), interaural level differences (ILDs) and pinnae cues. Auditory distance perception (ADP) cues include intensity, spectral cues, binaural cues, and the direct-to-reverberant energy ratio (D/R). While D/R has been established as a primary ADP cue, it is unlikely that it is directly encoded in the auditory system because it can be difficult to extract from ongoing signals. It is also noteworthy that no neuronal population has been identified that specifically codes D/R. It has therefore been proposed that D/R is indirectly encoded in the auditory system, through sensitivity to other acoustic parameters that are correlated with D/R, such as temporal cues (Zahorik, 2002b), spectral properties (Jetzt, 1979; Larsen, 2008), and interaural correlation (Bronkhorst and Houtgast, 1999). An additional D/R correlate relies on attenuation of amplitude modulation (AM) as a function of distance. Room modulation transfer functions act as low-pass filters on AM signals, and therefore the direct portion of a signal will have less modulation depth attenuation than the reverberant portion. Although recent neural and behavioral work has demonstrated that this cue can provide distance information monaurally, the extent to which the modulation attenuation cue contributes to ADP relative to other ADP cues is not fully understood. It is also possible modulation attenuation by the room can provide additional directional localization information, perhaps through the resulting dynamic fluctuation of the ILD cue. The role of AM in directional sound localization has not been extensively studied, particularly in reverberant soundfields which can affect the modulation reaching the two ears in a directionally-dependent fashion. Three human psychophysical experiments assessed the role of AM signals in distance and directional auditory localization in reverberant soundfields. Experiment I focused on validating a graphical response method to be used in subsequent experiments. In Experiment II, an auditory distance estimation task was performed which yielded measures of the relative perceptual contributions of the modulation depth cue during ADP in a reverberant room. Experiment III investigated the effect of AM on binaural localization in the horizontal plane in a reverberant room.
Book Synopsis Binaural-cue Weighting in Sound Localization with Open-fit Hearing Aids and in Simulated Reverberation by : Anna C. Diedesch
Download or read book Binaural-cue Weighting in Sound Localization with Open-fit Hearing Aids and in Simulated Reverberation written by Anna C. Diedesch and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sound Localization in Reverberant Environments by :
Download or read book Sound Localization in Reverberant Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Temporal Weighting of Binaural Cues for Sound Localization by : Andrew D. Brown
Download or read book Temporal Weighting of Binaural Cues for Sound Localization written by Andrew D. Brown and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Normal-hearing human listeners localize sound sources accurately and effortlessly across an effectively limitless variety of acoustic environments by responding to, among other cues, small differences in the timing and intensity of sound arriving at the two ears (interaural time differences [ITD] and interaural level differences [ILD]). This dissertation explores the temporal dynamics of normal sensitivity to these cues by assessing normal-hearing listeners' weighting of ITD or ILD cues over the duration of binaurally dynamic stimuli in a variety of psychophysical experiments. Experimental stimuli were rapidly amplitude-modulated signals mimicking those typical of echoic environments (e.g., rooms), including rapid sequences of filtered impulses carrying varied ITD or ILD over their duration, and pairs and trains of pairs of clicks carrying discrete ITD or ILD in first and second click of each pair. Consistent with past studies of the precedence effect in sound localization, onset dominance in lateralization and binaural adaptation, data demonstrated a prime salience of ILD and especially ITD at signal onset. Somewhat more surprisingly, data also indicated greater sensitivity to post-onset ILD than post-onset ITD (i.e., a weaker precedence effect for ILD). These psychophysical data were qualitatively consistent with outputs of a simple model that included peripheral auditory filtering effects, auditory nerve adaptation, and parallel computation of ITD and ILD. These investigations collectively suggest that accurate sound localization in ordinary listening environments depends on acute ITD and ILD sensitivity at signal onset, followed (on scale of a few to tens of milliseconds) by post-onset attenuation of ITD sensitivity and dependence on ILD for detection of changes in the environment (e.g., introduction of a novel source).
Book Synopsis Sound Localization Training with Audio-visual Integration in Sub-optimal Listening Environments by :
Download or read book Sound Localization Training with Audio-visual Integration in Sub-optimal Listening Environments written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cochlear implant (CI) users are outperformed by normal hearing (NH) listeners when localizing sound sources in space [1-3]. This may result from inaccurate representation of auditory space, due to lack of experience in integrating auditory cues that are unreliable with visual cues that are highly reliable and well-mapped in the spatial dimension. A training method was designed in order to assess whether sound localization performance could be improved, by reinforcing salient localization cues over degraded localization cues. This training method is hypothesized to allow the listener to weight the former more heavily than the latter. This approach was developed and tested by training 23 NH adults, in two sub-optimal listening environments with conflicting auditory cues. The audio-visual integration training (AVIT) method relies on a visual stimulus that coincides with the sound's location, serving to reinforce a more fine-tuned auditory spatial map by allowing the listener to optimally weight the available auditory cues. In the first experiment, the sub-optimal listening environment was echoic; listeners were trained to weight the auditory cues associated with the first-arriving soundwave more heavily than the later-arriving soundwave. In the second experiment, vocoded stimuli were used to induce a sub-optimal listening situation, in which CI processing is modeled and used to simulate realistic conditions experienced by CI users. NH listeners were trained to weight relatively intact interaural level difference cues more heavily than other cues that were degraded by the vocoding process. AVIT was shown to produce improvement in sound localization ability in the first experiment, suggesting that degradation of spatial cues by echoes can be overcome with audio-visual integration, whereas, degradation of spatial cues with CI processing is more challenging to overcome.
Book Synopsis Advances in Sound Localization by : Pawel Strumillo
Download or read book Advances in Sound Localization written by Pawel Strumillo and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2011-04-11 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sound source localization is an important research field that has attracted researchers' efforts from many technical and biomedical sciences. Sound source localization (SSL) is defined as the determination of the direction from a receiver, but also includes the distance from it. Because of the wave nature of sound propagation, phenomena such as refraction, diffraction, diffusion, reflection, reverberation and interference occur. The wide spectrum of sound frequencies that range from infrasounds through acoustic sounds to ultrasounds, also introduces difficulties, as different spectrum components have different penetration properties through the medium. Consequently, SSL is a complex computation problem and development of robust sound localization techniques calls for different approaches, including multisensor schemes, null-steering beamforming and time-difference arrival techniques. The book offers a rich source of valuable material on advances on SSL techniques and their applications that should appeal to researches representing diverse engineering and scientific disciplines.
Book Synopsis Communication Acoustics by : Jens Blauert
Download or read book Communication Acoustics written by Jens Blauert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-05-20 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: - Speech Generation: Acoustics, Models and Applications (Arild Lacroix). - The Evolution of Digital Audio Technology (John Mourjopoulos). - Audio-Visual Interaction (Armin Kohlrausch) . - Speech and Audio Coding (Ulrich Heute) . - Binaural Technique (Dorte Hammerhoei, Henrik Moeller). - Auditory Virtual Environment (Pedro Novo). - Evolutionary Adaptions for Auditory Communication (Georg Klump). - A Functional View on the Human Hearing Organ (Herbert Hudde). - Modeling of Binaural Hearing (Jonas Braasch). - Psychoacoustics and Sound Quality (Hugo Fastl). - Semiotics for Engineers (Ute Jekosch). - Quality of Transmitted Speech for Humans and Machines (Sebastian Möller).
Book Synopsis Auditory Localization of Nearby Sources in Anechoic and Reverberant Environments by : Scott Gerard Santarelli
Download or read book Auditory Localization of Nearby Sources in Anechoic and Reverberant Environments written by Scott Gerard Santarelli and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Monaural Sound Localization in Human Subjects by : James Warren Aase
Download or read book Monaural Sound Localization in Human Subjects written by James Warren Aase and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Spatial Hearing written by Jens Blauert and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of spatial hearing has exploded in the decade or so since Jens Blauert's classic work on acoustics was first published in English. This revised edition adds a new chapter that describes developments in such areas as auditory virtual reality (an important field of application that is based mainly on the physics of spatial hearing), binaural technology (modeling speech enhancement by binaural hearing), and spatial sound-field mapping. The chapter also includes recent research on the precedence effect that provides clear experimental evidence that cognition plays a significant role in spatial hearing.The remaining four chapters in this comprehensive reference cover auditory research procedures and psychometric methods, spatial hearing with one sound source, spatial hearing with multiple sound sources and in enclosed spaces, and progress and trends from 1972 (the first German edition) to 1983 (the first English edition) -- work that includes research on the physics of the external ear, and the application of signal processing theory to modeling the spatial hearing process. There is an extensive bibliography of more than 900 items.
