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Integrated Methods For Production Of Clean Char And Its Combustion Properties Interim Final Technical Report September 1 1991 August 31 1992
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Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Interim Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Interim Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. Mild gasification and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor and in a continuous rotary kiln reactor. MG chars were subjected to a LTO step to remove additional sulfur. Under non-optimized conditions, SO2 emissions of the MG chars were decreased 657%, representing on average over 60% reduction in SO2 emissions from the coals. Physical coal cleaning, mild gasification and char desulfurization reduced the SO2 emissions of IBC-104 and IBC-105 coals about 71%. LTO chars prepared from four of the six coals tested had SO2 emissions of less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. The VM contents of LTO chars were about 18%, which includes contributions from stable C-0 complexes formed by adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the chars. The average yield of low sulfur char obtained after MG and LTO was nearly 64% by weight of the original coal. A series of LTO optimization tests were conducted using IBC-102 coal. Results suggest that the greatest reduction in SO2 emissions was obtained using smaller particle diameters, steam during both MG and LTO, a higher temperature and higher oxygen partial pressure. The order of importance of process variables on SO2 emissions reduction of coals was: particle diameter> steam pyrolysis> oxygen partial pressure> steam oxidation k"temperature.
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Interim Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--December 31, 1992 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Interim Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--December 31, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with S02 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. MG and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and in a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK). Combustion properties and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kW pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). This project is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. MG chars were prepared from l00 x 200 mesh size fractions of each of six coals selected from the Illinois Basin Coal (IBC) Sample Program in a FBR. under non-optimized conditions, desulfurized chars with S02 emissions 60--71% lower than the parent coals were made, depending on the coal. Chars prepared from four of the six coals had SO2 emissions less than 2.5 lbs S02/MMBtu. Optimization of LTO conditions revealed that the greatest reduction in S02 emissions was obtained using smaller particle diameters, steam during both MG and LTO, a higher temperature and higher oxygen partial pressure. Under optimized conditions, S02 emissions of one of the coals were reduced nearly 67%, from 4.60 to 1.49 lbs S02/MMBtu. About 40 pounds of low-sulfur char were prepared from IBC-102 in the RTK. The amount of sulfur removed in the RTK was less than in the FBR, and gave a char with S02 emissions of about 2.4 lbs S02/MMBtu. The greater sulfur removal in the FBR was attributed to a smaller mean particle diameter, better gas-solid contact and/or decreased partial pressure of S02.
Book Synopsis Krankenkasse für den Kanton Bern by :
Download or read book Krankenkasse für den Kanton Bern written by and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1994-04 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Government Reports Annual Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Annual Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Technical Report, December 1, 1991--February 29, 1992 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Technical Report, December 1, 1991--February 29, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this two-year program is to produce low sulfur char using an integrated process scheme which combines physical coal cleaning, mild gasification and char desulfurization. The goal of the project is to produce chars with 50% or more lower sulfur emissions than that of the parent coal, and at minimum meet 1995 emission standards of 2.5 lbs S02/MMBtu. This project is a cooperative effort between the ISGS, UNDEERC and the US EPA and is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. Mild gasification and char desulfurization studies are conducted with six coals selected from the Illinois Basin Coal (IBC) Sample Program in a batch fluidized-bed reactor at the ISGS. Pound quantities of chars for combustion testing are prepared in a continuous rotary kiln reactor under optimized conditions of mild gasification and char desulfurization. Burning characteristics and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). In some tests, methane is examined as an auxiliary fuel, and high-surface-area hydrated lime developed at ISGS is used to further reduce S02 emissions. Complete analyses of the fuels are obtained to aid char desulfurization studies and help explain combustion and S02 emission characteristics of the char.
Download or read book Acid Precipitation written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 1044 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Government Reports Announcements & Index by :
Download or read book Government Reports Announcements & Index written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Quarterly Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. Quarterly Technical Report, December 1, 1992--February 28, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. MG and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and in a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK). Combustion properties and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). This project is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. During the first year of this two year project, six coals from the IBC sample program (IBC-101, 102, 104, 105, 106 and 109) were studied. Under non-optimized conditions, desulfurized chars with SO2 emissions 60--71% lower than the parent coals were made in the FBR, depending on the coal. Chars prepared from four of the six coals had SO2 emissions less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. Under optimum conditions SO2 emissions of one of the coals were reduced nearly 67%, from 4.60 to 1.49 lbs SO2/MMBtu. MG reduced the chlorine content of one coal 93%. During the reporting period, about 160 pounds of -48 mesh IBC-102 coal were preoxidized in air at 150°C for 30 minutes in the RTK to minimize agglomeration during MG tests. MG of the preoxidized coal at 600°C produced about 75 pounds of char. About65 pounds of LTO char were prepared by oxidizing the MG char at 420,C for about 10 minutes. The amount of sulfur removed in the RTK was less than in the FBR, and gave a char with SO2 emissions of about 2.4 lbs SO2/MmBtu. The greater sulfur removal in the FBR was attributed to a smaller mean particle diameter, better gas-solid contact and/or a decreased partial pressure of SO2.
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. [Quarterly] Report, March 1, 1992--May 31, 1992 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. [Quarterly] Report, March 1, 1992--May 31, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program is to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of the parent coals, and which at minimum meet the year 1995 emission standard of 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. This will be accomplished using an integrated process which combines physical coal cleaning, mild gasification and char desulfurization. This project is a cooperative effort between the ISGS, UNDEERC and the US EPA and is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. Mild gasification and char desulfurization studies are conducted in a batch fluidized-bed reactor and a continuous rotary kiln reactor using six coals selected from the Illinois Basin Coal (IBC) Sample Program. Burning characteristics and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilot-scale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). Complete analyses of the fuels are obtained to aid char desulfurization studies and help explain combustion and SO2 emission characteristics of the chars. During this reporting period, preliminary low temperature oxidation (LTO) studies were conducted to desulfurize chars derived from mild gasification. Under non-optimized conditions, SO2 emissions (lbs SO2/MMBtu) of the six coals were reduced over 60%. Physical coal cleaning, mild gasification and char desulfurization reduced the SO2 emissions of two of the coals nearly 70%. Chars prepared from four of the six coals tested had SO2 emissions of less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. The average yield of low sulfur char obtained after pyrolysis and LTO was nearly 64% by weight of the original coal. Thermogravimetric (TG) experiments showed that LTO chars are easier to burn than mild gasification chars, due to an increase in surface areas of desulfurized chars during oxygen treatment. Surface areas measured by nitrogen adsorption were 126 to 234 m2/g for LTO chars and
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. [Quarterly] Technical Report, March 1, 1993--May 31, 1993 by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties. [Quarterly] Technical Report, March 1, 1993--May 31, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An integrated method consisting of physical coal cleaning, mild gasification (MG) and low temperature oxidation (LTO) is proposed to produce chars with SO2 emissions at least 50% lower than those of their parent coals. MG and char desulfurization studies are conducted in both a batch fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and in a continuous rotary tube kiln (RTK). Combustion properties and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined at the US EPA in a 14 kill pilotscale combustor and at UNDEERC in a drop tube furnace (DTF). This project is cost-shared with the US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC. During the first year of this two year project, six coals from the IBC sample program (IBC-101, 102, 104, 105, 106 and 109) were studied. Under non-optimized conditions in the FBR, desulfurized chars were made with SO2 emissions 60--71% lower than the parent coals, depending on the coal. Chars prepared from four of the six coals had SO2 emissions less than 2.5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. Under optimum conditions, SO2 emissions of one of the coals were reduced nearly 67%, from 4.60 to 1.49 lbs SO2/MMBtu. MG reduced the chlorine content of one coal 93%.
Book Synopsis Integrated Production/use of Ultra Low-ash Coal, Premium Liquids and Clean Char. Interim Final Technical Report, 1 September, 1992--31 August, 1993 by :
Download or read book Integrated Production/use of Ultra Low-ash Coal, Premium Liquids and Clean Char. Interim Final Technical Report, 1 September, 1992--31 August, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ultimate objective of this project is to attain high-value, coal-derived products, especially varieties of char, from Illinois coal. The chars (carbons) made in this study, because of their special properties, could become the marketable materials having the highest value in the product set. Tests this quarter followed up on an unexpected correlation of surface properties of a variety of oxidized carbons with adsorption phenomena. Additional oxidized carbons were made at the ISGS and tests to establish the reproducibility of results were begun. Work will be continued through December on a no-cost extension.
Book Synopsis Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties by :
Download or read book Integrated Methods for Production of Clean Char and Its Combustion Properties written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this two-year program is to produce clean char using an integrated process scheme which combines physical coal cleaning, mild gasification and char oxydesulfurization. Low sulfur chars which could be used in utility boilers to meet 1995 emission standards of 2.5 lbs DO2/MMBtu are produced from Illinois coals having emissions of>5 lbs SO2/MMBtu. Mild gasification and low temperature oxidation studies for sulfur removal are conducted with selected coals from the Illinois Basin Coal (IBC) Sample Program in a batch fixed-bed reactor at the ISGS. Pound quantities of chars for combustion testing are prepared in a continuous rotary kiln reactor under optimized conditions of mild gasification and oxydesulfurization. Burning characteristics and ash deposition behaviors of desulfurized chars are determined to ensure that a useable fuel is produced. These tests are done at the University of North Dakota Energy and Environmental Research Center (UNDEERC) in a drop tube furnace (DTF), and at the US EPA in a 14 kW pilot-scale combustor. In some tests, methane is examined as an auxiliary fuel, and high-surface-area hydrated lime developed at ISGS is used to further reduce SO2 emissions. Complete analyses of the fuels are obtained to aid char desulfurization studies and help explain combustion and SO2 emission characteristics of the char. This project is a cooperative effort between the ISGS, UNDEERC and the US EPA and is cost-shared with US EPA and the US DOE through UNDEERC.
Book Synopsis Investigation of a Technique for Sulfur Reduction of Mild Gasification Char. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992 by :
Download or read book Investigation of a Technique for Sulfur Reduction of Mild Gasification Char. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1991--August 31, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program is to investigate the desulfurization of mild gasification char using H2:CH4, mixtures at the laboratory scale. Mild gasification produces solid, liquid, and gaseous co-products at 1000° to 1500°F and near-ambient pressure. Char comprises about 60 to 70% of the dry coal yield. Form coke for steelmaking and foundries presents potential high-value markets for chars from eastern bituminous coals, Metallurgical cokes generally contain less than 1 wt% sulfur, and mild gasification char from high-sulfur Illinois coals must be upgraded to meet these criteria. One method to accomplish this is desulfurization with reducing gases derived from the.co-product gases. In the first year of the two-year program, granular chars were treated with H2:CH4, blends at temperatures of 1100° to 1600°F and pressures of 50 to 200 psig. During the year, 23 tests were performed with 10 chars. Fluidized-bed tests were conducted for 120 to 240 minutes with superficial gas velocities from 0.067 to 0.150 ft/s. The desulfurization medium was H2 gas containing 9 to 24 vol% CH4. The data from these tests show sulfur conversions ranging from 6.0 to 92.5 wt%, with carbon conversions from zero to 35.3 wt%. The maximum sulfur conversion was 92.5 wt% at 1400°F and 200 psig in 76% H, for 120 minutes residence time, using IFFR char produced from IBC-106 coal at 1200°F in helium. The sulfur content of the char in that test was reduced from 3.78 to 0.39 wt%.
Book Synopsis Investigation of a Sulfur Reduction Technique for Mild Gasification Char. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1992--August 31, 1993 by :
Download or read book Investigation of a Sulfur Reduction Technique for Mild Gasification Char. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1992--August 31, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program is to investigate the desulfurization of mild gasification char using H2:CH4 mixtures. Mild gasification of coal produces char, liquids, and gases at 1000°--1500°F and near-ambient pressure. Char, comprising 60--70% of the product, can be used to make high-value form coke for steel making and foundries. A sulfur content below 1 wt% is desirable, and char from high-sulfur Illinois coals must be upgraded to meet this criterion. In the first year of the program, Illinois No. 6 chars were treated in a batch fluidized bed with H2:CH4 blends containing 9--24 vol% CH4 at 1100°--1600°F and 50--200 psig. Sulfur removals up to 92.5 wt% were obtained, and the char desulfurization susceptibility was related to porosity, density, and carbon crystallite size. During the second year, the relationships among mild gasification parameters, char properties, char desulfurization susceptibility, and form coke properties were studied. Acid washing of coal to remove Ca and Fe was explored for its effect on subsequent sulfur removal, and secondary desulfurization of form coke produced from the desulfurized chars was studied. Desulfurization tests of entrained and fluidized-bed reactor chars from IBC-105 coal were completed. Acid-washing of the coal prior to mild gasification or the char prior to desulfurization increased its susceptibility to desulfurization, with sulfur content reduced to as low as 0.10 wt % dry char. Fluidized-bed chars were easier to desulfurize than entrained chars, with or without acid-washing. Form coke briquettes were prepared from selected chars and mild gasification pitch binder, and then carbonized under both N2 and H2:CH4 atmospheres. carbonization in H2:CH4 removed additional sulfur from the form coke. Adequate tensile strength (837 psi) was achieved in briquettes with 1.2 wt% sulfur made from desulfurized char.
Download or read book Clean, Premium-quality Chars written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this two-year project was to evaluate methods of preparing demineralized and carbon enriched chars from Illinois Basin coals. The two processing steps, physical cleaning and devolatilization under different environments, led to the following results. Cleaning coal incompletely removes mineral matter which decreases catalytic activity and increases micropore structure. Water forms hydrogen bonds to oxygen functional groups in coal, and during drying, coals undergo structural changes which affect mild gasification. When methane reacts wit coal, devolatilization and carbon deposition occur, the rates of which depend on temperature and amount of ash. Thermal decomposition of IBC-101 coal starts at 300 C, which is much lower than previously believed, but maximum yields of liquids occur at 500 C for IBC-101 coal and at 550 C for IBC-102 coal. Aliphatic-to-aromatic ratios increase with increasing pyrolysis temperatures to 300 C and then decrease; therefore, liquids formed during gasification of 550 C or higher contain mainly aromatic compounds. Btu values of chars are higher after methane treatment than after helium treatment.
Book Synopsis Biochar for Environmental Management by : Dr. Johannes Lehmann
Download or read book Biochar for Environmental Management written by Dr. Johannes Lehmann and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2009 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Biochar is the carbon-rich product when biomass (such as wood, manure, or crop residues) is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. It can be used to improve agriculture and the environment in several ways, and its stability in soil and superior nutrient-retention properties make it an ideal soil amendment to increase crop yields. In addition to this, biochar sequestration, in combination with sustainable biomass production, can be carbon-negative and therefore used to actively remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, with major implications for mitigation of climate change. Biochar production can also be combined with bioenergy production through the use of the gases that are given off in the pyrolysis process.This book is the first to synthesize the expanding research literature on this topic. The book's interdisciplinary approach, which covers engineering, environmental sciences, agricultural sciences, economics and policy, is a vital tool at this stage of biochar technology development. This comprehensive overview of current knowledge will be of interest to advanced students, researchers and professionals in a wide range of disciplines"--Provided by publisher.
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