Innovative Thinking In Risk Crisis And Disaster Management

Download Innovative Thinking In Risk Crisis And Disaster Management full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Innovative Thinking In Risk Crisis And Disaster Management ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management

Author : Simon Bennett
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317116291
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management by : Simon Bennett

Download or read book Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management written by Simon Bennett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk is an enduring theme of modern life. It permeates political, economic and environmental domains. Some risks are unavoidable. Others are not. Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management provides ideas and action plans for in a risk society. Dealing with issues of civil safety and security, the book addresses the management of socio-technical risks and hazards, environmental risk, and risk perception. Focusing on risk reduction, chapters cover key themes such as terrorism, public order, emergency responding, energy supply, climate change, and natural disasters. Featuring contributions from expert scholars, the book is both accessible and original. Practitioners in the emergency services, industry and commerce will find the book to be valuable reading, whilst for policy makers, students and academics with a focus on risk and crisis management, this is an essential reference.

Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management

Author : Dr Simon Bennett
Publisher : Gower Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1409460258
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management by : Dr Simon Bennett

Download or read book Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management written by Dr Simon Bennett and published by Gower Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk is an enduring theme of modern life. It permeates the political, economic and environmental domains. Some risks are unavoidable. Others are not. Innovative Thinking in Risk, Crisis, and Disaster Management provides ideas and action plans for risk, crisis, and disaster management in a risk society, based on late-modern approaches such as technological citizenship; delegated authority; and exploitation of 'lay' knowledge. Written in an accessible style, with technical terms defined and explained, it offers genuinely original thinking that will be of interest to academics, students, and commentators. Primarily though, it will be of value to practitioners in the emergency services, industry and commerce, and to planners and policy makers at national and local government level. The book deals with issues of civil safety and security. It covers management of socio-technical risks and hazards; environmental risk; social and economic impacts of ICT; and risk perception. In addition it touches upon terrorism; public order; emergency responding; high risk technologies; energy supply; climate change; natural disasters; and employment-related issues-all within a social context that prioritises risk reduction. The problems we face in the twenty-first century are not intractable. All we need is a little less dogma and a little more imagination.

Disaster Management: Enabling Resilience

Author : Anthony Masys
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331908819X
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Disaster Management: Enabling Resilience by : Anthony Masys

Download or read book Disaster Management: Enabling Resilience written by Anthony Masys and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-03 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work will discuss relevant theoretical frameworks and applications pertaining to enabling resilience within the risk, crisis and disaster management domain. The contributions to this book focus on resilience thinking along 4 broad themes: Urban Domain; Cyber Domain; Organizational/Social domain; and Socio-ecological domain. This book would serve as a valuable reference for courses on risk, crisis and disaster management, international development, social innovation and resilience. This will be of particular interest to those working in the risk, crisis and disaster management domain as it will provide valuable insights into enabling resilience. This book will be well positioned to inform disaster management professionals, policy makers and academics on strategies and perspectives regarding disaster resilience.

Avoidable Deaths

Author : Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319669516
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Avoidable Deaths by : Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett

Download or read book Avoidable Deaths written by Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-04 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses one of the most fundamental questions of the 21st century: why deaths continue to occur in natural disasters despite the tremendous advancements in disaster management science and weather forecasting systems, increased sophistication of human-built environments and ongoing economic and policy development worldwide. By presenting an interdisciplinary tool for analysing ‘systems failure’, the book provides concrete suggestions on how deaths may be reduced in resource-poor contexts. It goes beyond traditional risk and vulnerability perspectives and demonstrates that deaths in disasters are complex problems that can be solved by adopting a socio-technical perspective to improve current disaster management systems in the developing world. The book is a timely contribution, as it directly addresses Global Target One of the UN’s ‘Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction’, which has urged 185 UN Member States to reduce disaster mortality by 2030. Further, it offers a valuable resource for students, researchers, policy-makers and practitioners interested in disaster risk reduction, human rights, gender, sociology of risk, crisis and disasters, environmental science, organisation and management studies.

Professional Security Management

Author : Charles Swanson
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000080587
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Professional Security Management by : Charles Swanson

Download or read book Professional Security Management written by Charles Swanson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, security managers have tended to be sourced from either the armed forces or law enforcement. But the increasing complexity of the organisations employing them, along with the technologies employed by them, is forcing an evolution and expansion of the role, and security managers must meet this challenge in order to succeed in their field and protect the assets of their employers. Risk management, crisis management, continuity management, strategic business operations, data security, IT, and business communications all fall under the purview of the security manager. This book is a guide to meeting those challenges, providing the security manager with the essential skill set and knowledge base to meet the challenges faced in contemporary, international, or tech-oriented businesses. It covers the basics of strategy, risk, and technology from the perspective of the security manager, focussing only on the 'need to know'. The reader will benefit from an understanding of how risk management aligns its functional aims with the strategic goals and operations of the organisation. This essential book supports professional vocational accreditation and qualifications, such as the Chartered Security Professional (CSyP) or Certified Protection Professional (CPP), and advises on pathways to higher education qualifications in the fields of security and risk management. It is ideal for any risk manager looking to further their training and development, as well as being complementary for risk and security management programs with a focus on practice.

The Great Power Competition Volume 3

Author : Adib Farhadi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031045866
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Great Power Competition Volume 3 by : Adib Farhadi

Download or read book The Great Power Competition Volume 3 written by Adib Farhadi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For millennia, humans waged war on land and sea. The 20th century opened the skies and the stars, introducing air and space as warfare domains. Now, the 21st century has revealed perhaps the most insidious domain of all: cyberspace, the fifth domain. A realm free of physical boundaries, cyberspace lies at the intersection of technology and psychology, where one cannot see one’s enemy, and the most potent weapon is information. The third book in the Great Power Competition series, Cyberspace: The Fifth Domain, explores the emergence of cyberspace as a vector for espionage, sabotage, crime, and war. It examines how cyberspace rapidly evolved from a novelty to a weapon capable of influencing global economics and overthrowing regimes, wielded by nation-states and religious ideologies to stunning effect. Cyberspace: The Fifth Domain offers a candid look at the United States’ role in cyberspace, offering realistic prescriptions for responding to international cyber threats on the tactical, strategic, and doctrinal levels, answering the questions of how can we respond to these threats versus how should we respond? What are the obstacles to and consequences of strategic and tactical response options? What technological solutions are on the horizon? Should the U.S. adopt a more multi-domain offensive posture that eschews the dominant “cyber vs. cyber” paradigm? To answer these questions, experts examine the technological threats to critical infrastructure; cyber operations strategy, tactics, and doctrine; information influence operations; the weaponization of social media; and much more.

Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges

Author : Anthony J. Masys
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319279149
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges by : Anthony J. Masys

Download or read book Exploring the Security Landscape: Non-Traditional Security Challenges written by Anthony J. Masys and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-11 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides international perspective for those studying or working in the security domain, from enforcement to policy. It focuses on non-traditional threats in a landscape that has been described as transnational in nature and incorporates natural disasters, gang violence, extremism and terrorism, amongst other issues. Chapters provide innovative thinking on themes including cyber security, maritime security, transnational crime, human security, globalization and economic security. Relevant theoretical frameworks are presented and readers are expertly guided through complex threats, from matters pertaining to health security which pose threats not only to humans but also have significant national security implications, to issues regarding critical infrastructure vulnerability and the complexity of understanding terrorist operations. Authors reveal how emerging uncertainties regarding global critical infrastructure and supply chain security, food security, and health security are linked to the notion of human security. Security professionals, policy makers and academics will all gain from the insights, strategies and perspectives in this book. It builds understanding of the deepening and broadening domain of security studies and provides a valuable reference text for courses on security studies and international relations.

Asia-Pacific Security Challenges

Author : Anthony J. Masys
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331961729X
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Asia-Pacific Security Challenges by : Anthony J. Masys

Download or read book Asia-Pacific Security Challenges written by Anthony J. Masys and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book examines the contemporary regional security concerns in the Asia-Pacific recognizing the ‘Butterfly effect’, the concept that small causes can have large effects: ‘the flap of a butterfly’s wings can cause a typhoon halfway around the world’. For many Asia-Pacific states, domestic security challenges are at least as important as external security considerations. Recent events (both natural disasters and man-made disasters) have pointed to the inherent physical, economic, social and political vulnerabilities that exist in the region. Both black swan events and persistent threats to security characterize the challenges within the Asia-Pacific region. Transnational security challenges such as global climate change, environmental degradation, pandemics, energy security, supply chain security, resource scarcity, terrorism and organized crime are shaping the security landscape regionally and globally. The significance of emerging transnational security challenges in the Asia-Pacific Region impact globally and conversely, security developments in those other regions affect the Asia-Pacific region.

Handbook of Security Science

Author : Anthony J. Masys
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3319918753
Total Pages : 1192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Security Science by : Anthony J. Masys

Download or read book Handbook of Security Science written by Anthony J. Masys and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 1192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook offers insights into how science (physical, natural and social) and technology can support new developments to manage the complexity resident within the threat and risk landscape. The security landscape can be described as dynamic and complex stemming from the emerging threats and risks that are both persistent and transborder. Globalization, climate change, terrorism, transnational crime can have significant societal impact and forces one to re-evaluate what ‘national security’ means. Recent global events such as mass migration, terrorist acts, pandemics and cyber threats highlight the inherent vulnerabilities in our current security posture. As an interdisciplinary body of work, the Handbook of Security Science captures concepts, theories and security science applications, thereby providing a survey of current and emerging trends in security. Through an evidence-based approach, the collection of chapters in the book delivers insightful and comprehensive articulation of the problem and solution space associated with the complex security landscape. In so doing the Handbook of Security Science introduces scientific tools and methodologies to inform security management, risk and resilience decision support systems; insights supporting design of security solutions; approaches to threat, risk and vulnerability analysis; articulation of advanced cyber security solutions; and current developments with respect to integrated computational and analytical solutions that increase our understanding of security physical, social, economic, and technological interrelationships and problem space.

Disaster Forensics

Author : Anthony J. Masys
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319418491
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Disaster Forensics by : Anthony J. Masys

Download or read book Disaster Forensics written by Anthony J. Masys and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-03 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to uncover the root causes of natural and man-made disasters by going beyond the typical reports and case studies conducted post-disaster. It opens the black box of disasters by presenting ‘forensic analysis approaches’ to disasters, thereby revealing the complex causality that characterizes them and explaining how and why hazards do, or do not, become disasters. This yields ‘systemic’ strategies for managing disasters. Recently the global threat landscape has seen the emergence of high impact, low probability events. Events like Hurricane Katrina, the Great Japan Earthquake and tsunami, Hurricane Sandy, Super Typhoon Haiyan, global terrorist activities have become the new norm. Extreme events challenge our understanding regarding the interdependencies and complexity of the disaster aetiology and are often referred to as Black Swans. Between 2002 and 2011, there were 4130 disasters recorded that resulted from natural hazards around the world. In these, 1,117,527 people perished and a minimum of US$1,195 billion in losses were reported. In the year 2011 alone, 302 disasters claimed 29,782 lives; affected 206 million people and inflicted damages worth a minimum of estimated US$366 billion.

The Great Power Competition Volume 1

Author : Adib Farhadi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030644731
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Great Power Competition Volume 1 by : Adib Farhadi

Download or read book The Great Power Competition Volume 1 written by Adib Farhadi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, the international political system has come to be characterized as a Great Power Competition in which multiple would-be hegemons compete for power and influence. Instead of a global climate of unchallenged United States dominance, revisionist powers, notably China and Russia alongside other regional powers, are vying for dominance through political, military, and economic means. A critical battleground in the Great Power Competition is the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, and the Central Asia South Asia (CASA), also known as the Central Region. With the planned withdrawal of U.S. military forces from Afghanistan, the U.S. has stated its intention of shifting attention away from the CASA Region in favor of a more isolationist foreign policy approach. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the implications for this shift related to regional diplomacy & politics, economic opportunities & rivalries, security considerations & interests, and the information environment. Amplifying the vital importance of success in the Central Region to U.S. prosperity and security, this volume advances dialogue in identifying key issues for stakeholders within and beyond the Central Region to gain a holistic perspective that better informs decision-making at various levels. This collection of work comes from scholars, strategic thinkers, and subject matter experts who participated in the Great Power Competition Conference hosted by the University of South Florida, in partnership with the National Defense University Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Strategies in January 2020.

Unsafety

Author : Shigeo Atsuji
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 4431559248
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unsafety by : Shigeo Atsuji

Download or read book Unsafety written by Shigeo Atsuji and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to examine the linkages among natural and organizational accidents and disasters in the modern era and clarifies the mechanisms involved and the significance of emerging problems, from the aging of vital infrastructure for the supply of water, gas, oil, and electricity to the breakdown of pensions, healthcare, and other social systems. The book demonstrates how we might check the underlying civilizational collapse and then explore translational systems approaches toward resilient management and policy for sustainability. In Unsafety, the author focuses on the kinds of unnatural disasters and organizational accidents that arise as repercussions of natural hazards. Japan serves as an example, where earthquakes, tsunamis, and typhoons are common, with the Fukushima nuclear disaster as an outstanding case of this link between natural disasters and organizational accidents. Natural and human-made disasters happen worldwide and cause misery through loss of life; destruction of livelihoods as in agriculture, fisheries, and the manufacturing industry; and interruption of urban life. Unsafety from a disaster in one place increases uncertainty elsewhere, presenting urgent issues in all nations for individuals, organizations, regions, and the state. The author explains that one factor in the Fukushima catastrophe, which followed in the wake of the earthquake and tsunami in 2011, was the latent deterioration and aging of systems at all levels from the physical to the social, leading through a chain reaction to unsought and unforeseen consequences. Here, the aging of the nuclear reactor system, the breakdown of safety management, and inappropriate instructions from the regulatory authorities combined to create the three-fold disaster, in which technological, organizational, and governmental dysfunction have been diagnosed as reflecting a “systems pathology” infecting all levels.

The Great Power Competition Volume 5

Author : Adib Farhadi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031404513
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Great Power Competition Volume 5 by : Adib Farhadi

Download or read book The Great Power Competition Volume 5 written by Adib Farhadi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-10-09 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Russian Invasion of Ukraine and Implications for the Central Region addresses national security threats and strategic opportunities for the United States and its allies in the Middle East and Central Asia following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Recognizing that integrated deterrence is not constrained by geography or domain, this book focuses on the complex threats and challenges confronting U.S. national security and foreign policy in a post-Ukraine invasion environment. That is to say, what happens in Ukraine does not stay in Ukraine. It affects everyone from the region to the cyberspace domain to people on the other side of the world, due to changes in commodity prices. Specifically, this volume explores how revised analyses of Russia may alter U.S. and allied strategies in a shifting international system and within the framing of strategic competition. Experts in this volume examine how the war in Ukraine will influence Russian strategy and foreign policy in the Middle East, Central Asia, and globally; what effect the Ukraine invasion could have on global and regional geopolitics and geoeconomics; and the United States’ ability to protect national interests in the Central Region. The reasons for this are multiple and complex. In this volume, we explore many issues that have confounded security experts by asking questions such as: What happens after the Russian invasion? What lessons did the U.S., Ukraine, NATO, and the European Union learn about Russia? What lessons did Russia learn about itself and its military after the Ukraine invasion? What lessons did the U.S. learn in Afghanistan that apply to Ukraine? Why was the initial analysis of the Russian invasion so wrong? How has power shifted in the international system since the Ukraine invasion? How has the security environment shifted since the Ukraine invasion? For the U.S. to continue supporting its partners in the Middle East and Central Asia, it must anticipate what new opportunities will arise from Russia’s missteps in Ukraine. The Russian Invasion of Ukraine and Implications for the Central Region addresses these challenges and opportunities and informs policymakers on the changing contours of the Great Power Competition.

Sensemaking for Security

Author : Anthony J. Masys
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030719987
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sensemaking for Security by : Anthony J. Masys

Download or read book Sensemaking for Security written by Anthony J. Masys and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-31 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents sensemaking strategies to support security planning and design. Threats to security are becoming complex and multifaceted and increasingly challenging traditional notions of security. The security landscape is characterized as ‘messes’ and ‘wicked problems’ that proliferate in this age of complexity. Designing security solutions in the face of interconnectedness, volatility and uncertainty, we run the risk of providing the right answer to the wrong problem thereby resulting in unintended consequences. Sensemaking is the activity that enables us to turn the ongoing complexity of the world into a “situation that is comprehended explicitly in words and that serves as a springboard into action” (Weick, Sutcliffe, Obstfeld, 2005). It is about creating an emerging picture of our world through data collection, analysis, action, and reflection. The importance of sensemaking to security is that it enables us to plan, design and act when the world as we knew it seems to have shifted. Leveraging the relevant theoretical grounding and thought leadership in sensemaking, key examples are provided, thereby illustrating how sensemaking strategies can support security planning and design. This is a critical analytical and leadership requirement in this age of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity that characterizes the security landscape. This book is useful for academics, graduate students in global security, and government and security planning practitioners.

Handbook on Shrinking Cities

Author : Pallagst, Karina
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839107049
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook on Shrinking Cities by : Pallagst, Karina

Download or read book Handbook on Shrinking Cities written by Pallagst, Karina and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-10-18 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compelling and engaging, this Handbook on Shrinking Cities addresses the fundamentals of shrinkage, exploring its causal factors, the ways in which planning strategies and policies are steered, and innovative solutions for revitalising shrinking cities. Chapters cover topics of governance, ‘greening’ and ‘right-sizing’, and regrowth, laying the relevant groundwork for the Handbook’s proposals for dealing with shrinkage in the age of COVID-19 and beyond.

Risk in the Roman World

Author : Jerry Toner
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108481744
Total Pages : 157 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Risk in the Roman World by : Jerry Toner

Download or read book Risk in the Roman World written by Jerry Toner and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-11-30 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk is everywhere in the modern world. The Roman world was no different but its solutions were very different.

Homeland Security Cultures

Author : Alexander Siedschlag
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1786605937
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (866 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Homeland Security Cultures by : Alexander Siedschlag

Download or read book Homeland Security Cultures written by Alexander Siedschlag and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-07-12 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Homeland Security Cultures: Enhancing Values While Fostering Resilience explores the role that culture plays in the study and practice of homeland security in an all-hazards, whole-community, and all-of-government scope. It does so by analyzing and discussing strategic, organizational, operational, and social cultures in the U.S. Homeland Security Enterprise, as well as from an international perspective. The focus is on how knowledge and interpretation, normative values, common symbols, and/or action repertories inform the evolution of the homeland security mission space and the accomplishment of homeland security functions. Contributions also address institutional changes designed to foster a more coherent common homeland security culture. This textbook will make a contribution to the evolution of homeland security as a policy area and a field of study by offering actionable insight as well as critical thinking from scholars and practitioners on how cultural aspects matter in balancing security against liberty, in managing complex risks, in enhancing collaboration across sectors, and in explaining how a resilient nation can be fostered while enhancing liberal and democratic values.