Inference Control in Statistical Databases

Download Inference Control in Statistical Databases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540436146
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inference Control in Statistical Databases by : Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Download or read book Inference Control in Statistical Databases written by Josep Domingo-Ferrer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-04-17 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inference control in statistical databases, also known as statistical disclosure limitation or statistical confidentiality, is about finding tradeoffs to the tension between the increasing societal need for accurate statistical data and the legal and ethical obligation to protect privacy of individuals and enterprises which are the source of data for producing statistics. Techniques used by intruders to make inferences compromising privacy increasingly draw on data mining, record linkage, knowledge discovery, and data analysis and thus statistical inference control becomes an integral part of computer science. This coherent state-of-the-art survey presents some of the most recent work in the field. The papers presented together with an introduction are organized in topical sections on tabular data protection, microdata protection, and software and user case studies.

Inference Control in Statistical Databases

Download Inference Control in Statistical Databases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540478043
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inference Control in Statistical Databases by : Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Download or read book Inference Control in Statistical Databases written by Josep Domingo-Ferrer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2003-08-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inference control in statistical databases, also known as statistical disclosure limitation or statistical confidentiality, is about finding tradeoffs to the tension between the increasing societal need for accurate statistical data and the legal and ethical obligation to protect privacy of individuals and enterprises which are the source of data for producing statistics. Techniques used by intruders to make inferences compromising privacy increasingly draw on data mining, record linkage, knowledge discovery, and data analysis and thus statistical inference control becomes an integral part of computer science. This coherent state-of-the-art survey presents some of the most recent work in the field. The papers presented together with an introduction are organized in topical sections on tabular data protection, microdata protection, and software and user case studies.

Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security

Download Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441959068
Total Pages : 1457 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security by : Henk C.A. van Tilborg

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security written by Henk C.A. van Tilborg and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 1457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expanded into two volumes, the Second Edition of Springer’s Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security brings the latest and most comprehensive coverage of the topic: Definitive information on cryptography and information security from highly regarded researchers Effective tool for professionals in many fields and researchers of all levels Extensive resource with more than 700 contributions in Second Edition 5643 references, more than twice the number of references that appear in the First Edition With over 300 new entries, appearing in an A-Z format, the Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security provides easy, intuitive access to information on all aspects of cryptography and security. As a critical enhancement to the First Edition’s base of 464 entries, the information in the Encyclopedia is relevant for researchers and professionals alike. Topics for this comprehensive reference were elected, written, and peer-reviewed by a pool of distinguished researchers in the field. The Second Edition’s editorial board now includes 34 scholars, which was expanded from 18 members in the First Edition. Representing the work of researchers from over 30 countries, the Encyclopedia is broad in scope, covering everything from authentication and identification to quantum cryptography and web security. The text’s practical style is instructional, yet fosters investigation. Each area presents concepts, designs, and specific implementations. The highly-structured essays in this work include synonyms, a definition and discussion of the topic, bibliographies, and links to related literature. Extensive cross-references to other entries within the Encyclopedia support efficient, user-friendly searches for immediate access to relevant information. Key concepts presented in the Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security include: Authentication and identification; Block ciphers and stream ciphers; Computational issues; Copy protection; Cryptanalysis and security; Cryptographic protocols; Electronic payment and digital certificates; Elliptic curve cryptography; Factorization algorithms and primality tests; Hash functions and MACs; Historical systems; Identity-based cryptography; Implementation aspects for smart cards and standards; Key management; Multiparty computations like voting schemes; Public key cryptography; Quantum cryptography; Secret sharing schemes; Sequences; Web Security. Topics covered: Data Structures, Cryptography and Information Theory; Data Encryption; Coding and Information Theory; Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering; Applications of Mathematics; Complexity. This authoritative reference will be published in two formats: print and online. The online edition features hyperlinks to cross-references, in addition to significant research.

Statistical Disclosure Control

Download Statistical Disclosure Control PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wiley
ISBN 13 : 9781119978152
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (781 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Statistical Disclosure Control by : Anco Hundepool

Download or read book Statistical Disclosure Control written by Anco Hundepool and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2012-09-17 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reference to answer all your statistical confidentiality questions. This handbook provides technical guidance on statistical disclosure control and on how to approach the problem of balancing the need to provide users with statistical outputs and the need to protect the confidentiality of respondents. Statistical disclosure control is combined with other tools such as administrative, legal and IT in order to define a proper data dissemination strategy based on a risk management approach. The key concepts of statistical disclosure control are presented, along with the methodology and software that can be used to apply various methods of statistical disclosure control. Numerous examples and guidelines are also featured to illustrate the topics covered. Statistical Disclosure Control: Presents a combination of both theoretical and practical solutions Introduces all the key concepts and definitions involved with statistical disclosure control. Provides a high level overview of how to approach problems associated with confidentiality. Provides a broad-ranging review of the methods available to control disclosure. Explains the subtleties of group disclosure control. Features examples throughout the book along with case studies demonstrating how particular methods are used. Discusses microdata, magnitude and frequency tabular data, and remote access issues. Written by experts within leading National Statistical Institutes. Official statisticians, academics and market researchers who need to be informed and make decisions on disclosure limitation will benefit from this book.

Privacy in Statistical Databases

Download Privacy in Statistical Databases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030575205
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (752 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Privacy in Statistical Databases by : Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Download or read book Privacy in Statistical Databases written by Josep Domingo-Ferrer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-08-21 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Privacy in Statistical Databases, PSD 2020, held in Tarragona, Spain, in September 2020 under the sponsorship of the UNESCO Chair in Data Privacy. The 25 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. The papers are organized into the following topics: privacy models; microdata protection; protection of statistical tables; protection of interactive and mobility databases; record linkage and alternative methods; synthetic data; data quality; and case studies. The Chapter “Explaining recurrent machine learning models: integral privacy revisited” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Statistical Inference as Severe Testing

Download Statistical Inference as Severe Testing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108563309
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Statistical Inference as Severe Testing by : Deborah G. Mayo

Download or read book Statistical Inference as Severe Testing written by Deborah G. Mayo and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-20 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mounting failures of replication in social and biological sciences give a new urgency to critically appraising proposed reforms. This book pulls back the cover on disagreements between experts charged with restoring integrity to science. It denies two pervasive views of the role of probability in inference: to assign degrees of belief, and to control error rates in a long run. If statistical consumers are unaware of assumptions behind rival evidence reforms, they can't scrutinize the consequences that affect them (in personalized medicine, psychology, etc.). The book sets sail with a simple tool: if little has been done to rule out flaws in inferring a claim, then it has not passed a severe test. Many methods advocated by data experts do not stand up to severe scrutiny and are in tension with successful strategies for blocking or accounting for cherry picking and selective reporting. Through a series of excursions and exhibits, the philosophy and history of inductive inference come alive. Philosophical tools are put to work to solve problems about science and pseudoscience, induction and falsification.

Federal Statistics, Multiple Data Sources, and Privacy Protection

Download Federal Statistics, Multiple Data Sources, and Privacy Protection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309465370
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Federal Statistics, Multiple Data Sources, and Privacy Protection by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Federal Statistics, Multiple Data Sources, and Privacy Protection written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-01-27 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The environment for obtaining information and providing statistical data for policy makers and the public has changed significantly in the past decade, raising questions about the fundamental survey paradigm that underlies federal statistics. New data sources provide opportunities to develop a new paradigm that can improve timeliness, geographic or subpopulation detail, and statistical efficiency. It also has the potential to reduce the costs of producing federal statistics. The panel's first report described federal statistical agencies' current paradigm, which relies heavily on sample surveys for producing national statistics, and challenges agencies are facing; the legal frameworks and mechanisms for protecting the privacy and confidentiality of statistical data and for providing researchers access to data, and challenges to those frameworks and mechanisms; and statistical agencies access to alternative sources of data. The panel recommended a new approach for federal statistical programs that would combine diverse data sources from government and private sector sources and the creation of a new entity that would provide the foundational elements needed for this new approach, including legal authority to access data and protect privacy. This second of the panel's two reports builds on the analysis, conclusions, and recommendations in the first one. This report assesses alternative methods for implementing a new approach that would combine diverse data sources from government and private sector sources, including describing statistical models for combining data from multiple sources; examining statistical and computer science approaches that foster privacy protections; evaluating frameworks for assessing the quality and utility of alternative data sources; and various models for implementing the recommended new entity. Together, the two reports offer ideas and recommendations to help federal statistical agencies examine and evaluate data from alternative sources and then combine them as appropriate to provide the country with more timely, actionable, and useful information for policy makers, businesses, and individuals.

Security, Privacy, and Trust in Modern Data Management

Download Security, Privacy, and Trust in Modern Data Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540698612
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Security, Privacy, and Trust in Modern Data Management by : Milan Petkovic

Download or read book Security, Privacy, and Trust in Modern Data Management written by Milan Petkovic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-06-12 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vision of ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence describes a world of technology which is present anywhere, anytime in the form of smart, sensible devices that communicate with each other and provide personalized services. However, open interconnected systems are much more vulnerable to attacks and unauthorized data access. In the context of this threat, this book provides a comprehensive guide to security and privacy and trust in data management.

Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data

Download Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393089827
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data by : Charles Wheelan

Download or read book Naked Statistics: Stripping the Dread from the Data written by Charles Wheelan and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2013-01-07 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New York Times bestseller "Brilliant, funny…the best math teacher you never had." —San Francisco Chronicle Once considered tedious, the field of statistics is rapidly evolving into a discipline Hal Varian, chief economist at Google, has actually called "sexy." From batting averages and political polls to game shows and medical research, the real-world application of statistics continues to grow by leaps and bounds. How can we catch schools that cheat on standardized tests? How does Netflix know which movies you’ll like? What is causing the rising incidence of autism? As best-selling author Charles Wheelan shows us in Naked Statistics, the right data and a few well-chosen statistical tools can help us answer these questions and more. For those who slept through Stats 101, this book is a lifesaver. Wheelan strips away the arcane and technical details and focuses on the underlying intuition that drives statistical analysis. He clarifies key concepts such as inference, correlation, and regression analysis, reveals how biased or careless parties can manipulate or misrepresent data, and shows us how brilliant and creative researchers are exploiting the valuable data from natural experiments to tackle thorny questions. And in Wheelan’s trademark style, there’s not a dull page in sight. You’ll encounter clever Schlitz Beer marketers leveraging basic probability, an International Sausage Festival illuminating the tenets of the central limit theorem, and a head-scratching choice from the famous game show Let’s Make a Deal—and you’ll come away with insights each time. With the wit, accessibility, and sheer fun that turned Naked Economics into a bestseller, Wheelan defies the odds yet again by bringing another essential, formerly unglamorous discipline to life.

Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems

Download Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387276963
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems by : Ting Yu

Download or read book Secure Data Management in Decentralized Systems written by Ting Yu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-11 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of database security has expanded greatly, with the rapid development of global inter-networked infrastructure. Databases are no longer stand-alone systems accessible only to internal users of organizations. Today, businesses must allow selective access from different security domains. New data services emerge every day, bringing complex challenges to those whose job is to protect data security. The Internet and the web offer means for collecting and sharing data with unprecedented flexibility and convenience, presenting threats and challenges of their own. This book identifies and addresses these new challenges and more, offering solid advice for practitioners and researchers in industry.

Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery

Download Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540664580
Total Pages : 413 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery by : Mukesh Mohania

Download or read book Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery written by Mukesh Mohania and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-08-20 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Data Warehousing and Knowledge Discovery, DaWaK'99, held in Florence, Italy in August/September 1999. The 31 revised full papers and nine short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 88 submissions. The book is divided in topical sections on data warehouse design; online analytical processing; view synthesis, selection, and optimization; multidimensional databases; knowledge discovery; association rules; inexing and object similarities; generalized association rules and data and web mining; time series data bases; data mining applications and data analysis.

Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications

Download Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124166458
Total Pages : 824 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications by : Ken Yale

Download or read book Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications written by Ken Yale and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-11-09 with total page 824 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Statistical Analysis and Data Mining Applications, Second Edition, is a comprehensive professional reference book that guides business analysts, scientists, engineers and researchers, both academic and industrial, through all stages of data analysis, model building and implementation. The handbook helps users discern technical and business problems, understand the strengths and weaknesses of modern data mining algorithms and employ the right statistical methods for practical application. This book is an ideal reference for users who want to address massive and complex datasets with novel statistical approaches and be able to objectively evaluate analyses and solutions. It has clear, intuitive explanations of the principles and tools for solving problems using modern analytic techniques and discusses their application to real problems in ways accessible and beneficial to practitioners across several areas—from science and engineering, to medicine, academia and commerce. - Includes input by practitioners for practitioners - Includes tutorials in numerous fields of study that provide step-by-step instruction on how to use supplied tools to build models - Contains practical advice from successful real-world implementations - Brings together, in a single resource, all the information a beginner needs to understand the tools and issues in data mining to build successful data mining solutions - Features clear, intuitive explanations of novel analytical tools and techniques, and their practical applications

Handbook of Database Security

Download Handbook of Database Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387485333
Total Pages : 579 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (874 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Database Security by : Michael Gertz

Download or read book Handbook of Database Security written by Michael Gertz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-03 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Database Security: Applications and Trends provides an up-to-date overview of data security models, techniques, and architectures in a variety of data management applications and settings. In addition to providing an overview of data security in different application settings, this book includes an outline for future research directions within the field. The book is designed for industry practitioners and researchers, and is also suitable for advanced-level students in computer science.

Statistical and Scientific Database Management

Download Statistical and Scientific Database Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783540505754
Total Pages : 468 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Statistical and Scientific Database Management by : Maurizio Rafanelli

Download or read book Statistical and Scientific Database Management written by Maurizio Rafanelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1989-02-08 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fourth International Working Conference on Statistical and Scientific Data Base Management (IV SSDBM) held on June 21-23, 1988 in Rome, Italy, continued the series of conferences initiated in California in December 1981. The purpose of this conference was to bring together database researchers, users and system builders, working in this specific field, to discuss the particular points of interest, to propose new solutions to the problems of the domain and to expand the topics of the previous conferences, both from the theoretical and from the applicational point of view. The papers of four scientific sessions dealt with the following topics: knowledge base and expert system, data model, natural language processing, query language, time performance, user interface, heterogeneous data classification, storage constraints, automatic drawing, ranges and trackers, and arithmetic coding. Two other special sessions presented work on progress papers on geographical data modelling, spatial database queries, user interface in an Object Oriented SDB, interpretation of queries, graphical query language and knowledge browsing front ends. The conference also had three invited papers on topics of particular interest such as "Temporal Data", "Statistical Data Management Requirements" and "Knowledge Based Decision Support Systems", included in this volume. The introductory paper by M. Rafanelli provides both an introduction to the general concepts helpful to people outside the field and a survey of all the papers in these Proceedings. Furthermore, there were three open panels. Papers by the chairmen, contributions of the panelists and a summary of the respective discussions are included in this volume, too.

Probabilistic Databases

Download Probabilistic Databases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1608456803
Total Pages : 183 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Probabilistic Databases by : Dan Suciu

Download or read book Probabilistic Databases written by Dan Suciu and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 183 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Probabilistic databases are databases where the value of some attributes or the presence of some records are uncertain and known only with some probability. Applications in many areas such as information extraction, RFID and scientific data management, data cleaning, data integration, and financial risk assessment produce large volumes of uncertain data, which are best modeled and processed by a probabilistic database. This book presents the state of the art in representation formalisms and query processing techniques for probabilistic data. It starts by discussing the basic principles for representing large probabilistic databases, by decomposing them into tuple-independent tables, block-independent-disjoint tables, or U-databases. Then it discusses two classes of techniques for query evaluation on probabilistic databases. In extensional query evaluation, the entire probabilistic inference can be pushed into the database engine and, therefore, processed as effectively as the evaluation of standard SQL queries. The relational queries that can be evaluated this way are called safe queries. In intensional query evaluation, the probabilistic inference is performed over a propositional formula called lineage expression: every relational query can be evaluated this way, but the data complexity dramatically depends on the query being evaluated, and can be #P-hard. The book also discusses some advanced topics in probabilistic data management such as top-k query processing, sequential probabilistic databases, indexing and materialized views, and Monte Carlo databases. Table of Contents: Overview / Data and Query Model / The Query Evaluation Problem / Extensional Query Evaluation / Intensional Query Evaluation / Advanced Techniques

Data and Applications Security XVII

Download Data and Applications Security XVII PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1402080700
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Data and Applications Security XVII by : Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati

Download or read book Data and Applications Security XVII written by Sabrina De Capitani di Vimercati and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Security and privacy are paramount concerns in information processing systems, which are vital to business, government and military operations and, indeed, society itself. Meanwhile, the expansion of the Internet and its convergence with telecommunication networks are providing incredible connectivity, myriad applications and, of course, new threats. Data and Applications Security XVII: Status and Prospects describes original research results, practical experiences and innovative ideas, all focused on maintaining security and privacy in information processing systems and applications that pervade cyberspace. The areas of coverage include: -Information Warfare, -Information Assurance, -Security and Privacy, -Authorization and Access Control in Distributed Systems, -Security Technologies for the Internet, -Access Control Models and Technologies, -Digital Forensics. This book is the seventeenth volume in the series produced by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 11.3 on Data and Applications Security. It presents a selection of twenty-six updated and edited papers from the Seventeenth Annual IFIP TC11 / WG11.3 Working Conference on Data and Applications Security held at Estes Park, Colorado, USA in August 2003, together with a report on the conference keynote speech and a summary of the conference panel. The contents demonstrate the richness and vitality of the discipline, and other directions for future research in data and applications security. Data and Applications Security XVII: Status and Prospects is an invaluable resource for information assurance researchers, faculty members and graduate students, as well as for individuals engaged in research and development in the information technology sector.

Cryptography and Data Security

Download Cryptography and Data Security PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Addison Wesley Publishing Company
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cryptography and Data Security by : Dorothy Elizabeth Robling Denning

Download or read book Cryptography and Data Security written by Dorothy Elizabeth Robling Denning and published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company. This book was released on 1982 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encryption algorithms. Cryptographic technique. Access controls. Information controls. Inference controls.