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Inference And The Structure Of Concepts
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Book Synopsis The Structure of Scientific Inference by : Mary Hesse
Download or read book The Structure of Scientific Inference written by Mary Hesse and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2022-05-13 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1974.
Book Synopsis Inference and the Structure of Concepts by : Matías Osta Vélez
Download or read book Inference and the Structure of Concepts written by Matías Osta Vélez and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Unified Theory of Inference for Text Understanding by : Peter Norvig
Download or read book A Unified Theory of Inference for Text Understanding written by Peter Norvig and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural languages, such as English, are difficult to understand not only because of the variety of forms that can be expressed, but also because of what is not explicity expressed. The problem of deciding what was implied by a text, of 'reading between the lines' is the problem of inference. For a reader to extract the proper set of inferences from a text (the set that was intended by the text's author) requires a great deal of general knowledge on the part of the reader, as well as a capability to reason with this knowledge. When the 'reader' is a computer program, it becomes very difficult to represent this knowledge so that it will be accessible when needed. Past approaches to the problem of inference have often concentrated on a particular type of knowledge structure (such as a script) and postulated an algorithm tuned to process just that type of structure. The problem with this approach is that it is difficult to modify the algorithm when it comes time to add a new type of knowledge structure. An alternative, unified approach is proposed. This approach is formalized in a computer program named FAUSTUS. The algorithm recognizes six very general classes of inference, classes that are not dependent on individual knowledge structures. Rather, the classes describe general kinds of connections between concepts. New kinds of knowledge can be added without modifying the algorithm. Thus, the complexity has been shifted from the algorithm to the knowledge base. To accommodate this, a powerful knowledge representation language named KODIAK is employed.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309454476 Total Pages :115 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Refining the Concept of Scientific Inference When Working with Big Data by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Refining the Concept of Scientific Inference When Working with Big Data written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-02-24 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of utilizing big data to enable scientific discovery has generated tremendous excitement and investment from both private and public sectors over the past decade, and expectations continue to grow. Using big data analytics to identify complex patterns hidden inside volumes of data that have never been combined could accelerate the rate of scientific discovery and lead to the development of beneficial technologies and products. However, producing actionable scientific knowledge from such large, complex data sets requires statistical models that produce reliable inferences (NRC, 2013). Without careful consideration of the suitability of both available data and the statistical models applied, analysis of big data may result in misleading correlations and false discoveries, which can potentially undermine confidence in scientific research if the results are not reproducible. In June 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine critical challenges and opportunities in performing scientific inference reliably when working with big data. Participants explored new methodologic developments that hold significant promise and potential research program areas for the future. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Book Synopsis Inference and Understanding by : K. I. Manktelow
Download or read book Inference and Understanding written by K. I. Manktelow and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 1990 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Direct Inferences in a Connectionist Knowledge Structure by :
Download or read book Direct Inferences in a Connectionist Knowledge Structure written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A model of human cognition is proposed in which all concept properties are context dependent. Concepts are comprised of multiple facets, each motivated by a different functional property. A connectionist implementation is presented in which conceptual modification yields the 'direct inferences' implicit in the structure of a knowledge base.
Book Synopsis Inferences in Text Processing by : H. Strohl-Goebel
Download or read book Inferences in Text Processing written by H. Strohl-Goebel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1985-11-01 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume critically evaluates the present state of research in the domain of inferences in text processing and indicates new areas of research. The book is structured around the following theoretical aspects: - The representational aspect is concerned with the cognitive structure produced by the processed text, e.g. the social, spatial, and motor characteristics of world knowledge. - The procedural aspect investigates the time relationships on forming inferences, e.g. the point of time at which referential relations are constructed. - The contextual aspect reflects the dependence of inferences on the communicative embedding of text processing, e.g. on factors of modality and instruction.
Book Synopsis Topics in Grammatical Inference by : Jeffrey Heinz
Download or read book Topics in Grammatical Inference written by Jeffrey Heinz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-04 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains advanced theoretical and application-related issues in grammatical inference, a research area inside the inductive inference paradigm for machine learning. The first three chapters of the book deal with issues regarding theoretical learning frameworks; the next four chapters focus on the main classes of formal languages according to Chomsky's hierarchy, in particular regular and context-free languages; and the final chapter addresses the processing of biosequences. The topics chosen are of foundational interest with relatively mature and established results, algorithms and conclusions. The book will be of value to researchers and graduate students in areas such as theoretical computer science, machine learning, computational linguistics, bioinformatics, and cognitive psychology who are engaged with the study of learning, especially of the structure underlying the concept to be learned. Some knowledge of mathematics and theoretical computer science, including formal language theory, automata theory, formal grammars, and algorithmics, is a prerequisite for reading this book.
Book Synopsis Psychology of Reasoning by : Peter Cathcart Wason
Download or read book Psychology of Reasoning written by Peter Cathcart Wason and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1972 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the core of the "Psychology of Reasoning" is a vigorous discussion that incorporates various illustrations--some of them humorous, all of them fascinating--of the use of reason under a wide variety of different conditions. Particular emphasis is placed on the difficulties involved in dealing with negatively marked information that must be combined and used with other information for reaching conclusions. Thorough treatment is given as well to the search for plausible contexts that will render anomalous or ambiguous statements "sensible."
Book Synopsis Incomplete Information: Structure, Inference, Complexity by : Stephane P. Demri
Download or read book Incomplete Information: Structure, Inference, Complexity written by Stephane P. Demri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002-07-03 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph presents a systematic, exhaustive and up-to-date overview of formal methods and theories for data analysis and inference inspired by the concept of rough set. Throughout, Demri studies structures with incomplete information from the logical, algebraic and computational perspective. The formalisms developed are non-invasive in that only the actual information that is needed in the process of analysis without external sources of information being required. The book is self-contained to a large degree, providing detailed derivations of most of the technical results, and is intended for researchers, lecturers and graduate students.
Book Synopsis The Building Blocks of Meaning by : Michele Prandi
Download or read book The Building Blocks of Meaning written by Michele Prandi and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shaping of complex meanings depends on punctual and relational coding and inferencing. Coding is viewed as a vector which can run either from expression to content or from concepts to (linguistic) forms to mark independent conceptual relations. While coding relies on systematic resources internal to language, inferencing essentially depends on a layered system of autonomous shared conceptual structures, which include both cognitive models and consistency criteria grounded in a natural ontology. Inference guided by coding is not a residual pragmatic device but it is a direct way to long-term conceptual structures that guide the connection of meanings. The interaction of linguistic forms and concepts is particularly clear in conceptual conflict where conflictual complex meanings provide insights into the roots of significance and the linguistic structure of metaphors. Complementing a formal analysis of linguistic structures with a substantive analysis of conceptual structures, a philosophical grammar provides insights from both formal and functional approaches toward a more profound understanding of how language works in constructing and communicating complex meanings. This monograph is ideally addressed to linguists, philosophers and psychologists interested in language as symbolic form and as an instrument of human action rooted in a complex conceptual and cognitive landscape.
Book Synopsis Nomic Inference by : Salvator Cannavo
Download or read book Nomic Inference written by Salvator Cannavo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Those who speak of the philosophy of science do not all have the same sort of study in mind. For some it is speculation about the overall nature of the world. Others take it to be basic theory of knowledge and perception. And for still others, it is a branch of philosophical analysis focused speci is meant to be a study falling under fically on science. The present book this last category. Generally, such a study has two aspects: one, methodological, dealing with the logical structure of science, the other, substantive, dealing with scientific concepts. Our concern here is primarily methodological; and, where discussion veers at times towards substantive matters, this will be largely for the purpose of illustrating underlying methodological points. It should also be added that our considerations will be of a general sort, intended to apply to all of science with no special concern for any particular divisions. Except in an incidental manner, therefore, we shall give no primary attention to special problems in the methodology of the social sciences or in the philosophy of physics or of biology. And if we draw the larger portion of our examples from the physical rather than from the behavioral sciences, this is done merely for simplicity, succinctness, and similar conveniences of exposition rather than out of specialized concern for any particular area.
Book Synopsis Formal Theories of Information by : Giovanni Sommaruga
Download or read book Formal Theories of Information written by Giovanni Sommaruga and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-22 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the scientific outcome of a joint effort of the computer science departments of the universities of Berne, Fribourg and Neuchâtel. Within an initiative devoted to "Information and Knowledge", these research groups collaborated over several years on issues of logic, probability, inference, and deduction. The goal of this volume is to examine whether there is any common ground between the different approaches to the concept of information. The structure of this book could be represented by a circular model, with an innermost syntactical circle, comprising statistical and algorithmic approaches; a second, larger circle, the semantical one, in which "meaning" enters the stage; and finally an outermost circle, the pragmatic one, casting light on real-life logical reasoning. These articles are complemented by two philosophical contributions exploring the wide conceptual field as well as taking stock of the articles on the various formal theories of information.
Book Synopsis Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference by : I. Niiniluoto
Download or read book Theoretical Concepts and Hypothetico-Inductive Inference written by I. Niiniluoto and published by . This book was released on 1973-09-30 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Between Logic and Reality by : Majda Trobok
Download or read book Between Logic and Reality written by Majda Trobok and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-23 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is reality logical and is logic real? What is the origin of logical intuitions? What is the role of logical structures in the operations of an intelligent mind and in communication? Is the function of logical structure regulative or constitutive or both in concept formation? This volume provides analyses of the logic-reality relationship from different approaches and perspectives. The point of convergence lies in the exploration of the connections between reality – social, natural or ideal – and logical structures employed in describing or discovering it. Moreover, the book connects logical theory with more concrete issues of rationality, normativity and understanding, thus pointing to a wide range of potential applications. The papers collected in this volume address cutting-edge topics in contemporary discussions amongst specialists. Some essays focus on the role of indispensability considerations in the justification of logical competence, and the wide range of challenges within the philosophy of mathematics. Others present advances in dynamic logical analysis such as extension of game semantics to non-logical part of vocabulary and development of models of contractive speech act.
Book Synopsis The Role of Inference and Internal Structure in the Representation of Spatial Information by : Albert L. Stevens
Download or read book The Role of Inference and Internal Structure in the Representation of Spatial Information written by Albert L. Stevens and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Presuppostion & Transcendental Inference by : Humphrey Palmer
Download or read book Presuppostion & Transcendental Inference written by Humphrey Palmer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-04 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1985. This book is about a single famous line of argument, pioneered by Descartes and deployed to full effect by Kant. That argument was meant to refute scepticism once and for all, and make the world safe for science. 'I think, so I exist’ is valid reasoning, but circular as proof. In similar vein, Kant argues from our having a science of geometry to Space being our contribution to experience: a different conclusion, arrived at by a similar fallacy. Yet these arguments do show something: that certain sets of opinions, if professed, show an inbuilt inconsistency. It is this second-strike capacity that has kept transcendental arguments going for so long. Attempts to re-build metaphysics by means of such transcendental reasoning have been debated. This book offers an introduction to the field, and ventures its own assessment, in non-technical language, without assuming previous training in logic or philosophy.
