Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19

Download Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN
ISBN 13 : 6237425926
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19 by : Anthony Paulo Sunjaya

Download or read book Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19 written by Anthony Paulo Sunjaya and published by Penerbit BRIN. This book was released on 2022-11-30 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 has disrupted all aspects of human life. To mitigate the impact of the pandemic, several efforts have been taken, including by Indonesian scholars abroad. This book entitled Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Rethinking Health and Economics Post-COVID-19 explores opportunities and innovations to push forward to recover from COVID-19, both in health and economics. Comprising 15 chapters, this book is split into three main themes. The first part, Digital Transformation, focuses on how digital transformation has provided new ways of working in health, Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), financing, and the tourism industry, especially in this post-pandemic era. Second, Building Future Ready Resilient Societies, raises the critical question of how the Indonesian society can be more resilient and future-ready to face a future that changes more rapidly than before, through the lens of food systems, mental health, culture, collaborative leadership, communities, and global supply chains. The last part, Equitable, Sustainable, and Green Development, presents ideas on what it takes to build a more equitable, sustainable, and greener future without sacrificing prosperity. We hope that this book can be a valuable reference for stakeholders, policymakers, as well as society to recover from the pandemic crisis and find better solutions to benefit future generations.

Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Social Perspectives

Download Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Social Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN
ISBN 13 : 6237425888
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Social Perspectives by : Muhammad Ammar Hidayahtulloh

Download or read book Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Social Perspectives written by Muhammad Ammar Hidayahtulloh and published by Penerbit BRIN. This book was released on 2022-08-31 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 has disrupted all aspects of human life. To mitigate the impact of Cthe pandemic, several efforts have been taken, including by Indonesian scholars abroad. This book entitled Indonesia Post-Pandemic Recovery Outlook: Social Perspectives explores social issues and topics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses post-pandemic recovery efforts in Indonesia. Comprising of 15 chapters, this book is divided into three parts. The first part, Indonesia and COVID-19 recovery: an international political economy lens, focuses on Indonesia's role in responding to international issues and the global political economy during the pandemic and post-pandemic period. Second, Indonesia and COVID-19 recovery: socio-cultural perspectives, discusses the impact of the pandemic, government policies, and activism from marginalized and vulnerable social groups, including people in urban slum areas, women, migrant workers, persons with disabilities, and traditional arts workers. The last part, Indonesia and COVID-19 recovery: insight for future education, explores the future of education in post-pandemic Indonesia with all aspects that need to be considered, including access to technology, the importance of digital literacy, and innovation regarding methods and the potential of metaverse education in emergency situations. We hope that this book can be a valuable reference for stakeholders, policymakers, as well as society to recover from the pandemic crisis and find better solutions to benefit future generations.

COVID-19 in Indonesia

Download COVID-19 in Indonesia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000583678
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis COVID-19 in Indonesia by : Lili Yan Ing

Download or read book COVID-19 in Indonesia written by Lili Yan Ing and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the impacts of COVID-19 on the Indonesian economy, particularly on employment, education, poverty, trade, and macroeconomy. The chapters explain how fiscal and monetary stimulus work and the roles of local governments in managing stimulus. It also presents paths to recovery and lessons learned from countries that have found success in mitigating the economic impacts of the pandemic (China, Germany, Singapore, and Vietnam). This text will be a useful reference for policy makers, scholars, students, and public audience working or interested in the fields of development economics, trade, health economics, economics, and East Asia.

Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Environment and Technology Role for Indonesia Development

Download Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Environment and Technology Role for Indonesia Development PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN
ISBN 13 : 6237425896
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Environment and Technology Role for Indonesia Development by : Rahmat Trialih

Download or read book Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Environment and Technology Role for Indonesia Development written by Rahmat Trialih and published by Penerbit BRIN. This book was released on 2022-11-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 has disrupted all aspects of human life. To mitigate the impact of the pandemic, several efforts have been taken, including by Indonesian scholars abroad. This book entitled Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Environment and Technology Role for Indonesia Development explores environment and technology issues and topics related to the COVID-19 pandemic and discusses post-pandemic recovery efforts in Indonesia. Comprising of 19 chapters, this book is divided into four sections. The first section, disaster and greening management development, discusses insights for a better solution in disaster prevention and development of greening management. Second, waste and pollution management development, explores options in development of waste and pollution management such as potentials uses of membrane technology, remediation of textile dyes, biochar industry, and also discussion on persistent organic pollution and microplastics. Third, food defense and security development, explores the potentials of food security and management in utilizing the potential of coastal sand marginal land resources, IoT and smart packaging, and smart food supply chain. The last part, human resource and public service development, discuses developments on management of education system, public transportation, e-government, and health information system. We hope that this book can be a valuable reference for stakeholders, policymakers, as well as society to recover from the pandemic crisis and find better solutions to benefit future generations.

Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives

Download Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penerbit BRIN
ISBN 13 : 623742587X
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives by : Harun Ardiansyah

Download or read book Indonesia Post-Pandemic Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives written by Harun Ardiansyah and published by Penerbit BRIN. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: COVID-19 has disrupted all aspects of human life. To mitigate the impact of the pandemic, several efforts have been taken, including by Indonesian scholars abroad. This book entitled Indonesia Post-Pandemic Recovery Outlook: Strategy towards Net-Zero Emissions by 2060 from the Renewables and Carbon-Neutral Energy Perspectives explores energy sustainability and climate change issues and how it can progress further. There are also discussion on the delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to a few major renewable energy projects that should have been done in 2020-2021. Comprising of 14 chapters, this book is divided into three sections. The first part, Indonesia's Current Position and Strategy for Renewable Energy, explores Indonesia's current position and strategy on New and Renewable Energy. This chapter also explores Indonesia's commitment towards Net-Zero Carbon Emission 2060. Second, Carbon-Free and Renewable Energy in Indonesia, discusses the status of renewable energy use in the world, elaborate on the carbon impact of energy shift from fossil to renewable sources, and introduce a new criterion in renewable energy: carbon-neutral energy. The last part, Indonesia's New Strategy to Achieve Net-Zero Emission in 2060, explores the macroeconomic benefits of renewable and carbon-neutral energy deployment which are increasing energy security, fueling GDP development, creating job opportunities, enhancing human welfare, and achieving gender equality. We hope that this book can be a valuable reference for stakeholders, policymakers, as well as society to recover from the pandemic crisis and find better solutions to benefit future generations.

Fintech and Sustainability

Download Fintech and Sustainability PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031406478
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fintech and Sustainability by : Thomas Walker

Download or read book Fintech and Sustainability written by Thomas Walker and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024-01-08 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fintech can improve sustainability, influence policies, and require new regulations. Climate change, water pollution, and non-renewable resources management can all be addressed with fintech innovations. Despite the advantages offered by fintech, opponents warn of potential negative consequences. The application of fintech in sustainability is a double-edged sword requiring further investigation. This book provides an overview of fintech applications and considers their impact on the future of sustainable finance. It explores how financial technologies can enhance the sustainability of investment and corporate decisions and contribute to the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). By considering practitioner and academic views, it examines whether and how fintech can improve sustainable practices, potential threats with possible solutions, and policies and regulations designed to improve sustainability benefits.

Tourism in the Post-Pandemic World

Download Tourism in the Post-Pandemic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513561901
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tourism in the Post-Pandemic World by : Ms.Manuela Goretti

Download or read book Tourism in the Post-Pandemic World written by Ms.Manuela Goretti and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-02-19 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This departmental paper analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in the Asia Pacific region, Latin America, and Caribbean countries. Many tourism dependent economies in these regions, including small states in the Pacific and the Caribbean, entered the pandemic with limited fiscal space, inadequate external buffers, and foreign exchange revenues extremely concentrated in tourism. The empirical analysis leverages on an augmented gravity model to draw lessons from past epidemics and finds that the impact of infectious diseases on tourism flows is much greater in developing countries than in advanced economies.

China After Covid-19

Download China After Covid-19 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ledizioni
ISBN 13 : 8855265237
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (552 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis China After Covid-19 by : Alessia Amighini

Download or read book China After Covid-19 written by Alessia Amighini and published by Ledizioni. This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The coronavirus pandemic that has rocked China since December 2019 has posed a gruelling test for the resilience of the country’s national economy. Now, as China emerges from its Covid-induced “recession”, it feels like the worst is behind it. How did China manage to come out almost unscathed from the worst crisis in over a century?This Report examines how China designed and implemented its post-Covid recovery strategy, focussing on both the internal and external challenges the country had to face over the short- and medium-run.The book offers a comprehensive argument suggesting that, despite China having lost economic and political capital during the crisis, Beijing seems to have been strengthened by the “pandemic test”, thus becoming an even more challenging “partner, competitor and rival” for Western countries.

Global Economic Prospects, June 2020

Download Global Economic Prospects, June 2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464815801
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Economic Prospects, June 2020 by : World Bank Group

Download or read book Global Economic Prospects, June 2020 written by World Bank Group and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2020-07-07 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic has, with alarming speed, dealt a heavy blow to an already-weak global economy, which is expected to slide into its deepest recession since the second world war, despite unprecedented policy support. The global recession would be deeper if countries take longer to bring the pandemic under control, if financial stress triggers defaults, or if there are protracted effects on households and firms. Economic disruptions are likely to be more severe and protracted in emerging market and developing economies with larger domestic outbreaks and weaker medical care systems; greater exposure to international spillovers through trade, tourism, and commodity and financial markets; weaker macroeconomic frameworks; and more pervasive informality and poverty. Beyond the current steep economic contraction, the pandemic is likely to leave lasting scars on the global economy by undermining consumer and investor confidence, human capital, and global value chains. Being mostly a reflection of the recent plunge in global energy demand, low oil prices are unlikely to provide much of a boost to global growth in the near term. While policymakers' immediate priorities are to address the health crisis and moderate the short-term economic losses, the likely long-term consequences of the pandemic highlight the need to forcefully undertake comprehensive reform programs to improve the fundamental drivers of economic growth, once the crisis abates. Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). The January edition includes in-depth analyses of topical policy challenges faced by these economies, while the June edition contains shorter analytical pieces.

Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery

Download Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292629263
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery by : Ramesh Subramaniam

Download or read book Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery written by Ramesh Subramaniam and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues were held from June to September 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world. They shared cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This compendium of 13 policy briefs summarizes the discussions, recommendations, and actionable insights from the PACER Dialogues.

The Promise of Fintech

Download The Promise of Fintech PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513512242
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Promise of Fintech by : Ms.Ratna Sahay

Download or read book The Promise of Fintech written by Ms.Ratna Sahay and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technology is changing the landscape of the financial sector, increasing access to financial services in profound ways. These changes have been in motion for several years, affecting nearly all countries in the world. During the COVID-19 pandemic, technology has created new opportunities for digital financial services to accelerate and enhance financial inclusion, amid social distancing and containment measures. At the same time, the risks emerging prior to COVID-19, as digital financial services developed, are becoming even more relevant.

Policies to Support the Development of Indonesia’s Manufacturing Sector during 2020–2024

Download Policies to Support the Development of Indonesia’s Manufacturing Sector during 2020–2024 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292614894
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policies to Support the Development of Indonesia’s Manufacturing Sector during 2020–2024 by :

Download or read book Policies to Support the Development of Indonesia’s Manufacturing Sector during 2020–2024 written by and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Indonesia's gross domestic product growth rate declined significantly after the Asian financial crisis (AFC) of 1997–1998. The country's potential and balance-of-payments growth rates are only about 5.5% and 3%, respectively. One important reason is that the country's industrialization pace declined after the AFC. Today, Indonesia is still exporting many unprocessed natural resources and simple manufactures (not complex products) with a low income elasticity of demand. This report analyzes how Indonesia's manufacturing sector could diversify and upgrade during 2020–2024 and beyond. This is essential if Indonesia is to attain upper middle-income status as soon as possible. Policy makers and the private sector need to collaborate to identify the coordination failures that hamper the discovery of those products that Indonesia could successfully produce and export. These must be complex products with a high income elasticity of demand. The report proposes a number of policies to expedite this process.

Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021

Download Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789211208238
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (82 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021 by : United Nations Publications

Download or read book Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021 written by United Nations Publications and published by . This book was released on 2021-06-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asia-Pacific's recovery from its weakest economic performance in recent history remains fragile and can be "K-shaped" due to the likely unevenness of the COVID-19 vaccine roll-out, policy space and structural weaknesses across the region. Asia-Pacific is no stranger to crises that leave behind a severe social and economic impact. But a better understanding of the complex risk landscape and a comprehensive approach to building resilience have become imperative in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. Building resilience into policy frameworks and institutions requires aligning fiscal and monetary policies and structural reforms with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2021 proposes an illustrative 'build forward better' policy package for resilient post-COVID-19 economies that aims to ensure universal access to healthcare and social protection, close the digital divide, and strengthen climate and clean energy actions. Estimated to reduce the number of poor in the region by almost 180 million people and cut carbon emissions by about 30 percent in the long run, these policy actions need not necessarily add much fiscal burden for most except some less developed Asia-Pacific countries. It also examines policy options to meet immediate and medium-term financing needs for building resilience including debt service suspensions, debt swaps for development, sovereign bond financing, public debt management, emergency financing mechanisms, and sustainable investing by public institutional investors.

PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) What Students Know and Can Do

Download PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) What Students Know and Can Do PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264541888
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (645 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) What Students Know and Can Do by : OECD

Download or read book PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) What Students Know and Can Do written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-12-03 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is one of six volumes that present the results of the PISA 2018 survey, the seventh round of the triennial assessment. Volume I, What Students Know and Can Do, provides a detailed examination of student performance in reading, mathematics and science, and describes how performance has changed since previous PISA assessments.

World Economic Outlook, April 2020

Download World Economic Outlook, April 2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
ISBN 13 : 9781513539744
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (397 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World Economic Outlook, April 2020 by : International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.

Download or read book World Economic Outlook, April 2020 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and published by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic is inflicting high and rising human costs worldwide, and the necessary protection measures are severely impacting economic activity. As a result of the pandemic, the global economy is projected to contract sharply by –3 percent in 2020, much worse than during the 2008–09 financial crisis. In a baseline scenario--which assumes that the pandemic fades in the second half of 2020 and containment efforts can be gradually unwound--the global economy is projected to grow by 5.8 percent in 2021 as economic activity normalizes, helped by policy support. The risks for even more severe outcomes, however, are substantial. Effective policies are essential to forestall the possibility of worse outcomes, and the necessary measures to reduce contagion and protect lives are an important investment in long-term human and economic health. Because the economic fallout is acute in specific sectors, policymakers will need to implement substantial targeted fiscal, monetary, and financial market measures to support affected households and businesses domestically. And internationally, strong multilateral cooperation is essential to overcome the effects of the pandemic, including to help financially constrained countries facing twin health and funding shocks, and for channeling aid to countries with weak health care systems.

Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update

Download Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292623621
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Asian Development Outlook 2020 Update written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing Asia has suffered as the COVID-19 pandemic persists. Growth, trade, and tourism collapsed in 2020, leading to the region’s first economic contraction in nearly 6 decades. Governments across Asia acted quickly to contain the virus and its economic effects, and signs of bottoming out have now appeared. Inflation remains benign, constrained by depressed demand and declining food prices. A prolonged pandemic is the primary downside risk to the outlook. Persistent or renewed outbreaks and a return to stringent containment could possibly derail the recovery and trigger financial turmoil. Recovery depends on measures to address the health crisis and on continued policy support. The pandemic has highlighted the importance of wellness, both physical and mental. Wellness—the pursuit of holistic health and well-being—is a component of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. This report evaluates the state of wellness in Asia, documents how the wellness economy is a large and growing part of the region’s economy, and discusses how policy makers can promote wellness by creating healthy living environments, encouraging physical activity and healthy diets, and enhancing workplace wellness.

Covid-19: The Great Reset

Download Covid-19: The Great Reset PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : ISBN Agentur Schweiz
ISBN 13 : 9782940631124
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Covid-19: The Great Reset by : Thierry Malleret

Download or read book Covid-19: The Great Reset written by Thierry Malleret and published by ISBN Agentur Schweiz. This book was released on 2020-07-09 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Corona crisis and the Need for a Great Reset" is a guide for anyone who wants to understand how COVID-19 disrupted our social and economic systems, and what changes will be needed to create a more inclusive, resilient and sustainable world going forward. Thierry Malleret, founder of the Monthly Barometer, and Klaus Schwab, founder and executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum, explore what the root causes of these crisis were, and why they lead to a need for a Great Reset.Theirs is a worrying, yet hopeful analysis. COVID-19 has created a great disruptive reset of our global social, economic, and political systems. But the power of human beings lies in being foresighted and having the ingenuity, at least to a certain extent, to take their destiny into their hands and to plan for a better future. This is the purpose of this book: to shake up and to show the deficiencies which were manifest in our global system, even before COVID broke out.