Indicator Plants Using Plants To Evaluate The Environment

Author : Frederic E. Clements
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781331914310
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (143 download)

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Download or read book Plant Indicators written by Frederic E. Clements and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-20 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Plant Indicators: The Relation of Plant Communities to Process and Practice The present book is intended to be a companion volume to "Plant Succession." The latter was planned to contain several chapters on the applications of ecology, but these were omitted on account of the lack of space. Chief among these was the consideration of succession as the primary basis for a system of indicator plants, and this has been made the theme of the present treatise. For the sake of clearness, it has been necessary to give a concise account of the climax communities of the region concerned. The original plan included a brief summary of the priseres and subseres of the various climaxes, but the limitations of space have precluded this. The same reason has made it desirable to deal with principles and examples in the three fields of practice, rather than to attempt a complete account of the host of climax and seral communities which serve as indicators. The general principles and specific indicators have been tested repeatedly during the field work of the past five years, and the treatment has profited from the fact that a special inquiry into indicator relations throughout the West was made during the season of 1918. It is believed that succession and indicators constitute the most essential and useful form into which the results of research can be put for practical use. They are the fundamental responses of plant and community to the conditions in control, and hence contain their judgment as to the fitness of the environment in which they grow or are to be grown. Such responses require translation into familiar terms, and for this purpose the quantitative analysis of habitats and responses by means of instruments and phytometers is indispensable. Moreover, habitat and response vary not only with the development of the community, but also in accordance with the phases of the climatic cycle. The importance of the latter can hardly be overestimated, and it seems certain that the climatic cycle must be accorded a unique position in all future research and practice. The indicator method will naturally have its greatest usefulness in new or partly settled regions. While the results given apply only to western North America, and to the western United States particularly, the principles and methods are of universal application. They should be of especial value on other continents where there is still a distinct frontier. Australia, South Africa, and South America should furnish fertile soil for indicator investigations and applications, while large portions of Asia and northern Africa should possess almost equal promise for this work. Even in Europe and in other thickly settled regions, indicator studies will have much value, and this will be true everywhere that natural or semi-natural vegetation is found. Indeed, it is probable that indicator methods in some form will come to be applied to all cultural vegetation with the advance of quantitative ecology and the disappearance of the artificial barrier between science and practice. The author is under especial obligation to Dr. H. L. Shantz for many helpful suggestions arising from the reading of the manuscript. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.