Income Diversification In Zimbabwe

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Income Diversification in Zimbabwe

Author : Lire Ersado
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Income Diversification in Zimbabwe by : Lire Ersado

Download or read book Income Diversification in Zimbabwe written by Lire Ersado and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. "--World Bank web site.

Income Diversification in Zimbabwe

Author : Lire Ersado
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)

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Book Synopsis Income Diversification in Zimbabwe by : Lire Ersado

Download or read book Income Diversification in Zimbabwe written by Lire Ersado and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets.

Trade in Zimbabwe

Author : Richard Newfarmer
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464804478
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade in Zimbabwe by : Richard Newfarmer

Download or read book Trade in Zimbabwe written by Richard Newfarmer and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Zimbabwe, trade has been a driver of economic growth, rising incomes, and progressive empowerment of Zimbabweans through rising standards of living and the promise of better jobs. Since 1980, through good years and bad years, increases in exports have been positively associated with increases in national income. Zimbabwe's location and resource base, together with a low-cost but relatively well educated labor force, have endowed it with a naturally high trade ratio built on a diversified base that facilitates using trade as an engine of growth. While trade volumes have rebounded smartly from the deep recession of 2007-2008, these do not offset other worrisome longer-term trends: • Export growth during the last decade has been lacklustre and failed to drive high growth. • Agricultural exports, other than tobacco, have lost their once dominant role in the region, and are no longer a source of diversification. • Manufacturing has withered in a continuing secular decline. • Zimbabwe’s export basket has become less diversified and more dependent on a narrow range of mineral and, to a lesser extent, agricultural products. In short, exports have become less diversified, less-technologically sophisticated, and less labor-intensive - and ever more dependent on a few large mining activities to provide foreign exchange and employment. This report traces the roots of this poor performance to several policy issues: poor predictability of macroeconomic policy and economic governance has created an unfavorable climate for private investment and trade; a tariff structure that dampens export profitability; industrial policies - indigenization policy in particular - that undermine investor confidence and inhibits private investment; and finally, competition-limiting policies toward services that limit connectivity of Zimbabweans and raise trade costs. The good news arising from the study is that the remedies for these policy shortcomings lie in Zimbabwean hands. If the government were to adopt reforms that reconfigure economy-wide incentives and trade and industrial policies, it could promote sustained growth, economic diversification and empowerment of poor people.

Impact of Malawi’s Farm Income Diversification Programme on household welfare: Empirical evidence from eleven districts

Author : Ng’ong’ola, Davies H.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Impact of Malawi’s Farm Income Diversification Programme on household welfare: Empirical evidence from eleven districts by : Ng’ong’ola, Davies H.

Download or read book Impact of Malawi’s Farm Income Diversification Programme on household welfare: Empirical evidence from eleven districts written by Ng’ong’ola, Davies H. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study used cross sectional data from the government of Malawi’s Farm Income Diversification Programme (FIDP) to examine the impact of FIDP on household welfare. Total annual household income, food security, and the wealth status of households were used as measures of household welfare. A propensity score matching procedure was used to make statistically valid comparisons between the welfare of households which participated and did not participate in FIDP. The results show that households which participated in FIDP had higher incomes and their food security status improved more than among similar households which did not participate in the program. The results further reveal that FIDP improved the wealth of participating households compared to their counterparts who did not participate. Those FIDP participating households engaged in livestock production, in particular, experienced considerable growth of income, which suggests that livestock enterprises coupled with income from crops could be an important pathway for improving the wellbeing of households in Malawi.

Rural income diversification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts

Author : Abate, Gashaw Tadesse
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Rural income diversification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts by : Abate, Gashaw Tadesse

Download or read book Rural income diversification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts written by Abate, Gashaw Tadesse and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-01-03 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased diversification of rural households into the rural non-farm economy is an important driver of economic growth and structural transformation in countries like Ethiopia where the vast majority of people live in rural areas and are largely dependent on seasonal agriculture. Some of the benefits of diversification include efficient utilization of asset endowments (e.g., labor during dry season) and reduction of risks. In this study we explore the: (i) patterns and trends of diversification, (ii) drivers of diversification including the association between rainfall risk/shocks and diversification, and (iii) welfare effects of diversification during the recent decade using three rounds of representative household data from the four main regions of Ethiopia. We used Cragg’s double-hurdle model, a method that considers the two-step decision making process in diversification (i.e., participation and extent of participation), to identify the determinants of diversification and a fixed-effect and instrumental variable (IV) approaches to understand the links between diversification and household welfare. The descriptive results show that rural households generally adopt a livelihood strategy dominated by farming and that the level of diversification has been stagnant over the period of analysis considered. More importantly, the vast majority of households continue to draw a substantial share of their income from crop production, followed by livestock. The income from non-farm activities accounts only between 17 percent and 23 percent of the total income. The econometrics results show that diversification is positively associated with credit access, membership in social insurance, ownership of mobile phone, relative measure of household wealth, and population density. Conversely, access to relatively large, fertile, and irrigable land discourages diversification into non-farm activities. The analysis on the association between rainfall risks and diversification indicates that rural households use income diversification both as risk mitigation and shock coping strategy. The results on the link between income diversification and household welfare indicate a positive association between diversification and household total consumption expenditure, dietary diversity score, and housing/roof quality. In sum, the results imply the need for a deliberate effort to expand the non-farm economy so as to tap its full potential for employment generation, income growth, and welfare improvements. A starting point could be for agricultural and rural development policies and investments to go beyond promotion of cereal crop production and facilitate participation in high value crop, livestock, aquaculture production. Incentivizing investments in value addition activities that can create and enrich upward and downward linkages in the midstream segment of agricultural value chains is another potential avenue to boost rural non-farm economy.

Income Diversification and Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam

Author : Nicholas Minot
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 : 0896291480
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Income Diversification and Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam by : Nicholas Minot

Download or read book Income Diversification and Poverty in the Northern Uplands of Vietnam written by Nicholas Minot and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2006 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vietnam has experienced macroeconomic stability and high rates of economic growth since the mid-1990s; nevertheless, it remains one of the 30 poorest countries in the world. Within Vietnam, the Northern Uplands is the poorest region, as well as being the most dependent on agriculture. This report examines income diversification in the Northern Uplands, including its contribution to poverty reduction and the constraints currently limiting further diversification. Given that crop and income diversification have been identified as essential components in raising rural incomes and reducing rural poverty, this report has significant implications for those involved in formulating agricultural policy and devising development programs.

Does What You Export Matter?

Author : Daniel Lederman
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821384910
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)

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Book Synopsis Does What You Export Matter? by : Daniel Lederman

Download or read book Does What You Export Matter? written by Daniel Lederman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012-06-18 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does what economies export matter for development? If so, can industrial policies improve on the export basket generated by the market? This book approaches these questions from a variety of conceptual and policy viewpoints. Reviewing the theoretical arguments in favor of industrial policies, the authors first ask whether existing indicators allow policy makers to identify growth-promoting sectors with confidence. To this end, they assess, and ultimately cast doubt upon, the reliability of many popular indicators advocated by proponents of industrial policy. Second, and central to their critique, the authors document extraordinary differences in the performance of countries exporting seemingly identical products, be they natural resources or 'high-tech' goods. Further, they argue that globalization has so fragmented the production process that even talking about exported goods as opposed to tasks may be misleading. Reviewing evidence from history and from around the world, the authors conclude that policy makers should focus less on what is produced, and more on how it is produced. They analyze alternative approaches to picking winners but conclude by favoring 'horizontal-ish' policies--for instance, those that build human capital or foment innovation in existing and future products—that only incidentally favor some sectors over others.

Household Livelihoods in Semi-arid Regions: Options and Constraints

Author : B.M. Campbell
Publisher : CIFOR
ISBN 13 : 9798764781
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Household Livelihoods in Semi-arid Regions: Options and Constraints by : B.M. Campbell

Download or read book Household Livelihoods in Semi-arid Regions: Options and Constraints written by B.M. Campbell and published by CIFOR. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study sites. Methods. The wealth index and its variation. Human, financial, physical and natural capital - the essets available to households. Households productive activities - the generation of cash and subsistence gross income. Exploring household strategies. Net income and poverty. Temporal changes in livelihood strategies. Modelling livelihood change. Making a difference.

Economic Diversification in the GCC

Author : Mr.Tim Callen
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498303234
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Economic Diversification in the GCC by : Mr.Tim Callen

Download or read book Economic Diversification in the GCC written by Mr.Tim Callen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-12-23 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The economies of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are heavily reliant on oil. Greater economic diversification would reduce their exposure to volatility and uncertainty in the global oil market, help create jobs in the private sector, increase productivity and sustainable growth, and help create the non-oil economy that will be needed in the future when oil revenues start to dwindle. The GCC countries have followed many of the standard policies that are usually thought to promote more diversified economies, including reforms to improve the business climate, the development of domestic infrastructure, financial deepening, and improvements in education. Nevertheless, success to date has been limited. This paper argues that increased diversification will require realigning incentives for firms and workers in the economies—fixing these incentives is the “missing link” in the GCC countries’ diversification strategies. At present, producing non-tradables is less risky and more profitable for firms as they can benefit from the easy availability of low-wage foreign labor and the rapid growth in government spending, while the continued availability of high-paying and secure public sector jobs discourages nationals from pursuing entrepreneurship and private sector employment. Measures to begin to address these incentive issues could include limiting and reorienting government spending, strengthening private sector competition, providing guarantees and financial support for those firms engaged in export activity, and implementing labor market reforms to make nationals more competitive for private sector employment.

The Political Economy of Livelihoods in Contemporary Zimbabwe

Author : Kirk Helliker
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351273221
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (512 download)

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Book Synopsis The Political Economy of Livelihoods in Contemporary Zimbabwe by : Kirk Helliker

Download or read book The Political Economy of Livelihoods in Contemporary Zimbabwe written by Kirk Helliker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the introduction of the fast track land reform programme in 2000, Zimbabwe has undergone major economic and political shifts and these have had a profound impact on both urban and rural livelihoods. This book provides rich empirical studies that examine a range of multi-faceted and contested livelihoods within the context of systemic crises. Taking a broad political economy approach, the chapters advance a grounded and in-depth understanding of emerging and shifting livelihood processes, strategies and resilience that foregrounds agency at household level. Highlighting an emergent scholarship amongst young black scholars in Zimbabwe, and providing an understanding of how people and communities respond to socio-economic challenges, this book is an important read for scholars of African political economy, southern African studies and livelihoods.

Diversified Development

Author : Indermit S. Gill
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464801207
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Diversified Development by : Indermit S. Gill

Download or read book Diversified Development written by Indermit S. Gill and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-02-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eurasian economies have to become efficient more productive, job-creating, and stable. But efficiency is not the same as diversification. Governments need to worry less about the composition of exports and production and more about asset portfolios natural resources, built capital, and economic institutions.

Financial Integration and Macroeconomic Volatility

Author : Mr.Ayhan Kose
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451846991
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Integration and Macroeconomic Volatility by : Mr.Ayhan Kose

Download or read book Financial Integration and Macroeconomic Volatility written by Mr.Ayhan Kose and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2003-03-01 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the impact of international financial integration on macroeconomic volatility in a large group of industrial and developing economies over the period 1960-99. We report two major results: First, while the volatility of output growth has, on average, declined in the 1990s relative to the three preceding decades, we also document that, on average, the volatility of consumption growth relative to that of income growth has increased for more financially integrated developing economies in the 1990s. Second, increasing financial openness is associated with rising relative volatility of consumption, but only up to a certain threshold. The benefits of financial integration in terms of improved risk-sharing and consumption-smoothing possibilities appear to accrue only beyond this threshold.

Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter?

Author : Dongyeol Lee
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498315658
Total Pages : 24 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? by : Dongyeol Lee

Download or read book Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? written by Dongyeol Lee and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-05-24 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Export structure is less diversified in low-income countries (LICs) and especially small states that face resource constraints and small economic size. This paper explores the potential linkages between export structure and economic growth and its volatility in LICs and small states, using a range of indices of export concentration differing in the coverage of industries. The empirical analysis finds that export diversification may promote economic growth and reduce economic volatility in these countries. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that the economic benefits of export diversification differ by country size and income level—there are bigger benefits for relatively larger and poorer countries within the group of LICs and small states.

Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa

Author : Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198799284
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa by : Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt

Download or read book Agriculture, Diversification, and Gender in Rural Africa written by Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men.

Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe

Author : Sam Moyo
Publisher : Nordic Africa Institute
ISBN 13 : 9789171064578
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (645 download)

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Book Synopsis Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe by : Sam Moyo

Download or read book Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe written by Sam Moyo and published by Nordic Africa Institute. This book was released on 2000 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study represents a first systematic effort to document Zimbabwe "s new land uses during the years of economic crisis, the role of the state in promoting them, the differentiation associated with them, not only between black and white farmers, but also among them, and the implications of all these for the political economy of the Zimbabwean land question. The fact that some of the new land uses avoid redistribution of clearly under-utilised large scale commercial farms suggests that the Zimbabwean land question will remain a live political issue for a long time.

Income Inequality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author : Ayodele F. Odusola
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789211264241
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis Income Inequality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa by : Ayodele F. Odusola

Download or read book Income Inequality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa written by Ayodele F. Odusola and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Beyond the crises: Zimbabwe's prospects for transformation

Author : Murisa, Tendai
Publisher : Weaver Press
ISBN 13 : 1779222858
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond the crises: Zimbabwe's prospects for transformation by : Murisa, Tendai

Download or read book Beyond the crises: Zimbabwe's prospects for transformation written by Murisa, Tendai and published by Weaver Press. This book was released on 2015-12-01 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past years, few African countries have been the focus of discussions and analyses generating a vast array of literature as much as Zimbabwe. The socioeconomic and political crises since the turn of the century have deeply transformed the country from the ideals of a vibrant freshly independent nation just two decades earlier. These transformations have necessitated the call for the restructuring of Zimbabwean society, polity, and economy. But this literature remains exclusively within the realm of academic thinking and theorising, with no concerted effort to move beyond this by explicitly drawing out the policy implications. Beyond the Crises: Zimbabwe's Prospects for Transformation is a welcome addition to the academic and policy literature with a much broader and all-embracing focus in terms of policy interventions. By focusing on different aspects of social and economic justice, Murisa and Chikweche go beyond initiating a broad discussion on these two key pillars of human development with a view to suggesting possible future directions of practical solutions and policy development for the attainment of inclusive social and economic justice for Zimbabweans.