Implementing Parallel Sorting Algorithms

Download Implementing Parallel Sorting Algorithms full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Implementing Parallel Sorting Algorithms ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Parallel Sorting Algorithms

Author : Selim G. Akl
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 148326808X
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Sorting Algorithms by : Selim G. Akl

Download or read book Parallel Sorting Algorithms written by Selim G. Akl and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-06-20 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel Sorting Algorithms explains how to use parallel algorithms to sort a sequence of items on a variety of parallel computers. The book reviews the sorting problem, the parallel models of computation, parallel algorithms, and the lower bounds on the parallel sorting problems. The text also presents twenty different algorithms, such as linear arrays, mesh-connected computers, cube-connected computers. Another example where algorithm can be applied is on the shared-memory SIMD (single instruction stream multiple data stream) computers in which the whole sequence to be sorted can fit in the respective primary memories of the computers (random access memory), or in a single shared memory. SIMD processors communicate through an interconnection network or the processors communicate through a common and shared memory. The text also investigates the case of external sorting in which the sequence to be sorted is bigger than the available primary memory. In this case, the algorithms used in external sorting is very similar to those used to describe internal sorting, that is, when the sequence can fit in the primary memory, The book explains that an algorithm can reach its optimum possible operating time for sorting when it is running on a particular set of architecture, depending on a constant multiplicative factor. The text is suitable for computer engineers and scientists interested in parallel algorithms.

GPU Gems 2

Author : Matt Pharr
Publisher : Addison-Wesley Professional
ISBN 13 : 9780321335593
Total Pages : 814 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (355 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis GPU Gems 2 by : Matt Pharr

Download or read book GPU Gems 2 written by Matt Pharr and published by Addison-Wesley Professional. This book was released on 2005 with total page 814 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More useful techniques, tips, and tricks for harnessing the power of the new generation of powerful GPUs.

Sequential and Parallel Algorithms and Data Structures

Author : Peter Sanders
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030252094
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sequential and Parallel Algorithms and Data Structures by : Peter Sanders

Download or read book Sequential and Parallel Algorithms and Data Structures written by Peter Sanders and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-31 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is a concise introduction to the basic toolbox of structures that allow efficient organization and retrieval of data, key algorithms for problems on graphs, and generic techniques for modeling, understanding, and solving algorithmic problems. The authors aim for a balance between simplicity and efficiency, between theory and practice, and between classical results and the forefront of research. Individual chapters cover arrays and linked lists, hash tables and associative arrays, sorting and selection, priority queues, sorted sequences, graph representation, graph traversal, shortest paths, minimum spanning trees, optimization, collective communication and computation, and load balancing. The authors also discuss important issues such as algorithm engineering, memory hierarchies, algorithm libraries, and certifying algorithms. Moving beyond the sequential algorithms and data structures of the earlier related title, this book takes into account the paradigm shift towards the parallel processing required to solve modern performance-critical applications and how this impacts on the teaching of algorithms. The book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and professionals familiar with programming and basic mathematical language. Most chapters have the same basic structure: the authors discuss a problem as it occurs in a real-life situation, they illustrate the most important applications, and then they introduce simple solutions as informally as possible and as formally as necessary so the reader really understands the issues at hand. As they move to more advanced and optional issues, their approach gradually leads to a more mathematical treatment, including theorems and proofs. The book includes many examples, pictures, informal explanations, and exercises, and the implementation notes introduce clean, efficient implementations in languages such as C++ and Java.

Using OpenMP

Author : Barbara Chapman
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262533022
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Using OpenMP by : Barbara Chapman

Download or read book Using OpenMP written by Barbara Chapman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2007-10-12 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of OpenMP, the standard application programming interface for shared memory parallel computing—a reference for students and professionals. "I hope that readers will learn to use the full expressibility and power of OpenMP. This book should provide an excellent introduction to beginners, and the performance section should help those with some experience who want to push OpenMP to its limits." —from the foreword by David J. Kuck, Intel Fellow, Software and Solutions Group, and Director, Parallel and Distributed Solutions, Intel Corporation OpenMP, a portable programming interface for shared memory parallel computers, was adopted as an informal standard in 1997 by computer scientists who wanted a unified model on which to base programs for shared memory systems. OpenMP is now used by many software developers; it offers significant advantages over both hand-threading and MPI. Using OpenMP offers a comprehensive introduction to parallel programming concepts and a detailed overview of OpenMP. Using OpenMP discusses hardware developments, describes where OpenMP is applicable, and compares OpenMP to other programming interfaces for shared and distributed memory parallel architectures. It introduces the individual features of OpenMP, provides many source code examples that demonstrate the use and functionality of the language constructs, and offers tips on writing an efficient OpenMP program. It describes how to use OpenMP in full-scale applications to achieve high performance on large-scale architectures, discussing several case studies in detail, and offers in-depth troubleshooting advice. It explains how OpenMP is translated into explicitly multithreaded code, providing a valuable behind-the-scenes account of OpenMP program performance. Finally, Using OpenMP considers trends likely to influence OpenMP development, offering a glimpse of the possibilities of a future OpenMP 3.0 from the vantage point of the current OpenMP 2.5. With multicore computer use increasing, the need for a comprehensive introduction and overview of the standard interface is clear. Using OpenMP provides an essential reference not only for students at both undergraduate and graduate levels but also for professionals who intend to parallelize existing codes or develop new parallel programs for shared memory computer architectures.

Introduction to Parallel Algorithms

Author : C. Xavier
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471251828
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (518 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Parallel Algorithms by : C. Xavier

Download or read book Introduction to Parallel Algorithms written by C. Xavier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1998-08-05 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel algorithms Made Easy The complexity of today's applications coupled with the widespread use of parallel computing has made the design and analysis of parallel algorithms topics of growing interest. This volume fills a need in the field for an introductory treatment of parallel algorithms-appropriate even at the undergraduate level, where no other textbooks on the subject exist. It features a systematic approach to the latest design techniques, providing analysis and implementation details for each parallel algorithm described in the book. Introduction to Parallel Algorithms covers foundations of parallel computing; parallel algorithms for trees and graphs; parallel algorithms for sorting, searching, and merging; and numerical algorithms. This remarkable book: * Presents basic concepts in clear and simple terms * Incorporates numerous examples to enhance students' understanding * Shows how to develop parallel algorithms for all classical problems in computer science, mathematics, and engineering * Employs extensive illustrations of new design techniques * Discusses parallel algorithms in the context of PRAM model * Includes end-of-chapter exercises and detailed references on parallel computing. This book enables universities to offer parallel algorithm courses at the senior undergraduate level in computer science and engineering. It is also an invaluable text/reference for graduate students, scientists, and engineers in computer science, mathematics, and engineering.

Design, Analysis, and Implementation of Parallel External Sorting Algorithms

Author : Dina Bitton Friedland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Design, Analysis, and Implementation of Parallel External Sorting Algorithms by : Dina Bitton Friedland

Download or read book Design, Analysis, and Implementation of Parallel External Sorting Algorithms written by Dina Bitton Friedland and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Parallel Programming Using C++

Author : Gregory V. Wilson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262731188
Total Pages : 796 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Programming Using C++ by : Gregory V. Wilson

Download or read book Parallel Programming Using C++ written by Gregory V. Wilson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1996-07-08 with total page 796 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Foreword by Bjarne Stroustrup Software is generally acknowledged to be the single greatest obstacle preventing mainstream adoption of massively-parallel computing. While sequential applications are routinely ported to platforms ranging from PCs to mainframes, most parallel programs only ever run on one type of machine. One reason for this is that most parallel programming systems have failed to insulate their users from the architectures of the machines on which they have run. Those that have been platform-independent have usually also had poor performance. Many researchers now believe that object-oriented languages may offer a solution. By hiding the architecture-specific constructs required for high performance inside platform-independent abstractions, parallel object-oriented programming systems may be able to combine the speed of massively-parallel computing with the comfort of sequential programming. Parallel Programming Using C++ describes fifteen parallel programming systems based on C++, the most popular object-oriented language of today. These systems cover the whole spectrum of parallel programming paradigms, from data parallelism through dataflow and distributed shared memory to message-passing control parallelism. For the parallel programming community, a common parallel application is discussed in each chapter, as part of the description of the system itself. By comparing the implementations of the polygon overlay problem in each system, the reader can get a better sense of their expressiveness and functionality for a common problem. For the systems community, the chapters contain a discussion of the implementation of the various compilers and runtime systems. In addition to discussing the performance of polygon overlay, several of the contributors also discuss the performance of other, more substantial, applications. For the research community, the contributors discuss the motivations for and philosophy of their systems. As well, many of the chapters include critiques that complete the research arc by pointing out possible future research directions. Finally, for the object-oriented community, there are many examples of how encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism can be used to control the complexity of developing, debugging, and tuning parallel software.

Parallel and High Performance Computing

Author : Robert Robey
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1638350388
Total Pages : 702 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (383 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel and High Performance Computing by : Robert Robey

Download or read book Parallel and High Performance Computing written by Robert Robey and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-08-24 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel and High Performance Computing offers techniques guaranteed to boost your code’s effectiveness. Summary Complex calculations, like training deep learning models or running large-scale simulations, can take an extremely long time. Efficient parallel programming can save hours—or even days—of computing time. Parallel and High Performance Computing shows you how to deliver faster run-times, greater scalability, and increased energy efficiency to your programs by mastering parallel techniques for multicore processor and GPU hardware. About the technology Write fast, powerful, energy efficient programs that scale to tackle huge volumes of data. Using parallel programming, your code spreads data processing tasks across multiple CPUs for radically better performance. With a little help, you can create software that maximizes both speed and efficiency. About the book Parallel and High Performance Computing offers techniques guaranteed to boost your code’s effectiveness. You’ll learn to evaluate hardware architectures and work with industry standard tools such as OpenMP and MPI. You’ll master the data structures and algorithms best suited for high performance computing and learn techniques that save energy on handheld devices. You’ll even run a massive tsunami simulation across a bank of GPUs. What's inside Planning a new parallel project Understanding differences in CPU and GPU architecture Addressing underperforming kernels and loops Managing applications with batch scheduling About the reader For experienced programmers proficient with a high-performance computing language like C, C++, or Fortran. About the author Robert Robey works at Los Alamos National Laboratory and has been active in the field of parallel computing for over 30 years. Yuliana Zamora is currently a PhD student and Siebel Scholar at the University of Chicago, and has lectured on programming modern hardware at numerous national conferences. Table of Contents PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO PARALLEL COMPUTING 1 Why parallel computing? 2 Planning for parallelization 3 Performance limits and profiling 4 Data design and performance models 5 Parallel algorithms and patterns PART 2 CPU: THE PARALLEL WORKHORSE 6 Vectorization: FLOPs for free 7 OpenMP that performs 8 MPI: The parallel backbone PART 3 GPUS: BUILT TO ACCELERATE 9 GPU architectures and concepts 10 GPU programming model 11 Directive-based GPU programming 12 GPU languages: Getting down to basics 13 GPU profiling and tools PART 4 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING ECOSYSTEMS 14 Affinity: Truce with the kernel 15 Batch schedulers: Bringing order to chaos 16 File operations for a parallel world 17 Tools and resources for better code

Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures

Author : Russ Miller
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262132336
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (323 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures by : Russ Miller

Download or read book Parallel Algorithms for Regular Architectures written by Russ Miller and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel-Algorithms for Regular Architectures is the first book to concentrate exclusively on algorithms and paradigms for programming parallel computers such as the hypercube, mesh, pyramid, and mesh-of-trees.

Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing

Author : Victor Eijkhout
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1257992546
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (579 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing by : Victor Eijkhout

Download or read book Introduction to High Performance Scientific Computing written by Victor Eijkhout and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2010 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a textbook that teaches the bridging topics between numerical analysis, parallel computing, code performance, large scale applications.

Designing Efficient Algorithms for Parallel Computers

Author : Michael Jay Quinn
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Designing Efficient Algorithms for Parallel Computers by : Michael Jay Quinn

Download or read book Designing Efficient Algorithms for Parallel Computers written by Michael Jay Quinn and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1987 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematics of Computing -- Parallelism.

Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing

Author : Sushil K Prasad
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 0128039388
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing by : Sushil K Prasad

Download or read book Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing written by Sushil K Prasad and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2015-09-16 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Topics in Parallel and Distributed Computing provides resources and guidance for those learning PDC as well as those teaching students new to the discipline. The pervasiveness of computing devices containing multicore CPUs and GPUs, including home and office PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, is making even common users dependent on parallel processing. Certainly, it is no longer sufficient for even basic programmers to acquire only the traditional sequential programming skills. The preceding trends point to the need for imparting a broad-based skill set in PDC technology. However, the rapid changes in computing hardware platforms and devices, languages, supporting programming environments, and research advances, poses a challenge both for newcomers and seasoned computer scientists. This edited collection has been developed over the past several years in conjunction with the IEEE technical committee on parallel processing (TCPP), which held several workshops and discussions on learning parallel computing and integrating parallel concepts into courses throughout computer science curricula. - Contributed and developed by the leading minds in parallel computing research and instruction - Provides resources and guidance for those learning PDC as well as those teaching students new to the discipline - Succinctly addresses a range of parallel and distributed computing topics - Pedagogically designed to ensure understanding by experienced engineers and newcomers - Developed over the past several years in conjunction with the IEEE technical committee on parallel processing (TCPP), which held several workshops and discussions on learning parallel computing and integrating parallel concepts

Learning with Kernels

Author : Bernhard Scholkopf
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262536579
Total Pages : 645 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Learning with Kernels by : Bernhard Scholkopf

Download or read book Learning with Kernels written by Bernhard Scholkopf and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-06-05 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to Support Vector Machines and related kernel methods. In the 1990s, a new type of learning algorithm was developed, based on results from statistical learning theory: the Support Vector Machine (SVM). This gave rise to a new class of theoretically elegant learning machines that use a central concept of SVMs—-kernels—for a number of learning tasks. Kernel machines provide a modular framework that can be adapted to different tasks and domains by the choice of the kernel function and the base algorithm. They are replacing neural networks in a variety of fields, including engineering, information retrieval, and bioinformatics. Learning with Kernels provides an introduction to SVMs and related kernel methods. Although the book begins with the basics, it also includes the latest research. It provides all of the concepts necessary to enable a reader equipped with some basic mathematical knowledge to enter the world of machine learning using theoretically well-founded yet easy-to-use kernel algorithms and to understand and apply the powerful algorithms that have been developed over the last few years.

Programming Massively Parallel Processors

Author : Wen-mei W. Hwu
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 0323984630
Total Pages : 581 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Programming Massively Parallel Processors by : Wen-mei W. Hwu

Download or read book Programming Massively Parallel Processors written by Wen-mei W. Hwu and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2022-05-28 with total page 581 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach shows both students and professionals alike the basic concepts of parallel programming and GPU architecture. Concise, intuitive, and practical, it is based on years of road-testing in the authors' own parallel computing courses. Various techniques for constructing and optimizing parallel programs are explored in detail, while case studies demonstrate the development process, which begins with computational thinking and ends with effective and efficient parallel programs. The new edition includes updated coverage of CUDA, including the newer libraries such as CuDNN. New chapters on frequently used parallel patterns have been added, and case studies have been updated to reflect current industry practices. - Parallel Patterns Introduces new chapters on frequently used parallel patterns (stencil, reduction, sorting) and major improvements to previous chapters (convolution, histogram, sparse matrices, graph traversal, deep learning) - Ampere Includes a new chapter focused on GPU architecture and draws examples from recent architecture generations, including Ampere - Systematic Approach Incorporates major improvements to abstract discussions of problem decomposition strategies and performance considerations, with a new optimization checklist

Introduction to Parallel Processing

Author : Behrooz Parhami
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306469642
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Parallel Processing by : Behrooz Parhami

Download or read book Introduction to Parallel Processing written by Behrooz Parhami and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE CONTEXT OF PARALLEL PROCESSING The field of digital computer architecture has grown explosively in the past two decades. Through a steady stream of experimental research, tool-building efforts, and theoretical studies, the design of an instruction-set architecture, once considered an art, has been transformed into one of the most quantitative branches of computer technology. At the same time, better understanding of various forms of concurrency, from standard pipelining to massive parallelism, and invention of architectural structures to support a reasonably efficient and user-friendly programming model for such systems, has allowed hardware performance to continue its exponential growth. This trend is expected to continue in the near future. This explosive growth, linked with the expectation that performance will continue its exponential rise with each new generation of hardware and that (in stark contrast to software) computer hardware will function correctly as soon as it comes off the assembly line, has its down side. It has led to unprecedented hardware complexity and almost intolerable dev- opment costs. The challenge facing current and future computer designers is to institute simplicity where we now have complexity; to use fundamental theories being developed in this area to gain performance and ease-of-use benefits from simpler circuits; to understand the interplay between technological capabilities and limitations, on the one hand, and design decisions based on user and application requirements on the other.

Computer Architecture

Author : John L. Hennessy
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080475027
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Computer Architecture by : John L. Hennessy

Download or read book Computer Architecture written by John L. Hennessy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-11-03 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The era of seemingly unlimited growth in processor performance is over: single chip architectures can no longer overcome the performance limitations imposed by the power they consume and the heat they generate. Today, Intel and other semiconductor firms are abandoning the single fast processor model in favor of multi-core microprocessors--chips that combine two or more processors in a single package. In the fourth edition of Computer Architecture, the authors focus on this historic shift, increasing their coverage of multiprocessors and exploring the most effective ways of achieving parallelism as the key to unlocking the power of multiple processor architectures. Additionally, the new edition has expanded and updated coverage of design topics beyond processor performance, including power, reliability, availability, and dependability. CD System Requirements PDF Viewer The CD material includes PDF documents that you can read with a PDF viewer such as Adobe, Acrobat or Adobe Reader. Recent versions of Adobe Reader for some platforms are included on the CD. HTML Browser The navigation framework on this CD is delivered in HTML and JavaScript. It is recommended that you install the latest version of your favorite HTML browser to view this CD. The content has been verified under Windows XP with the following browsers: Internet Explorer 6.0, Firefox 1.5; under Mac OS X (Panther) with the following browsers: Internet Explorer 5.2, Firefox 1.0.6, Safari 1.3; and under Mandriva Linux 2006 with the following browsers: Firefox 1.0.6, Konqueror 3.4.2, Mozilla 1.7.11. The content is designed to be viewed in a browser window that is at least 720 pixels wide. You may find the content does not display well if your display is not set to at least 1024x768 pixel resolution. Operating System This CD can be used under any operating system that includes an HTML browser and a PDF viewer. This includes Windows, Mac OS, and most Linux and Unix systems. Increased coverage on achieving parallelism with multiprocessors. Case studies of latest technology from industry including the Sun Niagara Multiprocessor, AMD Opteron, and Pentium 4. Three review appendices, included in the printed volume, review the basic and intermediate principles the main text relies upon. Eight reference appendices, collected on the CD, cover a range of topics including specific architectures, embedded systems, application specific processors--some guest authored by subject experts.

Parallel Computer Architectures

Author : Arndt Bode
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662215772
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (622 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Parallel Computer Architectures by : Arndt Bode

Download or read book Parallel Computer Architectures written by Arndt Bode and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-12-11 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parallel computer architectures are now going to real applications! This fact is demonstrated by the large number of application areas covered in this book (see section on applications of parallel computer architectures). The applications range from image analysis to quantum mechanics and data bases. Still, the use of parallel architectures poses serious problems and requires the development of new techniques and tools. This book is a collection of best papers presented at the first workshop on two major research activities at the Universitiit Erlangen-Niirnberg and Technis che Universitiit Miinchen. At both universities, more than 100 researchers are working in the field of multiprocessor systems and network configurations and methods and tools for parallel systems. Indeed, the German Science Founda tion (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) has been sponsoring the projects under grant numbers SFB 182 and SFB 342. Research grants in the form of a Sonder forschungsbereich are given to selected German Universities in portions of three years following a thoroughful reviewing process. The overall duration of such a research grant is restricted to 12 years. The initiative at Erlangen-Niirnberg was started in 1987 and has been headed since this time by Prof. Dr. H. Wedekind. Work at TU-Miinchen began in 1990, head of this initiative is Prof. Dr. A. Bode. The authors of this book are grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for its continuing support in the field of research on parallel processing. The first section of the book is devoted to hardware aspects of parallel systems.