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Impacts Of Reducing Dietary Crude Protein With Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation On Lactating Sow Performance Nitrogen Utilization And Heat Production
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Book Synopsis Impacts of Reducing Dietary Crude Protein with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Heat Production by : David Paul Chamberlin
Download or read book Impacts of Reducing Dietary Crude Protein with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance, Nitrogen Utilization and Heat Production written by David Paul Chamberlin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Dietary Amino Acid Balance on Nitrogen and Lysine Utilization in Lactating Sows by : Lee-Anne Huber
Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Amino Acid Balance on Nitrogen and Lysine Utilization in Lactating Sows written by Lee-Anne Huber and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and increasing crystalline amino acid (CAA) supplementation, in order to maintain constant daily intakes of Lys and other key amino acids (AA), improves dietary AA balance. The effect of improved dietary AA balance on lactation performance, nitrogen (N) and AA utilization efficiency, and AA fates must be determined for precise lactating sow diet formulation and to meet specific production objectives. Performance, N balance, mammary biopsy, and isotope tracer studies were conducted to determine the effects of improving dietary AA balance on sow and litter lactation performance, N and Lys utilization efficiencies for milk production, mRNA abundance of mammary AA (Lys) transporters, and the partitioning of dietary AA between maternal and milk protein pools. Litter growth rates and milk protein production increased with improved AA balance, at the expense of maternal N retention, particularly in peak lactation. At identical Lys intakes, there was minimal improvement in Lys utilization efficiency for milk production with improved dietary AA balance, and there were no corresponding changes in the expression of mRNA for several Lys transporters within the mammary gland. Whole-body protein turnover and tissue-specific fractional rates of protein synthesis were not influenced by dietary AA balance. Feeding lactating sows reduced CP diets with increased inclusion of CAA, to improve AA balance and to meet the requirements of limiting AA, is a feasible way to improve the utilization of N and AA for milk protein production and decrease N losses to the environment, without negatively impacting sow and litter lactation performance. Amino acid and N requirements differ from those estimated by the NRC (2012) model and among genotypes and parity of sows. The utilization efficiencies of N and AA may change across a lactation period. All of these factors should be considered when planning future research and formulating lactating sow diets.
Book Synopsis Impact of a Near Ideal Amino Acid Profile on the Efficiency of Nitrogen and Energy Utilization in Lactating Sows by : Sai Zhang
Download or read book Impact of a Near Ideal Amino Acid Profile on the Efficiency of Nitrogen and Energy Utilization in Lactating Sows written by Sai Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving dietary amino acid (AA) and energy efficiency in lactating sows is a potential nutritional approach to mitigate impacts of swine production on the environment. In addition, greater metabolic rate during lactation renders sows prone to heat stress (HS), therefore strategies to lessen metabolic heat production will improve sow welfare in particular given the foreseeable increase in global warming. The main hypothesis of this dissertation was that feeding a reduced protein diet with near ideal AA profile (NIAA) and a leucine:lysine of 1.14 improves the dietary essential AA (EAA) and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation, compared to feeding diets containing leucine:lysine of 1.63. To test the hypothesis, three diets were formulated iso-calorically (2,580 kcal/kg net energy), including 1) control diet with a 1.63 leucine:lysine (CON; 18.75% CP), 2) reduced CP diet with 1.14 leucine:lysine referred to as optimal (OPT; 13.75% CP) and formulated to contain a NIAA by supplementation with the limiting AA in their crystalline form to meet their minimum requirements (i.e., L-Lysine (Lys), L-Valine (Val), L-Threonine (Thr), L-Phenylalanine (Phe), DL-Methionine (Met), L-Isoleucine (Ile), L-Histidine (His), and L-Tryptophan (Trp); and 3) OPT diet with L-Leucine (Leu) supplementation to achieve CON Leu:Lys of 1.63 (OPTLEU; 14.25% CP). The overall objective was to determine the efficiency of individual EAA and energy for lactation in sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU, and quantify the metabolic heat production of lactating sows fed CON and OPT. Three studies were conducted to address the following aims: 1) to estimate maximal biological efficiency value (MBEV) of EAA in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets; 2) to estimate dietary energetic efficiency, energy partitioning and heat production in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets; and 3) to measure heat production in lactating sows fed CON and OPT diets and exposed to thermal neutral and HS environments. The first study showed that feeding OPT diet improved utilization efficiency of nitrogen (N) (79.1%), arginine (61.1%), His (78.3%), Ile (65.4%), Leu (75.1%), Met + Cys (78.2%), Phe (53.4%), Phe + Tyr (69.5%) and Trp (70.1%) and maximized the efficiency of Lys (63.2%), Met (67.9%), Thr (71.0%) and Val (57.0%) for milk production over a 21-day lactation period. Leucine reduced Met utilization but did not affect that of N and other EAA. The second experiment demonstrated that feeding OPT led to greater energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss, and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization. A Leu:Lys of 1.63 compared to 1.14 reduced dietary energy utilization for lactation by directing dietary energy away from the mammary gland and towards maternal pool, in part explaining the efficacy of a NIAA diet over CON. Sows fed OPT diet produced less metabolic heat and had lower body temperature when exposed to HS conditions compared to CON fed sows. In conclusion, feeding a diet with NIAA profile containing Leu:Lys of 1.14 improves dietary EAA and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation compared to feeding a diet with Leu:Lys of 1.63 and meeting SID Lys requirement with feed ingredients as the sole source of Lys. This improvement is in part due to a lower dietary Leu:Lys. Feeding lactating sows with reduced CP diets with crystalline AA supplementation to attain NIAA profile is a feasible strategy to improve efficiency of N and energy utilization, and to mitigate the impacts of HS on lactating sows and of swine production on the environment.
Book Synopsis Reducing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration by : Emily Rae-Dianne Otto
Download or read book Reducing Dietary Crude Protein Concentration written by Emily Rae-Dianne Otto and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sustainable Swine Nutrition by : Lee I. Chiba
Download or read book Sustainable Swine Nutrition written by Lee I. Chiba and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Swine Nutrition As climate change continues to have a significant impact on the modern world, it is crucial to find alternative sources of energy and nutrients for swine production. The development of optimal feeding revolves around a multitude of considerations—genetic variations in the pig, variability, availability, and stability of nutrients in feed ingredients, interactions among nutrients and non-nutritive factors, voluntary feed intake, physical (& social) environment of pigs, and more. Establishing the ideal network of factors will only grow in importance as humans assess the methods for our own food networks. Sustainable Swine Nutrition is a comprehensive book on swine nutrition, covering some fundamental aspects of nutrition—namely digestive physiology, water, protein or amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, energy metabolism, vitamins, minerals, and nutrition and immunology. Providing the most up-to-date information on each of these areas, a major emphasis of this second edition is on recent developments and current advances in the field, with a focus on pertinent issues linked with energy and nutrients. In doing so, the book highlights topics and issues that can contribute to the ultimate goal of successful and sustainable swine production. Sustainable Swine Nutrition readers will also find: Environmentally friendly, optimal feeding strategies for successful and sustainable swine production Recent developments, such as alternative feedstuffs, feed additives, and bioavailability Expanded treatment and new chapters on swine physiology, energy and protein, technology, and more Sustainable Swine Nutrition, Second Edition, is an ideal resource for livestock scientists and industry professionals involved in all aspects of pork production.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Supplementing Low Crude Protein Diets with Crystalline Amino Acids on Growth Performance and Skin Collagen Abundance of Nursery Pigs by : Kayla Silva
Download or read book The Effect of Supplementing Low Crude Protein Diets with Crystalline Amino Acids on Growth Performance and Skin Collagen Abundance of Nursery Pigs written by Kayla Silva and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAA) in swine production reduces nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment, and reduces the concentration of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and N, potentially limiting growth and important metabolic processes. Therefore, this thesis investigates whether supplementing NEAA glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser) to a low-CP diet will improve growth performance, and skin collagen abundance, and to determine if additional threonine (Thr) supplementation will spare Gly and Ser. Glycine and Ser supplemented diets had similar skin collagen abundance to CON while glutamate (Glu) diets resulted in lower collagen abundance and growth performance. Pigs fed low-CP diets supplemented with Thr had lower performance, but supplementation with 2.8 x Thr rescued collagen abundance in experiment two. Skin collagen abundance and processes beyond protein retention, have unknown implications for long-term productivity of pigs, therefore when feeding low CP diets supplementation with specific NEAA may be warranted.
Download or read book Histidine written by Fabio Giallongo and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three experiments were conducted (1) to evaluate the effects of supplementing a reduced-protein diet with a ruminally available source of N and rumen-protected (RP) limiting AA on performance of lactating cows; (2) to determine the specific effects of His supplementation on lactation performance of dairy cows fed a reduced-protein diet; and (3) to investigate the effects of feeding a His-deficient diet on lactational performance and the endogenous His-reserves of dairy cows. The objective for the first study was to investigate the effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected Met (RPMet) and rumen-protected His (RPHis) supplementation of a reduced-protein diet [deficient in metabolizable protein (MP), according to the National Research Council (NRC, 2001)] on lactation performance of dairy cows. We hypothesized that slow-release urea supplementation would alleviate the previously observed negative effect of lower ruminal N availability on total-tract fiber digestibility. We also hypothesized that supplementation of RPMet and specifically RPHis may increase dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk protein yield (MPY). Sixty lactating Holstein cows were used in a 10-wk randomized complete block-design trial. Cows were fed a covariate diet for 2 wk (i.e., baseline period during which all cows are fed the same diet) and then assigned to one of the following treatments: MP-adequate diet (AMP), MP-deficient diet (DMP), DMP supplemented with slow-release urea (DMPU), DMPU supplemented with RPMet (DMPUM), and DMPUM supplemented with RPHis (DMPUMH). The DMP diet did not affect DMI, yields of milk, and milk components, despite a reduction in nutrient digestibility, compared to AMP. Urinary N and urea-N excretions were decreased by DMP, compared to AMP. Cows fed DMP had higher plasma concentration of 3-methylhistidine and gained less body weight (BW) compared to AMP and cows fed DMPU, DMPUM, and DMPUMH. Addition of slow-release urea to the DMP diet increased urinary urea-N excretion. Supplementation of RPMet increased plasma Met concentration but had no effect on milk production or composition. The DMPUMH increased DMI, milk true protein concentration and yield, and decreased milk fat concentration, compared to DMPUM. These results were in line with a previous study from A. N. Hristovs laboratory and suggested that His may have a positive effect on feed intake and milk production and composition in dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the effects of supplementing a reduced-protein diet [deficient in MP, based on NRC (2001)] with RPMet, rumen-protected Lys (RPLys), and RPHis, individually or combined, on the performance of lactating dairy cows. We hypothesized that supplementation of (1) RPHis may improve DMI, milk yield, and MPY; (2) RPMet, RPLys, or both may increase milk protein content and MPY; and (3) a combination of the 3 RPAA (Met, Lys, His) may further increase milk yield and MPY. The experiment was a 9-wk randomized complete block design with 72 Holstein cows. Following a 2-wk covariate period, cows were assigned to 1 of the following 6 treatments: MP-adequate diet (MPA), MP-deficient diet (MPD), MPD supplemented with RPMet (MPDM); (4) MPD supplemented with RPLys (MPDL); (5) MPD supplemented with RPHis (MPDH); and (6) MPD supplemented with RPMet, RPLys, and RPHis (MPDMLH). The MPD diet decreased DMI, yields of milk and milk components (fat, protein, lactose), energy-corrected milk (ECM), and feed efficiency, compared to MPA. Cows fed MPD had lower milk and plasma urea N and higher milk N efficiency compared to cows fed MPA. Supplementation of MPD with RPLys increased milk protein content. Addition of RPHis increased DMI and milk protein concentration. Supplementation of the 3 RPAA increased yields of milk fat, protein, and ECM and ECM feed efficiency. Cows fed MPD had lower blood hemoglobin (Hb) concentration than cows fed MPA. Overall, data from this study confirmed our previous findings and suggested that His stimulates DMI and the combination of the 3 RPAA (Met, Lys, and His) has the potential to improve milk and milk component yields in dairy cows fed MP-deficient diets.The objective of the third experiment was to investigate the effects of feeding a His-deficient diet on lactational performance and the endogenous His-reserves of dairy cows. We hypothesized that feeding a His-deficient diet may decrease DMI, yields of milk and/or milk components, BW gain, N efficiency, and the endogenous His-reserves (i.e., blood Hb and muscle His-dipeptides). Supplementation of the His-deficient diet with RPHis may alleviate these effects in dairy cows. The study was a 10-wk randomized complete block design with 24 Holstein cows. After a 2-wk covariate period, cows were assigned to a His-adequate diet (HAD) and His-deficient diet (HDD). At the end of the 10-wk experiment, HDD was supplemented with RPHis for an additional 9 d. The HDD diet decreased DMI, yields of milk, protein and lactose, ECM, and milk and plasma urea N, compared to HAD. Total-tract apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, and excretion of urinary N and urea N were decreased by HDD, compared to HAD. Concentrations of muscle His, plasma His and blood Hb were decreased by HDD compared to HAD, suggesting a supply of His from the endogenous reserves. The 9-d supplementation of HDD with RPHis increased DMI and ECM yield, compared to HDD. These results confirmed the findings of the two previous experiments that low dietary His supply impair DMI and yields of milk and milk protein in dairy cows. Supplementation of such diets with RPHis has the potential to reverse these effects.
Book Synopsis The gestating and lactating sow by : Chantal Farmer
Download or read book The gestating and lactating sow written by Chantal Farmer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last book on the lactating sow was published over 15 years ago. This new book brings us up to date in current knowledge on the gestating and lactating sow. It covers new and important topics such as conditioning of gilts for optimal reproductive performance, feeding high fibre diets to gestating sows and providing various fat sources in gestation and lactation. It also describes the several key success factors to group-housing systems in gestation, which is a must due to the current move towards group-housing. The new concept of transition feeding for sows is discussed, as well as the factors involved in mammary development of gilts and sows, both of which are instrumental for maximum colostrum and/or milk yields. The impact of the human-animal interactions on sow welfare and performance is discussed with focus on new handling practices that could be developed to overbalance the negative interactions inherent to pig management systems. Updates on must-have topics, such as amino acid and energy requirements of sows, colostrum and milk yield and composition, and sow health are also provided. The subjects covered in this book will assist animal scientists, nutritionists, veterinarians and swine producers in learning the most recent information on relevant and current topics affecting sow production, and in knowing which areas are in need of further research efforts.
Book Synopsis Effects of Essential Fatty Acids and Branched-chain Amino Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance by : Julia Perrine Holen
Download or read book Effects of Essential Fatty Acids and Branched-chain Amino Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance written by Julia Perrine Holen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation is comprised of 5 chapters consisting of a review of literature on branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in lactation diets, a meta-regression analysis to evaluate the effects of BCAA on sow and litter growth performance, evaluation of the effects of essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactating sow diets on sow reproductive performance, colostrum and milk composition, and piglet survivability, supplementation of fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow performance and EFA status, and the effects of increasing soybean meal in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. Chapter 1 presents a review of the literature on the effects of BCAA on sow mammary gland metabolism, colostrum and milk composition, and sow and litter performance. Chapter 2 describes a meta-regression analysis conducted to evaluate the effects of BCAA and their interactions in lactating sow diets to predict litter growth performance, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake. The results suggest that Ile, Leu, and Val play an important role in litter growth, sow bodyweight change, and sow feed intake during lactation; however, the influence of BCAA on these criteria is much smaller than that of other dietary components such as net energy, SID Lys, sow average daily feed intake, and crude protein. In Chapter 3, mixed-parity sows and their litters were used to evaluate the effects of EFA intake on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. Overall, sows consuming high EFA produced litters with heavier piglet weaning weights and greater litter average daily gain (ADG) when compared to litters from sows fed diets with low EFA. However, there was no impact of sow EFA intake on piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. Chapter 4 describes a study evaluating the effects of supplemental fat sources and pre-farrow EFA intake on lactating sow and litter performance and EFA composition of colostrum, milk, and adipose tissue. The results suggest that providing dietary fat sources with high concentrations of EFA can increase colostrum linoleic acid and [alpha]-linolenic acid concentrations that are maintained throughout lactation. However, the changes in colostrum and milk composition did not alter litter growth performance in this experiment. Lastly, Chapter 5 presents three experiments that were conducted to determine the effects of increasing soybean meal levels in replacement of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs raised in commercial facilities. The combined results of the three experiments suggest that inclusion at least 4 to 8% dietary SBM at the expense of feed-grade amino acids in corn-based diets with or without grain co-products can improve growth performance of late-finishing pigs.
Book Synopsis Effect of Reducing Dietary Protein Level and Adding Amino Acids on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Nitrogen Excretion of Finishing Pigs by : Haijun Liu
Download or read book Effect of Reducing Dietary Protein Level and Adding Amino Acids on Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Nitrogen Excretion of Finishing Pigs written by Haijun Liu and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A total of eight experiments utilizing 572 finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effect of reducing dietary protein level and adding amino acids on pig performance, carcass characteristics, and N excretion. The valine requirement of early-finishing (50 to 80 kg) barrows and the effect of adding isoleucine (Ile) and valine (Val) in amino acids fortified low-protein diets on finishing pig performance were also evaluated. In the first experiment (Exp. 1 of Chapter II), it was determined that the CP level in the diet for early-finishing (50 to 80 kg) gilts can be reduced up to four percentage units by adding Lys, Thr, Trp, and Met, with no detrimental effect on pig performance or carcass characteristics. The second study (Exp. 2 of Chapter II) indicates that Ile and/or Val may be limiting in a four-percentage-unit-protein-reduced diet for late-finishing (80 to 120 kg) gilts. The third experiment (Exp. 1 of Chapter III) indicates that the true digestible Lys requirement of early-finishing PIC barrows is not higher than 0.70%. In the fourth experiment (Exp. 2 of Chapter III), it was demonstrated that dietary protein level for early-finishing PIC barrows can be reduced up to five percentage units by adding Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, and Ile, with no detrimental effect on pig performance or carcass characteristics. Valine was not limiting in a 10.49% CP diet for early-finishing PIC barrows with ADFI of 3.1 kg/d, and the true digestible Val requirement of early-finishing PIC barrows gaining 1.0 kg/d, was not greater than 11.4 g/d. In the fifth experiment (Exp. 3 of Chapter III), we found that decreasing dietary protein level by 4.81 percentage units and adding amino acids to the diet reduced N excretion of early-finishing barrows by 40.6%. In the sixth experiment (Exp. 4 of Chapter III), it was determined that the dietary protein level for early-finishing barrows can be reduced up to four percentage units by adding Lys, Thr, Trp, and Met, with no detrimental effects on pig performance or carcass characteristics, and reducing dietary protein level by four percentage units can reduce N excretion by 38.4%. In the seventh experiment (Exp. 1 of Chapter IV), it was determined that late-finishing barrows fed an amino acid (Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Ile, and Val) fortified corn diet (7.92% CP) have similar performance and carcass characteristics as pigs fed a corn-soybean meal control 12.50% CP diet. Deleting Ile or Val in an amino acids fortified corn diet may decrease pig performance. In the eighth experiment (Exp. 2 of Chapter IV), it was determined that late-finishing gilts fed an amino acid (Lys, Thr, Trp, Met, Ile, and Val) fortified corn diet (9.55% CP) have similar performance and carcass characteristics as pigs fed a corn-soybean meal control 15.17% CP diet. Decreasing dietary CP level from 15.17 to 9.55% decreases N excretion of late-finishing pigs by 48.28%. Deleting Ile or Val in an amino acid fortified corn diet may decrease pig performance. In summary, finishing pigs fed a low protein diet properly fortified with crystalline amino acids can have similar performance and carcass characteristics as pig fed typical protein level corn-soybean meal control diets, and N excretion will be greatly reduced.
Book Synopsis Protein and Amino Acid Studies by : Glen Allen Broderick
Download or read book Protein and Amino Acid Studies written by Glen Allen Broderick and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Amino Acid Supplementation of Reduced Crude Protein (RCP) Diets on the Performance and Carcass Quality of Growing-finishing Swine by : Ashley Nicole Young
Download or read book Effects of Amino Acid Supplementation of Reduced Crude Protein (RCP) Diets on the Performance and Carcass Quality of Growing-finishing Swine written by Ashley Nicole Young and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Barrows and gilts (215/gender) were used to test the effects of synthetic AA supplementation of reduced CP diets on the growth performance and quality characteristics of the LM and the fatty acid composition of the LM and s.c. jowl fat from growing-finishing swine. Pigs were blocked by BW within gender, and allocated randomly to pens (6 pigs/pen) which were then assigned randomly within each block and gender to either corn-SBM diets 1) that were devoid of synthetic lysine (Ctrl); 2) with reduced CP diets where lysine was added to all diets (RCP1); 3) with reduced CP where lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were added to all diets (RCP2); 4) with where lysine, threonine, and tryptophan were added to all diets (RCP3); or 5) with reduced CP diets where lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and isoleucine was added to all diets (RCP4). During finisher phase 3, 10 mg/kg of ractopamine was included in all diets. A subsample of whole pork loins was processed into chops for data collection. Another subsample from the whole pork loin and the s.c. fat from each jowl was freeze dried for fatty acid determination. Gilts had a greater (P = 0.02) (lightness) L* value and drip loss than barrows, but the ultimate pH, marbling, and intramuscular fat (IMF) of the LM were greater (P 0.04) for barrows than gilts. Color measurements were not affected (P 0.06) by the RCP diets, with the exception of redness (a*) which increased (P = 0.01) with decreasing CP levels. There were greater (P
Book Synopsis The Effect of Abomasal Infusion of Histidine and Proline on Milk Composition and Mammary Amino Acid Utilization in High Producing Lactating Dairy Cows by : Megan Wiles Hofherr
Download or read book The Effect of Abomasal Infusion of Histidine and Proline on Milk Composition and Mammary Amino Acid Utilization in High Producing Lactating Dairy Cows written by Megan Wiles Hofherr and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high cost of feed and increasing necessity to reduce nitrogen (N) waste in dairy production systems has driven research in the area of improving milk protein synthesis and overall efficiency of N utilization in lactating dairy cows. One strategy that has been investigated is reducing the total crude protein (CP) level of the diet while supplementing the ration with limiting amino acids (AA) for milk production. However, currently there is not enough information on the effects of increasing absorptive supply of certain individual AA on productive performance and mammary metabolism in high producing lactating dairy cows. Specifically, histidine (His) has been shown to be a limiting amino acid in grass fed lactating dairy cows and to alter fat secretion under certain conditions. In one published study in which the nonessential AA proline (Pro) was infused into the duodenum of two cows, a significant increase in milk protein output and a reduction in arginine (Arg) uptake by the mammary gland were observed. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of abomasal infusion of His and Pro, separately and in combination, on productive performance and mammary amino acid utilization in high producing lactating dairy cows. Four rumen-fistulated Holstein cows (52 [PLUS OR MINUS]16 DIM) with indwelling intercostal arterial catheters were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Experimental treatments were continuous abomasal infusion of water (Control), His (H, 10g/d), Pro (P, 20 g/d), and His (10 g/d) + Pro (20 g/d)(H+P), with 7-d treatment periods. Cows were fed a TMR (15.6 % CP, 2.7 Mcals/kg ME) once per day for ad libitum intake, and refusals were measured and analyzed. The CNCPS v6.1 was used to formulate a diet to exceed the metabolizable energy requirement, provide 95% of the predicted metabolizable protein requirement, and supply adequate amounts of all essential amino acids, except Arg. Compared to the Control treatment, abomasal infusion of Pro decreased dry matter intake (DMI) by 1.8 kg/d and improved feed efficiency (P [LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO] 0.05) by 0.16 kg 3.5% FCM per kg dry matter. Fat corrected milk (FCM) yields were not affected by treatment (51.8 kg/d, TRT C; 50.6 kg/d, TRT H; 49.0 kg/d TRT H+P; 52.4 kg/d TRT P). Abomasal infusion of His resulted in no difference in milk yield or composition, and there was no effect of Pro infusion on protein and fat contents and yields. Pro infusion increased lactose percentage (P [LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO] 0.05) but not yield. The lactose response suggests that longer infusions might have resulted in increased milk yield. Mammary blood flow, expressed as L plasma/L milk, was not significantly different among treatments; though, Pro infusion increased blood flow by 14% relative to the control treatment (694.8 vs. 606.8 L plasma/L milk for P and C, respectively). Arterial concentration of His tended to be higher for His infusion than for both water and Pro infusions. The AV differences for all EAA were not affected by AA infusion; however, AV differences for Asp, Cys, Glu, and Cit were numerically lowest for Pro infusion, with no changes for other NEAA. Compared to the Control infusion, His infusion decreased extraction efficiency of His by the mammary gland. Although the P treatment did not significantly affect arterial concentration, AV difference, or extraction rate of Pro or Arg when compared to values for the control, it appears that Pro infusion tended to alter extraction efficiency and mammary uptake of Cit and Val. Results of this experiment suggest that His does not limit milk production or milk protein synthesis in high producing lactating dairy cows fed corn silage based rations. Lactation performance and feed efficiency were not improved by abomasal infusion of His and Pro, simultaneously. Unlike results of other studies, increased absorptive supply of both His and Pro did not increase milk protein synthesis in this experiment. Further, abomasal infusion of Pro did not reduce Arg uptake by the mammary gland, which is not consistent with other experiments in which Pro was infused postruminally in lactating cows and goats. However, this work does suggest that postruminal supplementation of Pro might improve feed efficiency and alter milk fat secretion in high producing dairy cows in early lactation.
Book Synopsis Protein Nutrition in Dairy Cows by : Paulina Letelier
Download or read book Protein Nutrition in Dairy Cows written by Paulina Letelier and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The release of N into the environment is having a severe negative impact in the ecosystems and human health. The dairy industry is under pressure to improve the N utilization and reduce the N losses to the environment. This work comprises 1 meta-analysis, and 2 cow experiments that aimed to study the effect of protein nutrition, amino acids (AA), and sampling methodologies on cow performance, and N utilization responses of lactating dairy cows. The meta-analysis was conducted to determine the association of plasma essential AA (EAA) profile with cow performance and plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). A hierarchical clustering revealed 2 plasma EAA clusters. Cows in cluster 1 had lower proportion of Leu and Val and greater proportion of Phe, Lys, Ile and Thr in total plasma EAA, greater milk, protein and fat yield and numerically lower PUN than cows in cluster 2. Our findings suggested the existence of an association between the plasma EAA profile and productive performance. The first cow experiment evaluated three protocols to determine urinary urea-N (UUN) excretion, the end-product of N metabolism in dairy cows. Urinary urea-N excretion was lower when determined by spot sampling compared to bladder catheterization or via an external collection cup device. Urinary urea-N and creatinine concentration were greater for spot sampling than for bladder catheterization. Urine specific gravity explained 66.5, 73.2, and 32.1% of the variation in urine output for bladder catheterization, collection cup and spot sampling, respectively. Increasing salt in the diet tended to increase urine output, decrease urinary urea concentration as well as milk protein concentration and yield. Finally, the last cow experiment evaluated production performance of dairy cows when fed 4 levels of dietary crude protein (CP) at different stages of lactation. Milk energy output was influenced by the interaction between dietary CP and stage of lactation. At 180 days in milk, feeding diets with more than 16.3% up to 17.4% CP marginally increased milk energy output from 31.5 to 32.6 Mcal/d. At 270 days in milk, the predicted responses of milk energy output to dietary CP decreased, resulting in a marginal improvement (24.5 vs. 25.8 Mcal/d) when cows were fed diet with more than 15.6% up to 16.9% CP. Nitrogen use efficiency linearly decreased with increasing levels of dietary CP.
Book Synopsis Effects of Supplementing Crystalline L-valine and L-isoleucine and a Novel Threonine Biomass in Reduced Crude Protein Diets Fed to Broilers by : Derrell Trevor Lee
Download or read book Effects of Supplementing Crystalline L-valine and L-isoleucine and a Novel Threonine Biomass in Reduced Crude Protein Diets Fed to Broilers written by Derrell Trevor Lee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poultry nutritionists continue to identify methods to lower feed price without compromising broiler growth performance, processing yields, or animal well-being. A common approach is to reduce dietary crude protein (CP), the second most expensive component in a broiler diet. Subsequently, reducing CP will reduce the inclusion levels of intact protein sources (e.g., soybean meal [SBM]), which can be accomplished by supplementing individual amino acids (AA). This methodology not only reduces diet cost, pending if feed-grade AA are more economical, but can contribute to improving broiler health and environmental sustainability. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to evaluate individual feed-grade AA in commercial reduced CP diets fed to broilers from 0 to 48 d. In experiment 1, L-Val and L-Ile were supplemented in addition to L-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr to further reduce dietary CP in corn and SBM-based diets. Peanut meal or animal protein blend was used to replace partial amounts of SBM. Results confirmed that broilers maintained performance when fed reduced CP diets, independent of diet composition. Furthermore, broilers fed L-Val and L-Ile had increased breast meat yield and lower nitrogen excretion. The partial replacement of SBM with animal protein blend alleviated footpad dermatitis, whereas feed-grade L-Val and L-Ile did not. In experiment 2, L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Arg were supplemented after the additions of L-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr to further reduce dietary CP. One experimental diet was devoid of supplemental Thr to demonstrate the necessity of maintaining digestible Thr levels. For two experimental diets, a novel, alternative Thr biomass was used in place of a traditional crystalline L-Thr as a Thr source in reduced CP diets. The Thr biomass not only supplied Thr but energy and other nutrients such as essential and nonessential AA. The Thr biomass was fed in two dietary treatments but formulated differently: in one diet, the biomass was formulated only on the Thr and energy contributions while the other diet considered the full nutrient matrix. Results confirmed that broilers maintained performance when fed reduced CP diets and that broilers need a minimum dietary Thr. The Thr biomass was efficacious in replacing crystalline L-Thr.
Book Synopsis Amino Acid Requirements and Effect of Excess Dietary Crude Protein on Voluntary Feed Intake and Nitrogen Metabolism of Growing Steers by : Constantine Llewellyn Fenderson
Download or read book Amino Acid Requirements and Effect of Excess Dietary Crude Protein on Voluntary Feed Intake and Nitrogen Metabolism of Growing Steers written by Constantine Llewellyn Fenderson and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Influence of Ingredient Quality and Diet Formulation on Amino Acid Digestibility and Growth Performance of Poultry and Swine by : Kara Michelle Dunmire
Download or read book Influence of Ingredient Quality and Diet Formulation on Amino Acid Digestibility and Growth Performance of Poultry and Swine written by Kara Michelle Dunmire and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ingredient varieties and heat processing applied to ingredients or complete diets can influence nutrient utilization for monogastric species and introduce variability in the final product sold for feed use or consumption. Thus, seven experiments were used in accomplishing the objective of this dissertation: to determine the influence of ingredient quality and diet formulation on amino acid (AA) digestibility and subsequent effects of growth performance for poultry and swine. First, the effects of using excessive thermal treatment of soy white flakes as a model for soybean meal (SBM) quality determined by official analytical methods and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction equations was evaluated. Crushed soy white flakes (SWF) only exposed to mechanical pressing were ground and autoclaved at 128°C for 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min at 200 kPa. Official analytical methods and NIRS were highly correlated for total Lys, available Lys, and Lys/CP. However, bias correction is needed to use the NIRS calibration set for SBM to predict SBM values from SWF. The next set of 3 experiments evaluated different soybean varieties with varying levels of crude protein (CP) when fed to broilers. Dietary treatments for these experiments consisted of 1 of 4 soybean sources varying in quality determined by CP content and processed into SBM. Two sources consisted of soybeans from a similar region and processed either commercially solvent extracted or experimentally solvent extracted. It was concluded that, broilers fed commercially processed SBM had improved AA digestibility compared to those fed experimentally processed soybeans from a similar region. Increasing CP content increased AA digestibility in both studies with no evidence for differences in high CP SBM and conventionally processed SBM. However, when broiler growth performance was evaluated, broiler performance was improved in broilers fed conventionally processed SBM compared to experimentally processed SBM. Within experimentally processed SBM treatments, when formulating diets using previously determined AA digestibility's there was no evidence of difference in growth performance. The fifth study determined the influence of dietary fat and crystalline AA inclusion on broiler diet formulation and pellet quality. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn and SBM-based control, the control with crystalline valine (Val), and the control with crystalline Val and isoleucine (Ile). As crystalline AA increased in the diets, corn concentrations increased as SBM and the fat source were removed to balance for nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn). Diets with increasing crystalline AA, Val, and Val + Ile, led to improved pellet quality which can be explained by the 0.4% or 0.6% reduction in added fat with increasing crystalline AA and balancing for MEn in the diet. The final two studies determined the effect of the pelleting process on diet formulations with varying levels of crystalline AAs and reducing sugars (RS) on digestibility and growth performance in growing pigs. Diets were formulated with low or high crystalline AA and low or high RS provided by co-product ingredients, DDGS and bakery meal. Digestibility and growth performance results concluded that pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect from the pelleting response due to the Maillard reaction.
