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Illicit Tobacco
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Book Synopsis Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market by : National Research Council
Download or read book Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-04-30 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use has declined because of measures such as high taxes on tobacco products and bans on advertising, but worldwide there are still more than one billion people who regularly use tobacco, including many who purchase products illicitly. By contrast to many other commodities, taxes comprise a substantial portion of the retail price of cigarettes in the United States and most other nations. Large tax differentials between jurisdictions increase incentives for participation in existing illicit tobacco markets. In the United States, the illicit tobacco market consists mostly of bootlegging from low-tax states to high-tax states and is less affected by large-scale smuggling or illegal production as in other countries. In the future, nonprice regulation of cigarettes - such as product design, formulation, and packaging - could in principle, contribute to the development of new types of illicit tobacco markets. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market reviews the nature of illicit tobacco markets, evidence for policy effects, and variations among different countries with a focus on implications for the United States. This report estimates the portion of the total U.S. tobacco market represented by illicit sales has grown in recent years and is now between 8.5 percent and 21 percent. This represents between 1.24 to 2.91 billion packs of cigarettes annually and between $2.95 billion and $6.92 billion in lost gross state and local tax revenues. Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market describes the complex system associated with illicit tobacco use by exploring some of the key features of that market - the cigarette supply chain, illicit procurement schemes, the major actors in the illicit trade, and the characteristics of users of illicit tobacco. This report draws on domestic and international experiences with the illicit tobacco trade to identify a range of possible policy and enforcement interventions by the U.S. federal government and/or states and localities.
Book Synopsis Brexit and the Control of Tobacco Illicit Trade by : Marina Foltea
Download or read book Brexit and the Control of Tobacco Illicit Trade written by Marina Foltea and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book assesses the consequences of Brexit for the control of illicit trade in tobacco products in the UK and EU. Based on the currently applicable legal framework, it examines the significance of a possible non-application of the acquis communautaire in the UK in matters relating to anti-illicit trade in tobacco legislation. It also analyses the modes of future cooperation between the UK and the EU in this area, as well as possible regulatory scenarios and their consequences. The book comprises six main sections. After the introduction (Section 1), Section 2 discusses the state of play of Brexit and possible outcomes of Article 50 of the Treaty of European Union procedure. Section 3 illustrates the data and trends of illicit tobacco trade in the UK. Section 4 describes the relevant legal (e.g. trade and fiscal measures) and enforcement frameworks in the UK and suggests possible post-Brexit scenarios in control of tobacco illicit trade. Section 5 focuses on the relevance of arrangements between governments and the tobacco industry in the control of illicit trade. Section 6 then analyses the relevance of key EU and global anti-illicit trade initiatives. Lastly, Section 7 the book offers some recommendations and conclusions on how the UK could control illicit trade in tobacco after Brexit.
Book Synopsis Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products by : Stanisław Tosza
Download or read book Combatting Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products written by Stanisław Tosza and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-17 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the enforcement aspect of tobacco control policy, and argues that the intense regulation of the tobacco market will never be successful as long as it can be circumvented by the availability of illicit tobacco products. Yet, current efforts to combat illicit tobacco trade are insufficient, suffering from several flaws and gaps at the regulatory and operational levels. The aim of this book is to provide an analysis of the legal framework and practice of enforcement with regard to illicit tobacco products. Combining criminological and legal perspectives, it presents and critically analyses the phenomenon of illicit tobacco trade, as well as the policies, legal frameworks and practices in six EU countries with regard to combatting this phenomenon, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of their approaches. Furthermore, it studies the relationship between the EU and third countries (e.g. Ukraine) in terms of how the EU can influence policy and enforcement in these countries in order to counter illicit tobacco trafficking. Not exclusively focusing on the EU, the book also includes an analysis of enforcement against illicit tobacco products in the US. The EU Member States analysed in the book (Belgium, Germany, Italy, Latvia, the Netherlands and Poland) reflect the range of currently available approaches. Some of them have ratified the WHO Protocol against tobacco smuggling; others have not. They belong to different legal traditions and face different challenges due to their respective border situations. While Belgium and the Netherlands are key entry ports to the EU, Poland and Latvia represent the Eastern land border of the EU, with various regional challenges. Italy has a long maritime border, where trafficking is possible from Northern Africa and from the Middle East. It also has significant experience in fighting organised crime. Lastly, Germany is the largest market in Europe and situated in the middle of these trafficking routes.
Download or read book Illicit Trade written by OECD and published by Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses the magnitude, flows and drivers of illicit trade and the illegal economy including: narcotics, human trafficking, wildlife, sports betting, counterfeit medicines, alcohol and tobacco. The negative socio-economic impacts that these markets have in consumer countries are as worrisome as the goverance gaps that are exploited in source countries. This report examines each illicit sector in terms of the geographic sources, destinations and key trade routes, the current trend of infiltration by organized crime networks, and good practices or future policy solutions with which to combat illicit trade within the various sectors.
Book Synopsis Combatting Illicit Trade on the EU Border by : Celina Nowak
Download or read book Combatting Illicit Trade on the EU Border written by Celina Nowak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book provides the first-ever comparative study on criminal policy concerning the illicit trade of tobacco, conducted among four comparatively new EU Member States (Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and Romania) and two "old" EU countries (Germany and Italy). The book addresses the national legal frameworks, current criminological situation regarding illicit trade of tobacco, and the practical challenges faced by national law enforcement authorities in the countries examined. It also considers the international framework, and concludes with a horizontal report. The objective of the book is to highlight legislative and practical challenges in the fight against illegal tobacco products at the national and transnational level, and to formulate recommendations for overcoming them more effectively in Europe.--
Book Synopsis Illicit Tobacco: Various Schemes Are Used to Evade Taxes and Fees by :
Download or read book Illicit Tobacco: Various Schemes Are Used to Evade Taxes and Fees written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Growing Up Tobacco Free by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Growing Up Tobacco Free written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-02-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use kills more people than any other addiction and we know that addiction starts in childhood and youth. We all agree that youths should not smoke, but how can this be accomplished? What prevention messages will they find compelling? What effect does tobacco advertisingâ€"more than $10 million worth every dayâ€"have on youths? Can we responsibly and effectively restrict their access to tobacco products? These questions and more are addressed in Growing Up Tobacco Free, prepared by the Institute of Medicine to help everyone understand the troubling issues surrounding youths and tobacco use. Growing Up Tobacco Free provides a readable explanation of nicotine's effects and the process of addiction, and documents the search for an effective approach to preventing the use of cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff by children and youths. It covers the results of recent initiatives to limit young people's access to tobacco and discusses approaches to controls or bans on tobacco sales, price sensitivity among adolescents, and arguments for and against taxation as a prevention strategy for tobacco use. The controversial area of tobacco advertising is thoroughly examined. With clear guidelines for public action, everyone can benefit by reading and acting on the messages in this comprehensive and compelling book.
Book Synopsis Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market by : Peter Reuter
Download or read book Understanding the U.S. Illicit Tobacco Market written by Peter Reuter and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis International Crime and Justice by : Mangai Natarajan
Download or read book International Crime and Justice written by Mangai Natarajan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-11-15 with total page 571 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International crime and justice is an emerging field that covers international and transnational crimes that have not been the focus of mainstream criminology or criminal justice. This book examines the field from a global perspective. It provides an introduction to the nature of international and transnational crimes and the theoretical perspectives that assist in understanding the relationship between social change and the waxing and waning of the crime opportunities resulting from globalization, migration, and culture conflicts. Written by a team of world experts, it examines the central role of victim rights in the development of legal frameworks for the prevention and control of transnational and international crimes. It also discusses the challenges to delivering justice and obtaining international cooperation in efforts to deter, detect, and respond to these crimes.
Author :United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :728 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (318 download)
Book Synopsis How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease by : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Book Synopsis Human Rights and Tobacco Control by : Marie E. Gispen
Download or read book Human Rights and Tobacco Control written by Marie E. Gispen and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-08-28 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large-scale adverse health and developmental outcomes related to tobacco affect millions of people across the world, raising serious questions from a human rights perspective. In response to this crisis, this timely book provides a comprehensive analysis of the promotion and enforcement of human rights protection in tobacco control law and policy at international, regional, and domestic levels.
Book Synopsis Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products by : Institute of Medicine
Download or read book Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco use by adolescents and young adults poses serious concerns. Nearly all adults who have ever smoked daily first tried a cigarette before 26 years of age. Current cigarette use among adults is highest among persons aged 21 to 25 years. The parts of the brain most responsible for cognitive and psychosocial maturity continue to develop and change through young adulthood, and adolescent brains are uniquely vulnerable to the effects of nicotine. At the request of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products considers the likely public health impact of raising the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products. The report reviews the existing literature on tobacco use patterns, developmental biology and psychology, health effects of tobacco use, and the current landscape regarding youth access laws, including minimum age laws and their enforcement. Based on this literature, the report makes conclusions about the likely effect of raising the minimum age to 19, 21, and 25 years on tobacco use initiation. The report also quantifies the accompanying public health outcomes based on findings from two tobacco use simulation models. According to the report, raising the minimum age of legal access to tobacco products, particularly to ages 21 and 25, will lead to substantial reductions in tobacco use, improve the health of Americans across the lifespan, and save lives. Public Health Implications of Raising the Minimum Age of Legal Access to Tobacco Products will be a valuable reference for federal policy makers and state and local health departments and legislators.
Book Synopsis Illicit Tobacco by : U.s. Government Accountability Office
Download or read book Illicit Tobacco written by U.s. Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-17 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Federal and state governments haveraised excise taxes on tobaccoproducts to discourage tobacco useand increase revenues. Cross-borderand illicit trade in tobacco productscan undermine these policyobjectives by avoiding excise taxesand increasing the availability ofthese products to consumers at lowercost.On June 22, 2009, Congress passedthe Family Smoking Prevention andTobacco Control Act (Pub. L. No.111-31), which directed GAO toreport on cross-border and illicittrade in tobacco products. Crossbordertrade is defined in the Act astrade across a U.S. border, state,territory, or Indian country. Illicittrade is defined in the Act as anypractice or conduct prohibited by lawwhich relates to or facilitates theproduction, shipment, receipt,possession, distribution, sale, orpurchase of tobacco products. Thisreport is the first of two GAOproducts that will respond to thismandate.This report examines (1) incentivesthat are important for understandingcross-border and illicit trade intobacco products; and (2) differentschemes used to generate profitsfrom cross-border and illicit trade intobacco products. GAO interviewedgovernment officials, industryrepresentatives, and other subjectmatter experts. GAO collected andanalyzed data from these sources..."
Book Synopsis Illegal Trade of Tobacco Products by :
Download or read book Illegal Trade of Tobacco Products written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The illicit trade of tobacco products poses major health, economic and security concerns around the world. It is estimated that one in every 10 cigarettes and tobacco products consumed globally is illicit. It is for this reason that combatting the illegal tobacco trade is the theme of the World Health Organization's (WHO) annual World No Tobacco Day (WNTD) in 2015. A key objective of the campaign will be to advocate for the ratification and implementation by governments of the Protocol to Eliminate the Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (ITP), which is a supplementary treaty to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). The Convention Secretariat of the WHO FCTC has joined the WNTD campaign with the aim of supporting implementation of Article 15 of the WHO FCTC to 'take measures to eliminate the illicit trade of tobacco products, including smuggling, illicit manufacturing and counterfeiting,' and promoting the entry into force of the ITP. So far seven parties to the WHO FCTC have ratified the ITP, and 33 more are needed for it to become international law. The overall objective of World No Tobacco Day is for WHO and its partners to highlight the health risks associated with tobacco use and advocate for effective policies to reduce tobacco consumption. The tobacco epidemic is one of the world's biggest-ever public health threats, killing nearly six million people annually. The illicit tobacco trade is supported by various players ranging from petty peddlers to organized criminal networks involved in arms and human trafficking. The tobacco industry also covertly and overtly supports the illegal trade, from providing products to the market to working to block implementation of comprehensive tobacco-control measures by trying to convince governments to believe that any further legislative measures, such as pictorial health warnings or tax increases, will lead to more illicit trade. Stopping illicit trade in tobacco products is a health priority, and it is achievable. But to do so requires improvement of national and sub-national tax administration systems and international collaboration, such as ratification and implementation of the ITP. "--Page 5
Book Synopsis Federal Tobacco Receipts Lost Due to Illicit Trade and Recommendations for Increased Enforcement by : Department of Department of the Treasury
Download or read book Federal Tobacco Receipts Lost Due to Illicit Trade and Recommendations for Increased Enforcement written by Department of Department of the Treasury and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Section 703 of the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA) directed the Secretary of the Treasury to conduct a study concerning the magnitude of illicit tobacco trade in the United States and to submit to Congress recommendations for the most effective steps that the Department of the Treasury can take to reduce such illicit tobacco trade. The Secretary was directed to include a review of the loss of Federal tax receipts due to the illicit tobacco trade in the United States and the role of imported tobacco products in the illicit trade in the United States. Accurately measuring the amount of federal tax receipts lost as a result of tobacco diversion and smuggling is difficult because these activities are, by definition, clandestine in nature. As such, any estimate of the extent of the illicit tobacco trade will have a wide window of uncertainty around it. The method employed for preparing this report involved comparing the amount of taxes collected by Treasury to the taxes that would have been collected if all consumed cigarettes-measured using nationally representative surveys-were taxed in the years leading up to the passage of CHIPRA. At the time of comparison, time series data on consumption and taxed sales were not available for time periods after the tax increase brought about by the enactment of CHIPRA. On April 1, 2009, the federal excise tax on cigarettes was increased more than 150 percent, creating a greater incentive to evade federal taxes. An analysis of the effect of this tax increase on cigarette consumption, taxed sales, and smuggling could therefore not be undertaken. Further, the use of survey data poses an additional set of issues. Survey experts agree that survey respondents understate the true extent of their cigarette consumption. If taken as true, the responses in the surveys we examined, would suggest that, on average, only 70 percent of purchased cigarettes were reported to be actually consumed, which strains credulity. The substantial uncertainty surrounding the degree of underreporting of cigarette consumption in survey data necessarily generates large uncertainty about the magnitude of the federal tax receipts lost due to the illicit cigarette trade. Any estimate of federal tax loss based on survey data therefore should be regarded as only broadly indicative of actual receipts lost.
Download or read book Cryptomarkets written by James Martin and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the launch of the infamous Silk Road the use of cryptomarkets - illicit markets for drugs on the dark web - has expanded rapidly around the world. Cryptomarkets: A Research Companion is a detailed guidebook which offers the tools necessary to begin researching cryptomarket phenomena and the dark web trade in illicit drugs.
Book Synopsis Tobacco Taxes and Illicit Trade by : David Chapman
Download or read book Tobacco Taxes and Illicit Trade written by David Chapman and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tobacco products face varying levels of taxation in different locations, creating opportunities and incentives for illicit trade. Cigarettes are taxed at the federal, state, and in some cases, local levels. According to industry representatives, taxes and other fees make up significant components of the final price of cigarettes, averaging 53 percent of the retail price. This book examines incentives that are important for understanding cross-border and illicit trade in tobacco products; and different schemes used to generate profits from cross-border and illicit trade in tobacco products.
