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Identifying Strategies To Improve Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Book Synopsis Identifying Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows by : Felipe Xavier Amaro
Download or read book Identifying Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows written by Felipe Xavier Amaro and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MI and longer WD. Long WD preserved water soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the silages, while it decreased CP concentrations. Predicted milk yield responses were greater when ensiled ryegrass was wilted for a shorter duration. Lastly, we evaluated (Chapter 6) the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on nutrient digestibility and ruminal N metabolism using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Incremental doses of AFB1 (0 to 150 micrograms/kg of diet DM) did not affect nutrient digestibility, fermentation parameters, and flows of N. Aflatoxin B1 increased with dose at 1 h but decreased to undetectable levels 4 h post-dosing. The clearance of AFB1 under our experimental conditions may be a function of microbial degradation, system passage rate, or the interaction of both factors.
Book Synopsis Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Efficiency and Reduce Nitrogen Excretion of Lactating Dairy Cows by : Susan M. Noftsger
Download or read book Nutritional Strategies to Improve Nitrogen Efficiency and Reduce Nitrogen Excretion of Lactating Dairy Cows written by Susan M. Noftsger and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The mechanism of action of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid and its effects on N efficiency, ruminal variables, and milk production and composition were examined. In Trial 1, metabolizable protein (MP) supply and AA balance was manipulated through selection of highly digestible RUP sources and Met supplementation. Treatments were: 1) 18.3% crude protein with low estimated intestinal digestibility of RUP; 2) 18.3% CP with high digestibility RUP; 3) 16.9% CP with high digestibility RUP; and 4) 17.0% CP with high digestibility RUP and supplemental Met. Supplementing the highly digestible RUP source with rumen available and rumen escape sources of Met resulted in maximal milk and protein production and maximum N efficiency by cows during the production trial. In Trial 2, continuous culture fermenters were used to determine the optimal concentration of HMB for digestibility of carbohydrates and synthesis of microbial N. Treatments were three concentrations of HMB (0, 0.055, and 0.110 %) and one concentration of dl-Met (0.097%). Digestibility of carbohydrate, other than ADF, was largely insensitive to treatment. Differences in concentration and production of individual VFA were seen and the proportion of bacterial N produced from NH3-N decreased linearly with increasing HMB. This suggests that supplementation of HMB may have a sparing effect on branched chain volatile fatty acids. In trial 3, eight cows were used to examine the passage of HMB from the rumen, ruminal effects of HMB, and effects on production, N utilization, VFA, and protozoa. Samples of omasal fluid were used to determine the amount of Met supplements passing out of the rumen. Treatments were: (1) no methionine (2) 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid at 0.10% of DM; (3) isopropyl HMB at 0.13% of DM; and (4) dl-methionine at 0.088% of DM. Digestibility in the rumen was not different. Protozoa were increased numerically in the omasum by HMB and HMBi treatments. The percentage of HMB that passed into the omasum was 5.3%. Only a small amount of HMBi was found as HMB in the omasum (2.3%).
Book Synopsis Modelling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals by : J. P. McNamara
Download or read book Modelling Nutrient Utilization in Farm Animals written by J. P. McNamara and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes current research in modelling nutrient use in farm animals, from cellular to ecosystem level. The chapters are developed from papers presented at a satellite meeting of the 9th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held in South Africa in October 1999.Excellent papers from a top list of contributorsEditors of great reputationCovers the current topics of interest
Book Synopsis Energy and Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cattle by :
Download or read book Energy and Nitrogen Utilization in Dairy Cattle written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three experiments were conducted to evaluate possible mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane (CH4) and manure nitrogen (N) emissions from lactating dairy cows. The first experiment evaluated dietary effects of varying alfalfa silage to corn silage ratio (AS:CS) in the forage portion of the diet on performance and emissions using air-flow controlled chambers with four cows per chamber. Cow performance was similar among treatments but milk net energy for lactation (NEL, Mcal/d) was greatest when feeding about half AS and CS in the forage portion of the diet. Similar, emissions of CH4 and ammonia (NH3) were greatest when feeding about half AS and CS in the forage portion of the diet. However, CH4 per milk energy was similar among treatments but manure and manure N output increased with increasing AS:CS ratio in the forage portion of the diet. Thus, feeding reduced AS:CS in the forage portion may reduce N emissions of dairy cattle. The second experiment evaluated the use of air-flow controlled chambers with only one animal and variation between cows with contrasting gross feed efficiency (GFE, milk kg/kg dry matter intake, DMI) on emissions. Results implied that emission chambers could be used to measure emissions of one animal only and despite no difference in CH4 (g/d) and CH4/DMI (g/kg) between high and low GFE cows, lower CH4/NEL (g/Mcal) and g CH4/NELGM [NEL + NE for gain (NEG) + NE for maintenance (NEM), Mcal/d] combined were for high GFE compared to low GFE cows indicated possible differences in digestion process or energy metabolism between high and low GFE cows. However, the experiment was only conducted using 4 cows. Thus, the third experiment was conducted with 16 cows to confirm results from the second experiment but also to determine differences in energy partitioning, which may have led to the results observed during the second experiment. Results indicated that high GFE cows were also more energy efficient because of lower heat production, which caused more emissions per NEL and per NELGM. However, from this study there was no single reason that could be determined to have led to the greater heat production.
Book Synopsis Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and milk protein synthesis in dairy cows by : James D. Ferguson
Download or read book Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and milk protein synthesis in dairy cows written by James D. Ferguson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Efficiency of Nitrogen Use by Lactating Dairy Cows by : Jan Schuba
Download or read book Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Efficiency of Nitrogen Use by Lactating Dairy Cows written by Jan Schuba and published by . This book was released on 2018* with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Amino-acids; cattle; excretion; goats; nitrogen; recommendations; ruminants; sheep; supply; urea
Book Synopsis Effect of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted to be Deficient in Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein on Nitrogen Utilization and Efficiency of Use in Lactating Cows by : Erin Beth Recktenwald
Download or read book Effect of Feeding Corn Silage Based Diets Predicted to be Deficient in Either Ruminal Nitrogen Or Metabolizable Protein on Nitrogen Utilization and Efficiency of Use in Lactating Cows written by Erin Beth Recktenwald and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to concern over nitrogen (N) emissions, this study attempted to evaluate dietary approaches to reduce N excretion by dairy cattle. Knowledge about potential N sources that were either unaccounted for or under-predicted by CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001) was used to formulate rations that were much lower in crude protein (CP) than typically fed to dairy cattle but would potentially not decrease production. Specifically, the three diets fed were predicted to have: (1) positive rumen N and metabolizable protein (MP) balances (Diet P) (2) negative MP balance and positive rumen N balance (Diet N), or (3) negative rumen N balance but positive MP balance (Diet T) as predicted by CPM Dairy version 3. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether, and to what extent, the decrease in predicted ruminally available N and MP supply would affect milk production. Eighty-eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows (83 ± 20 DIM), were blocked by average daily milk yield to 50 DIM and parity and assigned to three diets differing in N content or predicted rumen degradability of the feed N. The diets were formulated with CPM Dairy V3 using library values for all feeds except corn silage where actual chemical, digestibility, and degradation rate values were determined and used. The diets (DM basis) consisted of approximately 50% corn silage, 2% wheat straw and 48% of a diet specific ingredient mix and were formulated for 22.2 of kg DMI. Actual diet CP levels were 16.7, 14.2 and 14.3% for Diets P, N and T, respectively. The predicted CPM Dairy rumen N balance at the formulated DMI was 29 and 27 g for Diets P and N and negative 39 g/d for Diet T, whereas the predicted MP balance was 263 and negative 145 and 91 g/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively. Monensin was included in the diets at a formulated intake of approximately 300 mg per cow per d and somatotropin was administered per label. Actual DMI for cattle fed these treatments were 25.7, 25.5 and 24.2 kg/d for Diets P, N and T, respectively and were significantly lower for Diet T. Actual milk yield was 45.0, 42.6 and 43.3 kg/d and 3.5% FCM was 38.1, 36.5, and 36.4 kg/d for cows fed Diets P, N and T, respectively and was significantly lower for cows fed Diets N and T. Milk protein percent was not affected by diet; however, milk protein yield was significantly greater for cows fed Diet P due to the difference in milk yield. Plasma urea N concentrations were 11.31, 8.40 and 7.13 mg/dl for cows fed diets P, N and T, respectively and were different and paralleled the rumen ammonia levels of 8.32, 6.58 and 5.84 mg/dl. Milk fat depression (MFD) was observed in all cows and was not affected by treatment, and the average milk fat levels were 2.67, 2.68 and 2.54% for diets P, N and T, respectively. To determine if monensin was partially responsible for the MFD, monensin was removed from the diets of approximately half of the cows on treatment once they had finished the experimental period. Removal of monensin resulted in a 30% increase in milk fat percent, and milk protein content was not affected. Calculated milk N:intake N ratios for the three treatments were 0.31, 0.33 and 0.36 for Diets P, N and T respectively. The results of this study suggest that more productive N is available than currently predicted by either CPM Dairy and the Dairy NRC (2001). Understanding where these differences exist would allow for feeding less CP to dairy cattle and decreasing N emissions to the environment. It may also be a profitable strategy for dairy farmers, as they would be able to reduce their purchase of costly protein feeds, but that was not demonstrated in this study - primarily due to the severe milk fat depression that decreased the economic value of milk. However, ration cost was not a concern for this experiment, and that aspect can be considered when implementing feeding strategies stemming from this research. (Abstract).
Book Synopsis Modelling Nitrogen Use in Dairy Cattle by : Kristan Foster Reed
Download or read book Modelling Nitrogen Use in Dairy Cattle written by Kristan Foster Reed and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy production systems strive to improve their efficiency of production and reduce the amount of nutrients lost to the environment through better farm-level nutrient cycling. Loss of nitrogenous compounds such as nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates is of concern due to negative environmental impacts including surface and ground water contamination, acid rain, and contributions to global warming. In practice, measurement of nitrogen (N) excretion in manure routinely is impractical, necessitating the use of models to estimate theses values. In order to improve nutrient management plans, methods used to estimate manure excretion must minimize prediction error. One aspect of farm management that has potential to reduce N loss to the environment is to increase the efficiency of conversion of feed N into milk N (MNE, g milk N/g N intake), thus reducing the amount of N excreted in manure. Due to the complexities of ruminant digestion, little progress has been made at identifying ways to increase MNE despite current on-farm values far below the potential maximum efficiency. Mathematical models are an essential tool for integrating the complexities of ruminant digestion and metabolism in order to work towards improved MNE. The objective of this dissertation was to apply modeling techniques to improve prediction of manure N excretion and identify factors that contribute to MNE. The first chapter reviews currently available models and identifies weaknesses in model development methods. The second chapter uses a large database of indirect calorimetry observations to develop a set of empirical N excretion models which are further evaluated in Chapter 3. In the fourth chapter, the relationship between dietary energy content and MNE is explored through the use of a multivariate Bayesian model that simultaneously estimates milk, urine, and fecal N. A dynamic Bayesian modeling technique is illustrated through a 3 pool rumen N model in Chapter 5 and highlights the benefits of this technique for the animal science community. In the last chapter, a dynamic, process-based model of total N and essential amino acid N digestion and metabolism is developed to estimate the effect of targeted amino-acid delivery on MNE. Dietary energy content and intake was also incorporated into this model to assess the effect of energy on N cycling within the dairy cow. The models presented in this dissertation can be used to assist in nutrient management planning and to guide future investigations aimed at improving MNE.
Book Synopsis Interrelations Between Dietary Energetics and Nitrogen Efficiency Using Essential Amino Acid Balancing in Lactating Dairy Cattle by : Paul Andrew LaPierre
Download or read book Interrelations Between Dietary Energetics and Nitrogen Efficiency Using Essential Amino Acid Balancing in Lactating Dairy Cattle written by Paul Andrew LaPierre and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improvements in nitrogen (N) utilization as it pertains to ruminant animals has been a long-held focus of many nutritionally based research programs. Traditional evaluation of this metric uses the relationship of a ruminant's productive N output, calculated as a sum of milk protein, lean muscle gain, and fetal growth in the event of pregnancy, relative to the intake of dietary CP or metabolizable supply (MP); however, the consideration of an animal's energetic status relative to N supply is often overlooked when optimizing N and amino acid (AA) use efficiency. Nonetheless, efforts have been made to incorporate the use of this relationship within the most recent version of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS v.7). Findings recommend an optimal supply of each essential AA (EAA) relative to metabolizable energy (ME) which should be fed to maximize EAA efficiency without compromising lactation performance. The work described in this dissertation looks to explore these relationships under different conditions of nutrient supply to cattle. The first objective was to evaluate variation within the dataset used to calculate the optimized supply of EAA relative to ME. This was accomplished in the first study in which three diets varying in EAA supply relative to ME were fed in a longitudinal feeding trial and tested lactation performance and EAA efficiency of use. Cattle fed the diet which met the optimum supply of EAA relative to ME (NEU diet) were able to improve milk volume and energy corrected milk (ECM) yield while having the highest N use efficiency (NUE; 0.343) over the other diets fed. This work is in support of the previously optimized supply and was used to test the second objective of this dissertation, which included an evaluation of NUE when different levels of glucogenic nutrients and EAA are supplied.ii The second feeding trial used a 2 x 2 factorial design, with two levels of dietary starch and two levels of EAA supply. Results suggested improvements in the milk protein output when cattle were fed more glucogenic nutrients; however, ECM yield was not different among diets due to improvements in milk fat yield for diets that were fed more lipogenic nutrients in substitution of glucogenic nutrients. Further changes in dry matter intake (DMI), due to shifts in rumen uNDF pool size, skewed feed efficiency results which might have altered the NUE of these diets unintentionally. Future work is required to avoid these unintended consequences and allow for the appropriate testing of varied glucogenic and lipogenic nutrient supplies. Lastly, this dissertation assessed previously recommended EAA supply relative to ME using optimized values for the efficiency of EAA use. This was performed by constructing a dataset from CNCPS v.7 predictions of the feeding trials described previously. Logistic models were fitted to describe the relationship between EAA supplied and CNCPS v.7 predictions for EAA requirements so that the optimized efficiency of use for these EAA could be ascertained. Once identified, loglogistic models were fitted to describe the relationship between EAA efficiency of use and the supply of EAA relative to ME and make predictions on the optimum supply of EAA relative to ME. Findings indicate similar results for the optimum efficiency of use and subsequent supply relative to ME for most EAA. Of importance was the ability to predict the optimum supply of Met and Lys to within 0.03 g/Mcal ME when these rederived numbers were compared to previous recommendations. Collectively, AA balancing can prove to be a useful tool in improving the productive efficiency of a herd and recommendations for the optimal supply of EAA relative to ME should be followed given their repeatability in different datasets used to calculate them.
Book Synopsis Effect of Varying Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein on Milk Production and Nitrogen Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Summer Conditions by : Jeffrey D. Kaufman
Download or read book Effect of Varying Rumen Degradable and Undegradable Protein on Milk Production and Nitrogen Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Summer Conditions written by Jeffrey D. Kaufman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective is to determine the effect of reducing nitrogen input through feeding low rumen degradable protein (RDP) and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) proportions on milk production, nitrogen efficiency and metabolism in heat-stressed cows. Forty-eight mid-lactating, Holstein cows were assigned to treatments using a randomized block design in a 2x2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 12/treatment). Treatments included two levels of RDP (10 and 8%) and two levels of RUP (8 and 6%). From d 1 to 21, a common diet (10% RDP-8% RUP) was fed to cows followed with their respective treatment diets fed from d 22 to 42 of the study. Cows were housed in a freestall barn and exposed to the prevailing temperature and humidity of July and August with no supplemental cooling. Milk samples were collected and analyzed, and plasma was harvested for analysis of metabolites from d 42. Treatment differences were tested using the MIXED procedure of SAS and reported as least square means ± [plus or minus] standard error of the mean. Rectal temperatures increased from a.m. to p.m., indicating cows were experiencing heat stress. The 10% RDP treatment decreased vaginal temperatures compared with 8% RDP in the 8% RUP (39.0 vs. 39.4 ± 0.14°C), but remained unchanged in the 6% RUP treatment (39.4 vs. 39.3 ± 0.14°C). The 8% RDP treatment increased energy-corrected milk (ECM) compared with 10% RDP in the 6% RUP treatment (31.7 vs. 29.4 ± 0.76 kg/d), but reduced ECM in the 8% RUP treatment (32.5 vs. 33.0 ± 0.76 kg/d). The 8% RDP treatment improved nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with 10% RDP (35.1 vs. 31.6 ± 0.76%). The 6% RUP treatment improved nitrogen utilization efficiency compared with 8% RUP (35.1 vs. 31.6 ± 0.76%). The 8% RDP treatment increased glucose concentrations compared with the 10% RDP treatment (3.13 vs. 2.98 ± 0.07 mmol/L). The 8% RDP treatment decreased insulin concentrations compared with the 10% RDP treatment (15.8 vs. 20.9 ± 1.55 μU/mL). Therefore, diets with low RDP and RUP may increase nitrogen utilization efficiency and metabolism without reducing milk production in heat-stressed dairy cows.
Book Synopsis Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow by : Philip C. Garnsworthy
Download or read book Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow written by Philip C. Garnsworthy and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow is the proceedings of the 46th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science. Said symposium was concerned with the significant advances in the field of nutrition and lactation in the dairy cow. The book is divided in five parts. Part I deals with the principles behind nutrition and lactation of cows. Part II discusses the cow’s nutrient interactions; responses to nutrients that yield protein and energy; and the influence of nutrient balance and milk yields. Part III tackles the efficiency of energy utilization in cows and its relation to milk production. Part IV talks about food intake of cows and the factors that affect it, while Part V deals with the different feeding systems for cows. The text is recommended for those involved in raising cows and dairy production, especially those who would like to know more and make studies about the relationship of nutrition and lactation of cows.
Book Synopsis Supplementation Strategies and Dairy Cow Genotypes Influencing Milk Production, Composition and Processability and Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows by : M. J. Doran
Download or read book Supplementation Strategies and Dairy Cow Genotypes Influencing Milk Production, Composition and Processability and Nitrogen Utilisation Efficiency in Lactating Dairy Cows written by M. J. Doran and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock by : Agricultural Research Council (Great Britain)
Download or read book The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock written by Agricultural Research Council (Great Britain) and published by Cabi. This book was released on 1980 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work discusses the nutrient requirements of all forms of ruminant livestock.
Book Synopsis Nitrogen Efficiency in Late Lactation Dairy Cows by : Tiago Miguel Lima da Costa Barros
Download or read book Nitrogen Efficiency in Late Lactation Dairy Cows written by Tiago Miguel Lima da Costa Barros and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our main objectives were to (Project A) determine the partitioning of N from alfalfa silage (AS), corn silage (CS), corn grain (CG), and soybean meal (SBM) in lactating cows; and (Project B) study the effects of incremental reduction in dietary crude protein (CP) concentration on N metabolism of late-lactation dairy cows. In Project A, 12 multiparous cows were fed one of four dietary treatments constructed by replacing one feed ingredient of the unlabeled pretreatment TMR with its corresponding 15N-labeled ingredient (grown with 15N-labeled fertilizers). Cows were fed dietary treatments for four days and were fed the unlabeled TMR from day another four days. Results of different modeling approaches using a single exponential pool model suggested that N from concentrates contributed to a greater extent to milk N than N from silages. Corn grain N contributed the least to urinary N compared with other feed ingredients. These results provided evidence for distinct metabolic and digestive utilization of the N from AS, CS, CG, and SBM. Overall results suggested more excretion of urinary N and fecal N relative to milk N secretion for silages than for concentrates. In project B, 16 pens of eight late-lactation cows were fed for 12 weeks one of four diets that contained CP concentration of 16.2, 14.4, 13.1, and 11.8%. Reducing dietary CP reduced, in a linear fashion, the mass of dry matter, CP, and starch digested in the digestive tract. Ruminal concentrations of ammonia and branched-chain amino acids (AA) were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Milk N secretion and excretion of urinary N and fecal N were linearly reduced with the reduction in dietary CP. Serum concentration of essential and non-essential amino acids were not affected by dietary treatments. Muscle N breakdown increased with the reduction of dietary CP concentration in week 1 and 4 of the experimental period, however this effect was not present in week 12. Muscle N mobilization was insufficient to maintain production level, but might have been instrumental in maintaining other physiological functions such as pregnancy.
Book Synopsis Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals by : National Research Council
Download or read book Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1987-02-01 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How much do animals eat? Why do eating patterns change? How do physiological, dietary, and environmental factors affect feed intake? This volume, a comprehensive overview of the latest animal feed intake research, answers these questions with detailed information about the feeding patterns of fishes, pigs, poultry, dairy cows, beef cattle, and sheep. Equations for calculating predicted feed intake are presented for each animal and are accompanied by charts, graphs, and tables.
Book Synopsis Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Cattle by : H. Russell Conrad
Download or read book Nitrogen Metabolism in Dairy Cattle written by H. Russell Conrad and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Feeding Dairy Cows in the Tropics by : Andrew Speedy
Download or read book Feeding Dairy Cows in the Tropics written by Andrew Speedy and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 1998 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book review the various milk production system according to agro-climate and technical, economical and sociological conditions, review new knowledge in ruminant digestion nutrition and physiology, match milk production systematic available and potential feed resources, taking into account their nutritional characteristics. The book make recommendations for the development of sustainable milk production systems based on locally available feed resources. Contents Chapter 1: Medium Terms Outlook for Dairying in the Developing Countries by W Krostitz, Chapter 2: The Lactating Cow in the Various Ecosystems: Environmental Effects on Its Productvity by H D Johnson, Chapter 3: Physiological Constraints to Milk Production: Factors which Determine Nutrient Partitioning, Lactation Persistency and Mobilization of Body Reserves by Y Chillard, Chapter 4: Influence of Nutrition on Reproductive Performance of the Milking/Gestating Cow in the Tropics by K H Lotthamer, Chapter 5: The Role and Mechanisms of Genetic Improvement in Production Systems Constrained by Nutritional and Environmental Factors by O Syrstad, Chapter 6: Matching Livestock Systems with Available Resources by T R Preston, Chapter 7: Nutritional Characteristics of Tropical Feed Resources: Natural and Improved Grasslands, Crop Residues and Agro Industrial by Products by M Chenost and R Sansoucy, Chapter 8: Feeding Strategies for Improving Milk Production of Dairy Animals Managed by Small Farmers in the Tropics by R A Leng, Chapter 9: Feeding Riverine Buffaloes for Milk/Dual Purpose Production by A M El Serafy, Chapter 10: Feeding Swamp Buffalo for Milk Production by S Khajarern and J M Khajarern, Chapter 11: Future Prospects for Fodder and Pasture Production by A Aminah and C P Chen, Chapter 12: Forage and Legumes as Proteing Supplements for Pasture Based Systems by F A Moog, Chapter 13: The Development of Dairy Farming in Thailand by S Pichet, Chapter 14: Milk Production Systems Based on Pasture in the Tropics by Roberto Garcia Trujillo, Chapter 15: Dairy Production in the Semi Arid Rangelands of West Africa by Modibo Traore, Chapter 16: Feeding Systems and Problems in he Indo Ganges Plain: Case Study by V C Badve, Chapter 17: Feeding Dairy Cattle in Tropical Region of China by Cheng Naging, Chapter 18: Milk Production Systems in Tropical Latin America by J I Restrepo, E Murgueitio and T R Preston, Chapter 19: Restricted Suckling in Dual Purpose Systems, Chapter 20: Heifer Rearing in the Tropics by J Ugarte, Chapter 21: Feeding Cows for Milk Production in the Arusha/Kilimanjaro Coffee/Banana Belt of Tanzania FAO Project: Assistance to Smallholders in Dairy Development: Case Study by L S Morungu, Chapter 22: Milk Production From Tropical Fodder and Sugarcane Residues Case Study: on Farm Research in Mauritius by A A Boodoo, Chapter 23: Training in the Development of Feed Resources by R W Froemert.
