Iasi Kishinev Operation

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Iasi-Kishinev Operation

Author : Soviet General Staff
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781915113047
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Iasi-Kishinev Operation by : Soviet General Staff

Download or read book Iasi-Kishinev Operation written by Soviet General Staff and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Iasi--Kishinev Operation, 20-29 August 1944: The Red Army's Summer Offensive into the Balkans details the Soviet preparation and conduct of the Red Army's massive offensive into Romania in the summer of 1944. The seventh of the ten strategic operations conducted by the Soviet armed forces that year, the operation successfully carried out the task of destroying German forces in northern Romania and taking Germany's Romanian satellite out of the war, and was the first step in Stalin's consolidation of a Balkan empire. The study, unlike many others in this series, is based only in part on materials published by the Soviet General Staff's historical section. Nonetheless, this and other material was written and published for the purpose of generalizing the experience of the war's experience for training commanders and staffs in the preparation and conduct of multi-front offensive operations. The study is divided into two parts. The first deals with the operation as a whole. This includes the preparations by the Second and Third Ukrainian fronts for launching the operation. This includes an overall strategic appreciation of the situation as it obtained by the summer of 1944 and the Stavka's instructions for carrying out an operation along the southern strategic direction. This is followed by a minute examination of the two fronts' plans for organizing and exploiting a breakthrough of the enemy front, as well as the individual army commanders' plans for their own sectors. The study concentrates on such standard operational indices as the length of the attack front, the density of forces along the breakthrough front, the echeloning of forces for the attack, and cooperation among the combat arms. Whereas the first part offers an operational-strategic overview of the operation, the second is firmly focused at the tactical-operational level. This study is actually a doctoral dissertation dealing with the Third Ukrainian Front's 37th Army, which played the leading role in the front's offensive across the Dnestr River, from where it subsequently linked up with the Second Ukrainian Front's forces to encircle the German Sixth Army. Many of the operational indices highlighted in the first part are repeated here in even greater detail. The successful conclusion of the Iasi--Kishinev operation destroyed the German position in the Balkans and laid the groundwork for the Red Army's subsequent advance into Hungary and Central Europe. As one of the army's more successful offensive operations, it is worthy of study by history buffs and professional officers alike.

Romania's Holy War

Author : Grant T. Harward
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 1501759973
Total Pages : 359 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Romania's Holy War by : Grant T. Harward

Download or read book Romania's Holy War written by Grant T. Harward and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-15 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Romania's Holy War rights the widespread myth that Romania was a reluctant member of the Axis during World War II. In correcting this fallacy, Grant T. Harward shows that, of an estimated 300,000 Jews who perished in Romania and Romanian-occupied Ukraine, more than 64,000 were, in fact, killed by Romanian soldiers. Moreover, the Romanian Army conducted a brutal campaign in German-occupied Ukraine, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war, partisans, and civilians. Investigating why Romanian soldiers fought and committed such atrocities, Harward argues that strong ideology—a cocktail of nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anticommunism—undergirded their motivation. Romania's Holy War draws on official military records, wartime periodicals, soldiers' diaries and memoirs, subsequent war crimes investigations, and recent interviews with veterans to tell the full story. Harward integrates the Holocaust into the narrative of military operations to show that most soldiers fully supported the wartime dictator, General Ion Antonescu, and his regime's holy war against "Judeo-Bolshevism." The army perpetrated mass reprisals, targeting Jews in liberated Romanian territory; supported the deportation and concentration of Jews in camps or ghettos in Romanian-occupied Soviet territory; and played a key supporting role in SS efforts to exterminate Jews in German-occupied Soviet territory. Harward proves that Romania became Nazi Germany's most important ally in the war against the USSR because its soldiers were highly motivated, thus overturning much of what we thought we knew about this theater of war. Romania's Holy War provides the first complete history of why Romanian soldiers fought on the Eastern Front.

The Berlin Operation 1945

Author : Soviet General Staff
Publisher : Grub Street Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1912174626
Total Pages : 473 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis The Berlin Operation 1945 by : Soviet General Staff

Download or read book The Berlin Operation 1945 written by Soviet General Staff and published by Grub Street Publishers. This book was released on 2016-08-19 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the Red Army’s penultimate offensive operation in the war in Europe. The forces of three fronts—Second and First Belorussian and First Ukrainian—reached the Oder River and surrounded the defenders of the German capital, reduced the city and drove westward to link up with the Western allies in central Germany. This is another in a series of studies compiled by the Soviet Army General Staff, which during the postwar years gave itself the task of gathering and generalizing the experience of the war for the purpose of training the armed forces’ higher staffs in the conduct of large-scale offensive operations. The study is divided into three parts. The first contains a brief strategic overview of the situation, as it existed by the spring of 1945, with special emphasis on German preparations to meet the inevitable Soviet attack. This section also includes an examination of the decisions by the Stavka of the Supreme High Command on the conduct of the operation. As usual, materiel-technical and other preparations for the offensive are covered in great detail. These include plans for artillery and engineer support, as well as the work of the rear services and political organs and the strengths, capabilities, and tasks of the individual armies. Part two deals with the Red Army’s breakthrough of the Germans’ Oder defensive position up to the encirclement of the Berlin garrison. This covers the First Belorussian Front’s difficulty in overcoming the defensive along the Seelow Heights, which has a direct path to Berlin, as well as the First Ukrainian Front’s easier passage over the Oder and its secondary attack along the Dresden axis. The Second Belorussian Front’s breakthrough and its sweep through the Baltic littoral is also covered. Part three recounts the intense fighting to reduce the city’s defenders from late April until the garrison’s surrender on May 2, as well as operations in the area up to the formal German capitulation. This section contains a number of detailed descriptions of urban fighting at the battalion and regimental level, closing with conclusions about the role of the various combat arms in the operation.

Operation Bagration

Author : Boris Sokolov
Publisher : Pen and Sword Military
ISBN 13 : 1399050966
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Operation Bagration by : Boris Sokolov

Download or read book Operation Bagration written by Boris Sokolov and published by Pen and Sword Military. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of Operation Bagration, the 1944 Russian offensive in Belorussia, highlighting key tactical errors and its connection to Operation Overlord. Operation Bagration analyses the great Russian offensive in Belorussia in the summer of 1944 covering the planning of the operation as well as the German plans of the summer campaign of 1944. In depth research sets out to determine the real ratio of the Soviet and German forces as well as their actual losses during the operation. As well as some good decisions, command on both sides made some crucial mistakes as well as main tactical errors all of which are studied in this book to produce a fully rounded view of the campaign and highlights a connection to Operation Overlord by proving that it was only due to the landing at Normandy that the Soviet forces were able to destroy the German Army Group Centre while the elite mobile forces were concentrated in France.

The Operational Level of War

Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428915745
Total Pages : 98 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis The Operational Level of War by :

Download or read book The Operational Level of War written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Red Storm Over the Balkans

Author : David M. Glantz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Red Storm Over the Balkans by : David M. Glantz

Download or read book Red Storm Over the Balkans written by David M. Glantz and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leading expert on Soviet military history resurrects a failed World War II campaign that the official Russian history seeks to erase from memory. Reconstructing the Red Army's first invasion of Romania in the spring of 1944, Glantz shows that despite the campaign's abysmal failure, it provided a clear indication of Stalin's strong interest in the Balkans and further damaged the German army's ability to stop the Soviet war machine in its drive toward Berlin.

The Iasi-Kishinev Operation (20-29 August 1944)

Author : Soviet Union. Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡. Generalʹnyĭ shtab
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781911512431
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis The Iasi-Kishinev Operation (20-29 August 1944) by : Soviet Union. Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡. Generalʹnyĭ shtab

Download or read book The Iasi-Kishinev Operation (20-29 August 1944) written by Soviet Union. Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡. Generalʹnyĭ shtab and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Iasi--Kishinev Operation, 20-29 August 1944: The Red Army's Summer Offensive into the Balkans details the Soviet preparation and conduct of the Red Army's massive offensive into Romania in the summer of 1944. The seventh of the ten strategic operations conducted by the Soviet armed forces that year, the operation successfully carried out the task of destroying German forces in northern Romania and taking Germany's Romanian satellite out of the war, and was the first step in Stalin's consolidation of a Balkan empire. The study, unlike many others in this series, is based only in part on materials published by the Soviet General Staff's historical section. Nonetheless, this and other material was written and published for the purpose of generalizing the experience of the war's experience for training commanders and staffs in the preparation and conduct of multi-front offensive operations. The study is divided into two parts. The first deals with the operation as a whole. This includes the preparations by the Second and Third Ukrainian fronts for launching the operation. This includes an overall strategic appreciation of the situation as it obtained by the summer of 1944 and the Stavka's instructions for carrying out an operation along the southern strategic direction. This is followed by a minute examination of the two fronts' plans for organizing and exploiting a breakthrough of the enemy front, as well as the individual army commanders' plans for their own sectors. The study concentrates on such standard operational indices as the length of the attack front, the density of forces along the breakthrough front, the echeloning of forces for the attack, and cooperation among the combat arms. Whereas the first part offers an operational-strategic overview of the operation, the second is firmly focused at the tactical-operational level. This study is actually a doctoral dissertation dealing with the Third Ukrainian Front's 37th Army, which played the leading role in the front's offensive across the Dnestr River, from where it subsequently linked up with the Second Ukrainian Front's forces to encircle the German Sixth Army. Many of the operational indices highlighted in the first part are repeated here in even greater detail. The successful conclusion of the Iasi--Kishinev operation destroyed the German position in the Balkans and laid the groundwork for the Red Army's subsequent advance into Hungary and Central Europe. As one of the army's more successful offensive operations, it is worthy of study by history buffs and professional officers alike.

Ostfront 1944

Author : Alex Buchner
Publisher : Schiffer Military History
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Ostfront 1944 by : Alex Buchner

Download or read book Ostfront 1944 written by Alex Buchner and published by Schiffer Military History. This book was released on 1991 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: OSTFRONT 1944: The German Defensive Battles on the Russian Front in 1944 Alex Buchner. In 1944, when the entire Russo-German front was "ablaze" under continual Soviet attacks, wrong estimations by the highest German command led to critical decisions with grave consequences. The Red Army was growing increasingly stronger, and launched a major offensive. They engaged the Germans in a series of battles - Cherkassy, Tarnopol, Crimea, Vetebsk, Brody, Jassy - That ended in the collapse of Army Group Center, and catastrophic German losses. These battles cost the German army in the east well over a half-million casualties. The entire story is set forth in this new book by Alex Buchner. This in-depth study uses presently available sources and the reports of still-living participants, to document the events on the Eastern Front of 1944. It tells the story from the German point of view, reflecting on what is considered the most barbarous fighting of World War II. Alex Buchner is the author of several World War II studies, including The German Infantry Handbook 1939-1945, available from Schiffer Military History.

The Red Army and the Second World War

Author : Alexander Hill
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316720519
Total Pages : 757 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (167 download)

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Book Synopsis The Red Army and the Second World War by : Alexander Hill

Download or read book The Red Army and the Second World War written by Alexander Hill and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-07 with total page 757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a definitive new account of the Soviet Union at war, Alexander Hill charts the development, successes and failures of the Red Army from the industrialisation of the Soviet Union in the late 1920s through to the end of the Great Patriotic War in May 1945. Setting military strategy and operations within a broader context that includes national mobilisation on a staggering scale, the book presents a comprehensive account of the origins and course of the war from the perspective of this key Allied power. Drawing on the latest archival research and a wealth of eyewitness testimony, Hill portrays the Red Army at war from the perspective of senior leaders and men and women at the front line to reveal how the Red Army triumphed over the forces of Nazi Germany and her allies on the Eastern Front, and why it did so at such great cost.

Tanks in Operation Bagration 1944

Author : Steven J. Zaloga
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472853946
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Tanks in Operation Bagration 1944 by : Steven J. Zaloga

Download or read book Tanks in Operation Bagration 1944 written by Steven J. Zaloga and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-05-25 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new study of tank warfare used in the Soviet offensive of Operation Bagration, which destroyed Army Group Center. Operation Bagration, the 1944 summer campaign on the Russian Front, has been called “Hitler's Greatest Defeat.” The operation involved substantial tank and armored vehicles on both sides but the German forces were severely hampered by the transfer of dozens of Panzer divisions to France to repel an expected Allied invasion. Forced to make hard decisions, German tank forces in the central Belarus sector were weak compared to the heavy concentration of Panzers in northern Ukraine. The Red Army exploited this vulnerability, crushing Army Group Center, and pushing beyond the Soviet frontier into Poland and East Prussia. With this crucial victory secured, the Red Army conducted successive offensives beyond the Carpathian Mountains, arriving at the Vistula river in Poland, and forcing Romania to switch sides. The Red Army had embarked on a major tank modernization after the Kursk battles of 1943 and as a result, Operation Bagration saw the first widespread use of T-34-85 and IS-2 tanks as well as self-propelled guns. Germany's Panther tank finally reached technical maturity in the summer of 1944 but small numbers weakened its battlefield impact, while other innovations such as the Tiger II heavy tank failed to leave their mark. Using new photos and a fascinating selection of color illustrations explaining the camouflage and markings of these tanks, this book describes how the tanks and AFVs on both sides contributed to the eventual defeat of Army Group Center.

The Great Crusade

Author : H. P. Willmott
Publisher : Potomac Books, Inc.
ISBN 13 : 159797191X
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (979 download)

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Book Synopsis The Great Crusade by : H. P. Willmott

Download or read book The Great Crusade written by H. P. Willmott and published by Potomac Books, Inc.. This book was released on 2008-06 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated edition of the classic survey of World War II's military history

Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War

Author : John S. Harrel
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526743035
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War by : John S. Harrel

Download or read book Soviet Cavalry Operations During the Second World War written by John S. Harrel and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The author of The Nisibis War analyzes the Red Army’s usage of horse-mounted units along the Soviet-German Eastern Front during World War II. While the development of tanks had largely led to the replacement of cavalry in most armies by 1939, the Soviets retained a strong mounted arm. In the terrain and conditions of the Eastern Front, they were able to play an important role denied them elsewhere. John Harrel shows how the Soviets developed a doctrine of deep penetration, using cavalry formations to strike into the Axis rear, disrupting logistics and lines of communication, encircling and isolating units. Interestingly he also shows that this doctrine did not stem from the native cavalry tradition of the steppe but from the example of the American Civil War. The American approach was copied by the Russians in WWI and the Russian Civil War, refined by the Soviets in the early stages of World War Two, and perfected during the last two years of the war. The Soviet experience demonstrated that deep operations (cavalry raids) against enemy rear echelons set the conditions for victory. Although the last horse-mounted units disappeared in the 1950s, their influence led directly to the formation of the Operational Manoeuvre Groups that, ironically, faced U.S. forces in the Cold War. “An expansive analysis of the technical, tactical and operational employment of Soviet cavalry against the Germans and their Axis allies. For practitioners who want to understand the history and development, the book is a goldmine of overlooked campaigns and actions . . . . The book’s dense and detailed presentation makes it valuable to operational planners and those interested in the Soviet-German war.” —ARMOR Magazine

The History of the Holocaust in Romania

Author : Jean Ancel
Publisher : Comprehensive History of the H
ISBN 13 : 9780803290617
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis The History of the Holocaust in Romania by : Jean Ancel

Download or read book The History of the Holocaust in Romania written by Jean Ancel and published by Comprehensive History of the H. This book was released on 2017-05-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing from an exhaustive collection of original Jewish accounts and sources not available until the fall of Nicolae Ceausescu in the late 1980s, Jean Ancel provides a detailed analysis of the path of antisemitism that led to the unspeakable horrors of the Holocaust in Romania. The Romanians and other nations inside and outside the Balkans related differently to "their Jews" and "other Jews," that is, those living in districts annexed to Romania after the First World War and those in areas occupied and annexed to the Romanian military administration after the Soviet invasion in June 1941. The Jews of the Regat, the core Romanian principality, suffered pogroms, decrees, and degradation, but on the whole they survived the Holocaust. Although more Jews survived in Romania than in any other non-occupied country allied with Germany, contemporary Romanian sources show that the Antonescu regime and Romania itself killed at least 400,000 Jews, including 180,000 Ukranian Jews. Among Nazi Germany's allies, Romania contributed most to the extermination of the Jewish people. Jean Ancel (1940-2008) was a Romanian-born Israeli independent historian and a research associate of Yad Vashem's International Institute for Holocaust Research. He is the author and editor of numerous books, including The Economic Destruction of Romanian Jewry (Yad Vashem, 2007), Prelude to Mass Murder: The Pogrom in Iisi, Romania, June 28 and Thereafter (Yad Vashem, 2014), and Resisting the Storm: Romania, 1940-1947: Memoirs.

Armies of the Bear

Author : Michael Avanzini
Publisher : Tiger Lily Pub
ISBN 13 : 9780972029629
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Armies of the Bear by : Michael Avanzini

Download or read book Armies of the Bear written by Michael Avanzini and published by Tiger Lily Pub. This book was released on 2004-10 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first part of a series detailing Orders of Battle for all Red Army formations and units, Claws of the Bear Volume I, Part 2, covers Rifle Divisions 26 - 50. Thanks to access to the Russian military archives, much original material is incorporated. Divisional information includes year of formation, year of disbandment, a brief history, dates of active service, commanders, awards, constitutent units, and dates of assignment to higher commands, by each month of war service. Rifle Divisions up to 474 will be covered. Subsequently, motorized, tank, mountain, airborne and other divisions will be detailed, along with a host of independent brigades including artillery brigades.

When Titans Clashed

Author : David M. Glantz
Publisher : University Press of Kansas
ISBN 13 : 0700621210
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis When Titans Clashed by : David M. Glantz

Download or read book When Titans Clashed written by David M. Glantz and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2015-10-16 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On first publication, this uncommonly concise and readable account of Soviet Russia's clash with Nazi Germany utterly changed our understanding of World War II on Germany’s Eastern Front, immediately earning its place among top-shelf histories of the world war. Revised and updated to reflect recent Russian and Western scholarship on the subject, much of it the authors' own work, this new edition maintains the 1995 original's distinction as a crucial volume in the history of World War II and of the Soviet Union and the most informed and compelling perspective on one of the greatest military confrontations of all time. In 1941, when Pearl Harbor shattered America's peacetime pretensions, the German blitzkrieg had already blasted the Red Army back to Moscow. Yet, less than four years later, the Soviet hammer-and-sickle flew above the ruins of Berlin, stark symbol of a miraculous comeback that destroyed the Germany Army and put an end to Hitler's imperial designs. In swift and stirring prose, When Titans Clash provides the clearest, most complete account of this epic struggle, especially from the Soviet perspective. Drawing on the massive and unprecedented release of Soviet archival documents in recent decades, David Glantz, one of the world's foremost authorities on the Soviet military, and noted military historian Jonathan House expand and elaborate our picture of the Soviet war effort—a picture sharply different from accounts that emphasize Hitler's failed leadership over Soviet strategy and might. Rafts of newly available official directives, orders, and reports reveal the true nature and extraordinary scale of Soviet military operations as they swept across the one thousand miles from Moscow to Berlin, featuring stubborn defenses and monumental offensives and counteroffensives and ultimately costing the two sides combined a staggering twenty million casualties. Placing the war within its wider context, the authors also make use of recent revelations to clarify further the political, economic, and social issues that influenced and reflected what happened on the battlefield. Their work gives us new insight into Stalin's political motivation and Adolf Hitler’s role as warlord, as well as a better understanding of the human and economic costs of the war—for both the Soviet Union and Germany. While incorporating a wealth of new information, When Titans Clashed remains remarkably compact, a tribute to the authors' determination to make this critical chapter in world history as accessible as it is essential.

Holocaust in Romania

Author : Matatias Carp
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Holocaust in Romania by : Matatias Carp

Download or read book Holocaust in Romania written by Matatias Carp and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The brutality of how Romania's war-time Nazi leaders butchered 400,000 Romanian Jews is documented by a surviving Jewish leader.

The Reckoning

Author : Prit Buttar
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472837886
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis The Reckoning by : Prit Buttar

Download or read book The Reckoning written by Prit Buttar and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2020-10-29 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The Reckoning is vivid history, the tragic Eastern Front brought to life through the widest range of Russian and German sources I've ever read. Bravo.' – Peter Caddick-Adams, author and broadcaster From critically acclaimed Eastern Front expert Prit Buttar, The Reckoning is a masterful re-evaluation of the fateful year of 1944, and how the Red Army irrevocably turned the tide of war until the final defeat within the heart of Germany itself was guaranteed. The fighting throughout the Ukraine and Romania was brutal, with the German defence dogged and desperate. But for too long the Wehrmacht had relied on the superior combat prowess of its fighting men. What had not been taken into account, however, was that the Red Army would not only rely on its sheer size, but would fine-tune its fighting performance from its senior commanders right down to the individual soldier battling both fear and the elements to take each line, each trench, each inch of land. Ultimately it is a story not of how the Germans lost, as is all too often told, but of how the Russians increasingly learned how to win.