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Hydrogen Production By The Cataylitic Auto Thermal Reforming Of Synthetic Crude Glycerol In A Packed Bed Tubular Reactor
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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production by the Cataylitic Auto-Thermal Reforming of Synthetic Crude Glycerol in a Packed Bed Tubular Reactor by : Ahmad Mahmoud Abdul Ghani
Download or read book Hydrogen Production by the Cataylitic Auto-Thermal Reforming of Synthetic Crude Glycerol in a Packed Bed Tubular Reactor written by Ahmad Mahmoud Abdul Ghani and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Numerical Model for Auto-Thermal Reforming of Synthetic Crude Glycerol in a Packed Bed Tubular Reactor by : Jason McNair Williams
Download or read book A Two-Dimensional Heterogeneous Numerical Model for Auto-Thermal Reforming of Synthetic Crude Glycerol in a Packed Bed Tubular Reactor written by Jason McNair Williams and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen (H2) production has garnered attention amongst renewable energy researchers and intergovernmental agencies because of its potential to be an energy carrier and ability to satisfy the energy requirements of society. To date, the primary resource for H2 production is methane (CH4) found in natural gas, and to reduce fossil fuel utilization, other hydrocarbon sources have been identified. Glycerol is the by-product of biodiesel production, and with excess crude glycerol on the market, it proves advantageous to apply reforming methods to this feedstock to produce hydrogen. This work presents numerical models for a catalytic auto-thermal reforming (ATR) process developed for converting synthetic crude glycerol (CG) to hydrogen gas in packed bed tubular reactor (PBTR). The models were heterogenous, considering the presence of the solid catalyst and created with two numerical methods, the finite difference method (FDM) in MATLAB and the finite element method (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics. Both models were validated with experimental data obtained from a laboratory-scale ATR process in the presence of a Ni-based catalyst, developed under the Advanced Green Energy Systems research portfolio at the University of Regina. The power law rate model derived from the experiments was used in the model development. The CG conversion in the simulation data from the models were in good agreement with experimental data giving absolute average deviation(AAD) values of 7.56% and 6.34% for that created with FEM and FDM respectively. The conversion and temperature trends for the two models were compared to each other, with a previously built pseudo- homogeneous model for this same ATR process, developed in other work. From a qualitative standpoint, the two heterogeneous models, though not aligned perfectly, trended in the same manner. At the reaction zone, the FDM model prediction gave a slightly higher bulk fluid temperature. The heterogeneous models predicted a lower reaction zone temperature by approximately 6 oC, thus showing the impact of inclusion of the heat and mass transfer at the fluid-solid interface between into the governing equations. A different approach was used in COMSOL by manipulating the modules to overcome the limitation of generating temperature profiles for the catalyst pellet. The generated profiles for the catalyst particles in FDM and FEM were also showed to be in good agreement. Simulations were done with the FEM model varying the feed temperature from 773K to 923K and the space time from 12.71 g cat/min mol C to 158.23 g cat/min mol C. An increase in temperature resulted in increased CG conversion and H2 yield. This was also observed as the space time increased. Effectiveness factors were calculated using concentration and temperature profiles for the solid catalyst generated with the FDM to quantify how much of the catalyst surface is being used for the reaction. Initial simulations were done in accordance with the physical experiments at a catalyst size of 0.8 mm. Increasing the catalyst size in the simulation showed a significant difference between bulk fluid and solid catalyst temperature and concentration as species travelled along the reactor, decreasing CG conversion at the exit of the reactor, highlighting the importance of reducing the resistance to heat and mass resistance from fluid to solid.
Book Synopsis Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by the Auto-Thermal Reforming of Glycerol by : Faezeh Sabri
Download or read book Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by the Auto-Thermal Reforming of Glycerol written by Faezeh Sabri and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Modelling For Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming to Hydrogen Rich Gas by : Anita Ninson Odoom
Download or read book Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Modelling For Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming to Hydrogen Rich Gas written by Anita Ninson Odoom and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass as a source of hydrogen production has gained great cognizance amongst researchers. The growing trend of energy is geared towards renewable energy sources for which crude glycerol serves as a viable source for hydrogen production. The most widely studied feedstock for hydrogen production is methane (CH4). In this work, crude glycerol which is a bi product in biodiesel production is considered because it produces higher number of moles of hydrogen than methane and also, adds up to the effective use of crude glycerol as a source of hydrogen. The kinetics for this system was studied over S/C ratio of 2.6 and O2/C 0.125 using 5% Ni/CeZrCa. Both power law and mechanistic kinetic models were studied. The overall power law model for crude glycerol autothermal reforming process was investigated with a pre-exponential factor of 4.3×1010 mol/gcat.min and activation energy of 8.78×104 J/mol. The reaction orders with respect to crude glycerol, water and oxygen are 1.04, 0.54 and 1.78 respectively. The absolute average deviation of 5.84 % which showed a good correlation between the predicted and experimental rate. Afterwards, both power and mechanistic models were developed for steam reforming, total oxidation and CO2 Methanation. For steam reforming, Eley Rideal approach best described the rate with for the surface reaction step being the rate determining step (AAD
Book Synopsis Process Analysis and Optimization of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network by : Christian Ekejiuba Nwosu
Download or read book Process Analysis and Optimization of Crude Glycerol Autothermal Reforming Using Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network written by Christian Ekejiuba Nwosu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an urgent need to curtail the effects of global warming through the development of efficient, cheap and accessible alternative source of energy since the combustion of carbon containing compounds has become a problem. The combustion of hydrogen gas for example for either heat generation or use as fuel cells in automobiles produces only water vapour as by-product. Though, water vapour is also greenhouse gas, it does not last long in the atmosphere when released since hydrologic cycle ensures the excess water vapour is sent down via precipitation. Based on this and in addition to its high heat capacity, the use of hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuel has become highly beneficial. Hydrogen gas can be cheaply produced from glycerol; a major waste product in bio-diesel gas production which contains very high impurities and requires a lot of money for purifications. This research work therefore focused on the in-situ production of hydrogen gas as well as optimization from crude glycerol using a very stable catalyst without having to undergo some purification steps thereby saving cost. The methodology deployed in this research work in their respective order involves; (1) the preparation of 5%Ni/CeZrCa catalyst with great performance and activity (2) characterization of the prepared catalyst via: TGA, N2 physisorption, XRD, TPR and XRF, (3) design of experiment using central composite design (CCD), (4) preparation of crude glycerol which mirrors waste glycerol from a typical bio-diesel production station, (5) laboratory experiment for hydrogen gas production through autothermal reforming of crude glycerol method which involves two important parts; partial oxidation and steam reforming processes. The experiments were carried out following the design of experiment with CCD which involves catalytic and non-catalytic runs to evaluate the performance of the catalyst. (6) optimization of hydrogen gas using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). The design of experiment was executed with the following range of input variables; temperature: 500 - 650oC, crude glycerol flow rate: 0.0019 - 0.0033 mols C/min, Steam to carbon ratio: 1.6 - 3.6, Oxygen to carbon ratio: 0.05 - 0.2, Catalyst weight: 0.05 - 0.25g. The highest feed conversion and yield were 92 mol% and 0.995 mols respectively at temp: 575oC, feed flow rate: 0.0026 mols C/min, S/C center point of: 0.78, O/C: 0.13 and catalyst weight of 0.15g. The fitted quadratic model using RSM gave a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.951, an RMSE of 1.51% and AAD of 3.14%. and also established best operating conditions for hydrogen productions as temp: 650oC, feed flow rate: 0.0033 mols C/min, S/C: 2.34, O/C: 0.052 and catalyst weight of 0.15g with catalyst size constantly maintained at 0.05mm. Furthermore, the results of the variable ranking of the ANN using the connection weight approach showed that temperature has the highest influence with a ranking weight of 53% while O/C has the least influence with a ranking weight of 3%. The regression analysis of the ANN using the Levenberg-Marquardt Model and TANSIG as transfer function gave better results with an R2 of 0.999, MSE: 10-8, AAD: 0.34% and RMSE: 3.5x10-4%. A standard quadratic polynomial equation has been established for hydrogen gas production and optimization in the autothermal reforming process. Also, optimum conditions required for hydrogen gas production has been established. From the results of RSM and ANN predictions and those of R2, AAD, RMSE and MSE obtained, it is evidently clear that the ANN model was superior to RSM in predicting hydrogen gas.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production by Water Gas Shift Reaction Following Dry Reforming of Biogas Methane in Membrane and Packed Bed Tubular Reactors by : Ishioma Judith Oluku
Download or read book Hydrogen Production by Water Gas Shift Reaction Following Dry Reforming of Biogas Methane in Membrane and Packed Bed Tubular Reactors written by Ishioma Judith Oluku and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Methane Using Membrane Reactor by : Jawan Jungan
Download or read book Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Methane Using Membrane Reactor written by Jawan Jungan and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics & Reactor Design by : Charles G. Hill
Download or read book An Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics & Reactor Design written by Charles G. Hill and published by Рипол Классик. This book was released on with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Methane Using Membrane Reactor for Fuel Cell Application by : Jawan Jungan
Download or read book Hydrogen Production from Catalytic Autothermal Reforming of Methane Using Membrane Reactor for Fuel Cell Application written by Jawan Jungan and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production from Gasoline Using Nickel-Based Catalysts by : Andrew Roland Tadd
Download or read book Hydrogen Production from Gasoline Using Nickel-Based Catalysts written by Andrew Roland Tadd and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Glycerol Valorisation by Catalytic Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production by : Marcia Carolina Araque Marin
Download or read book Glycerol Valorisation by Catalytic Steam Reforming for Hydrogen Production written by Marcia Carolina Araque Marin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents the H2 production by glycerol steam reforming (GSR) using as catalysts mixed fluorite-type oxides of Ce-Zr-(Ru/Rh) and Ce-Zr-Co-(Ru/Rh). The effect of the active phase (Ru, Rh, Co-Ru, Co-Rh), the amount of the noble metal (0.5% wt, 1.2 % wt), and the mass CeO2/ZrO2 ratio (0.65/0.35, 0.8/0.2, 0.2/0.8) were studied. The characterisation of the catalysts before test showed that the introduction noble metals favoured the redox properties of the mixed oxides by lowering the temperature of reduction. However only with the presence of Co and the noble metal the reducibility capacity of the mixed oxides increased (% Ce reduced). The redox properties were also enhanced by the higher amount of Ce in the mixed oxide. The presence of the noble metals (Ru/Rh) increases the catalytic activity and stability respect to Ce-Zr and Ce-Zr-Co catalysts. The increase in the amount of noble metal did not present a significant change but the increase in the Ce amount enhanced the stability and selectivity towards H2. The comparison between equivalent series of Ru and Rh catalysts shows that the Rh oxides exhibit a better catalytic behaviour. The catalyst with the best performance towards the production of H2 was the Ce-Zr-Co-Rh mixed oxide rich in cerium. Additional tests were performed using this catalyst and it was found that improvements of the process of GSR can be achieved by modification of the catalytic bed configuration (favour the steam reforming of glycerol decomposition by-products) and by the addition of low quantities of O2 to the reactant flow (improve carbon gasification and catalyst stability).
Book Synopsis Structured Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Methane Autothermal Reforming by : Emma Palo
Download or read book Structured Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Methane Autothermal Reforming written by Emma Palo and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production Enhancement and the Effect of Passive Mixing Using Flow Disturbers in a Steam-reforming Reactor by : Chang-Hsien Liao
Download or read book Hydrogen Production Enhancement and the Effect of Passive Mixing Using Flow Disturbers in a Steam-reforming Reactor written by Chang-Hsien Liao and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modelling and Experimental Study of Methane Catalytic Cracking as a Hydrogen Production Technology by : Ashraf Mukhtar Lotfi Amin
Download or read book Modelling and Experimental Study of Methane Catalytic Cracking as a Hydrogen Production Technology written by Ashraf Mukhtar Lotfi Amin and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Production of hydrogen is primarily achieved via catalytic steam reforming, partial oxidation, and auto-thermal reforming of natural gas. Although these processes are mature technologies, they are somewhat complex and CO is formed as a by-product, therefore requiring a separation process if a pure or hydrogen-rich stream is needed. As an alternative method, supported metal catalysts can be used to catalytically decompose hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen. The process is known as catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. Methane, the hydrocarbon containing the highest percentage of hydrogen, can be used in such a process to produce a hydrogen-rich stream. The decomposition of methane occurs on the surface of the active metal to produce hydrogen and filamentous carbon. As a result, only hydrogen is produced as a gaseous product, which eliminates the need of further separation processes to separate CO2 or CO. Nickel is commonly used in research as a catalyst for methane cracking in the 500-700C temperature range. To conduct methane catalytic cracking in a continuous manner, regeneration of the deactivated catalyst is required and circulation of the catalysts between cracking and regeneration cycles must be achieved. Different reactor designs have been successfully used in cyclic operation, such as a set of parallel fixed-bed reactors alternating between cracking and regeneration, but catalyst agglomeration due to carbon deposition may lead to blockage of the reactor and elevated pressure drop through the fixed bed. Also poor heat transfer in the fixed bed may lead to elevated temperature during the regeneration step when carbon is burned in air, which may cause catalyst sintering. A fluidized bed reactor appears as a viable option for methane catalytic cracking, since it would permit cyclic operation by moving the catalyst between a cracker and a regenerator. In addition, there is the possibility of using fine catalyst particles, which improves catalyst effectiveness. The aims of this project were 1) to develop and characterize a suitable nickel-based catalyst and 2) to develop a model for thermal catalytic decomposition of methane in a fluidized bed.
Book Synopsis Thermodynamic Analysis of Glycerol Dry Reforming by : Latifah Sakinah Ismail
Download or read book Thermodynamic Analysis of Glycerol Dry Reforming written by Latifah Sakinah Ismail and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing demand for hydrogen energy requires renewable raw materials for its production. In particular, production of alternatives fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol has increased over the last few years culminating in increased glycerol output, a byproduct of transesterification. Due to the increased production of biodiesel, it is imperative to find alternative uses for glycerol such as for hydrogen production. Hydrogen is produced by using several processes such as steam reforming, autothermal reforming, aqueous-phase reforming and supercritical water reforming. Most of studies concern with hydrogen production via steam reforming process. To date, few works have been dedicated to produce hydrogen from glycerol dry reforming. Significantly, since glycerol has more carbon atoms than ethanol, it may be more likely to produce carbon nanofilaments (CNF) which is a potential marketable byproduct. This research reviews the several of synthesis gas produced in term of thermodynamic analysis such as methane, carbon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This research analysis by using glycerol as substrate with the aim of investigating the thermodynamics of glycerol dry reforming at atmospheric pressure and reforming temperature from 500 to 1000 K. Moles of each synthesis gases is shown with different of temperature and CGRs. On the basis of thermodynamic analysis with optimized operational condition, gaseous product distributions and coke formation behavior was obtained at different CGRs with different temperature. Based on this research, the synthesis gas have been produced which is hydrogen 1.5 moles, carbon monoxide 7.6 moles, carbon dioxide 5 moles, methane 1.5 moles and carbon 3 moles.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal by : Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh
Download or read book Sustainable Hydrogen Production Via Glycerol Steam Reforming with and Without In-situ CO2 Removal written by Marziehossadat Shokrollahi Yancheshmeh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades, hydrogen has attracted a great deal of attention as a green energy carrier. Currently, more than 95 % of hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels, which has been questioned by the depletion of resources andincrease of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, renewable, carbon-neutral resources such as biomass and biomass-derived chemicals has been receiving a growing interest as an option to produce hydrogen. As a main by product in the biodiesel manufacturing process, glycerol has emerged as a promising source for hydrogen production. Although steam reforming (SR) is being recognized as a promising approach for converting glycerol to hydrogen, this process faces a number of challenges including the presence of equilibrium-limited reactions and the need of an expensive downstream purification system. To alleviate these problems, a promising alternative is sorption enhanced steam reforming (SESR) process, in which steam reforming, water gas shift (WGS), and CO2 capture reactions occur simultaneously using areforming catalyst and a CO2solid sorbent. In this process, CO2 removal occurs simultaneously with the reforming reaction, shifting the WGS reaction towards hydrogen production and producing a hydrogen-enriched gas stream in a single step. The key factors in the successful application of this technology are mainly: (i) reforming catalysts and CO2 sorbents that can work efficiently under the harsh conditions of SESR process and (ii) mixing pattern of catalyst and sorbent. This thesis focuses on the development of efficient catalyst and catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for sustainable hydrogen production by SR and SESR of glycerol (SRG and SESRG). More specifically, four main objectives of our workare: (i) investigating the influence of steam addition during either carbonation or calcination on the CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent, (ii) developing Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15, 20, and 25 wt.%) and Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO−yCeO2(y = 5, 10, and 15 wt %) catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials and studying the influence of CeO2 on the material stability incyclic SESRG/regeneration operation, (iii) proposing a new method for the synthesis of a more readily reducible NiAl2O4 spinel and studying the influence of CeO2 addition on its catalytic performance, and (iv) novel synthesis of two Ni-CaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with highlyuniform distribution of catalytic active sites. (i) CO2 capture performance of Ca9Al6O18-CaO sorbent was investigated in the presence of two concentrations of steam, 2.3 and 9.5 vol. %.The obtained results revealed that the sorbent reactivity was remarkably enhanced for both concentrations of steam injected during carbonation step. In the case of steam addition during calcination, the CO2 capture performance was influenced negatively or positively depending on the concentration of steam. For 2.3 vol.% steam, the sorbent reactivity was worsened, while the presence of 9.5 vol.% steam led to an increase in the CO2capture capacity during 9 initial cycles.(ii) Two series of catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials were developed for the sustainable production of high-purity hydrogen by SESRG. Using Ca9Al6O18−CaO/xNiO (x = 15,20, and 25 wt.%) materials during five SESRG/regeneration cycles revealed that their reactivity was rapidly deteriorated mainly due to CaO sintering and coke deposition. As a result, the pre-breakthrough time and hydrogen yield decreased notably over five cycles. Interestingly, the addition of CeO2 to the most efficient catalyst (Ca9Al6O18−CaO/20NiO) led to a significant enhancement in material stability during cyclic operation. The bifunctional material promoted with 10 wt.% of CeO2 demonstrated the best performance, with a stable H2purity of ∼98% and H2yield of ∼91% over 20SESRG/regeneration cycles. (iii) A novel method, involving one-or two-step calcination of Ni-Al mixed-metal alkoxide((Ni-Al)-Glycerate), was developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel. For comparison purposes, the NiAl2O4 spinel was also synthesized throughthe conventional co-precipitation method followed by two-step calcination technique. The characterization results revealed that the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel through two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerateresulted in the formation of a more easily reducible catalyst and a more developed porous structure. This sample showed the highest H2yield (76.38 %) and glycerol conversion into gaseous products (95.42 %) when compared to other two samples. In order to avoid or reduce coke formation, 10 wt.% of CeO2 was incorporated into the sample prepared by two-step calcination of (Ni-Al)-Glycerate. The thermogravimetric analysis of the CeO2-promoted catalyst after SRG reaction revealed that the coke formation was almost completely suppressed. The method developed for the synthesis of NiAl2O4 spinel in the previous work was combined with the ethanol/water treatment of CaO-based sorbents to synthesistwo new NiCaO-based catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials for hydrogen production via SESRG. Cyclic SESRG/regeneration experiments showed that the Ca3Al2O6-CaO/NiO-CeO2 bifunctional material possessed higher activity and stability when compared to NiAl2O4-CaO/NiAl2O4-CeO2. The former one exhibited a high constant H2 purity of around 96% over 10 cycles, while the latter showed a H2 purity of approximately 90% over the first 6 cycles, followed by the further decrease to 86 % over the last 4 cycles. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis show that SESRG can be a very promising approach for high-purity hydrogen production in a single step, providing that the employed catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials possess uniform distribution of catalytic and sorption active sites on nanoscale and high resistance against CaO sintering and coke formation. To prepare catalyst-sorbent bifunctional materials with these characteristics, two main approaches were employed in this work: (i) developing new synthesis methods that provide a homogeneous distribution of targeted elements (Ca, Ni, Al, and Ce in this study) and (ii) using CeO2 as a promising promoter to reduce or suppress coke formation and enhance the cyclic stability of CaO particles.
Book Synopsis Understanding the Effects of Reactor Geometry and Scaling Through Temperature Profiles in Steam-reforming Hydrogen Production Reactors by : David Ronald Vernon
Download or read book Understanding the Effects of Reactor Geometry and Scaling Through Temperature Profiles in Steam-reforming Hydrogen Production Reactors written by David Ronald Vernon and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
