Human Medical Experimentation

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Experimentation with Human Beings

Author : Jay Katz
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
ISBN 13 : 1610448340
Total Pages : 1210 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimentation with Human Beings by : Jay Katz

Download or read book Experimentation with Human Beings written by Jay Katz and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 1972-07-24 with total page 1210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, increasing concern has been voiced about the nature and extent of human experimentation and its impact on the investigator, subject, science, and society. This casebook represents the first attempt to provide comprehensive materials for studying the human experimentation process. Through case studies from medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, and law—as well as evaluative materials from many other disciplines—Dr. Katz examines the problems raised by human experimentation from the vantage points of each of its major participants—investigator, subject, professions, and state. He analyzes what kinds of authority should be delegated to these participants in the formulation, administration, and review of the human experimentation process. Alternative proposals, from allowing investigators a completely free hand to imposing centralized governmental control, are examined from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The conceptual framework of Experimentation with Human Beings is designed to facilitate not only the analysis of such concepts as "harm," "benefit," and "informed consent," but also the exploration of the problems raised by man's quest for knowledge and mastery, his willingness to risk human life, and his readiness to delegate authority to professionals and rely on their judgment.

For the Good of Mankind?

Author : Vicki Oransky Wittenstein
Publisher : Twenty-First Century Books
ISBN 13 : 1467706590
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (677 download)

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Book Synopsis For the Good of Mankind? by : Vicki Oransky Wittenstein

Download or read book For the Good of Mankind? written by Vicki Oransky Wittenstein and published by Twenty-First Century Books. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiment: A child is deliberately infected with the deadly smallpox disease without his parents' informed consent. Result: The world's first vaccine. Experiment: A slave woman is forced to undergo more than thirty operations without anesthesia. Result: The beginnings of modern gynecology. Incidents like these paved the way for crucial, lifesaving medical discoveries. But they also harmed and humiliated their test subjects, many of whom did not agree to the experiments in the first place. How do doctors balance the need to test new medicines and procedures with their ethical duty to protect the rights of human subjects? Take a harrowing journey through some of history's greatest medical advances?and its most horrifying medical atrocities?to discover how human suffering has gone hand in hand with medical advancement.

Against Their Will

Author : Allen M. Hornblum
Publisher : St. Martin's Press
ISBN 13 : 1137363452
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis Against Their Will by : Allen M. Hornblum

Download or read book Against Their Will written by Allen M. Hornblum and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2013-06-25 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Cold War, an alliance between American scientists, pharmaceutical companies, and the US military pushed the medical establishment into ethically fraught territory. Doctors and scientists at prestigious institutions were pressured to produce medical advances to compete with the perceived threats coming from the Soviet Union. In Against Their Will, authors Allen Hornblum, Judith Newman, and Gregory Dober reveal the little-known history of unethical and dangerous medical experimentation on children in the United States. Through rare interviews and the personal correspondence of renowned medical investigators, they document how children—both normal and those termed "feebleminded"—from infants to teenagers, became human research subjects in terrifying experiments. They were drafted as "volunteers" to test vaccines, doused with ringworm, subjected to electric shock, and given lobotomies. They were also fed radioactive isotopes and exposed to chemical warfare agents. This groundbreaking book shows how institutional superintendents influenced by eugenics often turned these children over to scientific researchers without a second thought. Based on years of archival work and numerous interviews with both scientific researchers and former test subjects, this is a fascinating and disturbing look at the dark underbelly of American medical history.

Subjected to Science

Author : Susan E. Lederer
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 9780801857096
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Subjected to Science by : Susan E. Lederer

Download or read book Subjected to Science written by Susan E. Lederer and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1997-11-07 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Susan Lederer provides the first full-length history of early biomedical research with human subjects. Lederer offers detailed accounts of experiments conducted on both healthy and unhealthy men, women, and children, during the period from 1890 to 1940, including yellow fever experiments, Udo Wile's "dental drill" experiments on insane patients, and Hideyo Noguchi's syphilis experiments.

Medical Apartheid

Author : Harriet A. Washington
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 076791547X
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (679 download)

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Book Synopsis Medical Apartheid by : Harriet A. Washington

Download or read book Medical Apartheid written by Harriet A. Washington and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2008-01-08 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARD WINNER • The first full history of Black America’s shocking mistreatment as unwilling and unwitting experimental subjects at the hands of the medical establishment. No one concerned with issues of public health and racial justice can afford not to read this masterful book. "[Washington] has unearthed a shocking amount of information and shaped it into a riveting, carefully documented book." —New York Times From the era of slavery to the present day, starting with the earliest encounters between Black Americans and Western medical researchers and the racist pseudoscience that resulted, Medical Apartheid details the ways both slaves and freedmen were used in hospitals for experiments conducted without their knowledge—a tradition that continues today within some black populations. It reveals how Blacks have historically been prey to grave-robbing as well as unauthorized autopsies and dissections. Moving into the twentieth century, it shows how the pseudoscience of eugenics and social Darwinism was used to justify experimental exploitation and shoddy medical treatment of Blacks. Shocking new details about the government’s notorious Tuskegee experiment are revealed, as are similar, less-well-known medical atrocities conducted by the government, the armed forces, prisons, and private institutions. The product of years of prodigious research into medical journals and experimental reports long undisturbed, Medical Apartheid reveals the hidden underbelly of scientific research and makes possible, for the first time, an understanding of the roots of the African American health deficit. At last, it provides the fullest possible context for comprehending the behavioral fallout that has caused Black Americans to view researchers—and indeed the whole medical establishment—with such deep distrust.

Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309038391
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research by : National Research Council

Download or read book Use of Laboratory Animals in Biomedical and Behavioral Research written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific experiments using animals have contributed significantly to the improvement of human health. Animal experiments were crucial to the conquest of polio, for example, and they will undoubtedly be one of the keystones in AIDS research. However, some persons believe that the cost to the animals is often high. Authored by a committee of experts from various fields, this book discusses the benefits that have resulted from animal research, the scope of animal research today, the concerns of advocates of animal welfare, and the prospects for finding alternatives to animal use. The authors conclude with specific recommendations for more consistent government action.

Dangerous Medicine

Author : Sydney A. Halpern
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300262450
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Dangerous Medicine by : Sydney A. Halpern

Download or read book Dangerous Medicine written by Sydney A. Halpern and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-23 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The untold history of America’s mid-twentieth-century program of hepatitis infection research, its scientists’ aspirations, and the damage the project caused human subjects From 1942 through 1972, American biomedical researchers deliberately infected people with hepatitis. Government-sponsored researchers were attempting to discover the basic features of the disease and the viruses causing it, and to develop interventions that would quell recurring outbreaks. Drawing from extensive archival research and in-person interviews, Sydney Halpern traces the hepatitis program from its origins in World War II through its expansion during the initial Cold War years, to its demise in the early 1970s amid an outcry over research abuse. The subjects in hepatitis studies were members of stigmatized groups—conscientious objectors, prison inmates, the mentally ill, and developmentally disabled adults and children. The book reveals how researchers invoked military and scientific imperatives and the rhetoric of a common good to win support for the experiments and access to recruits. Halpern examines the participants’ long-term health consequences and raises troubling questions about hazardous human experiments aimed at controlling today’s epidemic diseases.

When Experiments Travel

Author : Adriana Petryna
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400830826
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis When Experiments Travel by : Adriana Petryna

Download or read book When Experiments Travel written by Adriana Petryna and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-04-27 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The phenomenal growth of global pharmaceutical sales and the quest for innovation are driving an unprecedented search for human test subjects, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. Our hope for medical progress increasingly depends on the willingness of the world's poor to participate in clinical drug trials. While these experiments often provide those in need with vital and previously unattainable medical resources, the outsourcing and offshoring of trials also create new problems. In this groundbreaking book, anthropologist Adriana Petryna takes us deep into the clinical trials industry as it brings together players separated by vast economic and cultural differences. Moving between corporate and scientific offices in the United States and research and public health sites in Poland and Brazil, When Experiments Travel documents the complex ways that commercial medical science, with all its benefits and risks, is being integrated into local health systems and emerging drug markets. Providing a unique perspective on globalized clinical trials, When Experiments Travel raises central questions: Are such trials exploitative or are they social goods? How are experiments controlled and how is drug safety ensured? And do these experiments help or harm public health in the countries where they are conducted? Empirically rich and theoretically innovative, the book shows that neither the language of coercion nor that of rational choice fully captures the range of situations and value systems at work in medical experiments today. When Experiments Travel challenges conventional understandings of the ethics and politics of transnational science and changes the way we think about global medicine and the new infrastructures of our lives.

The Plutonium Files

Author : Eileen Welsome
Publisher : Delta
ISBN 13 : 0307767337
Total Pages : 724 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (77 download)

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Book Synopsis The Plutonium Files by : Eileen Welsome

Download or read book The Plutonium Files written by Eileen Welsome and published by Delta. This book was released on 2010-10-20 with total page 724 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the vast wartime factories of the Manhattan Project began producing plutonium in quantities never before seen on earth, scientists working on the top-secret bomb-building program grew apprehensive. Fearful that plutonium might cause a cancer epidemic among workers and desperate to learn more about what it could do to the human body, the Manhattan Project's medical doctors embarked upon an experiment in which eighteen unsuspecting patients in hospital wards throughout the country were secretly injected with the cancer-causing substance. Most of these patients would go to their graves without ever knowing what had been done to them. Now, in The Plutonium Files, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter Eileen Welsome reveals for the first time the breadth of the extraordinary fifty-year cover-up surrounding the plutonium injections, as well as the deceitful nature of thousands of other experiments conducted on American citizens in the postwar years. Welsome's remarkable investigation spans the 1930s to the 1990s and draws upon hundreds of newly declassified documents and other primary sources to disclose this shadowy chapter in American history. She gives a voice to such innocents as Helen Hutchison, a young woman who entered a prenatal clinic in Nashville for a routine checkup and was instead given a radioactive "cocktail" to drink; Gordon Shattuck, one of several boys at a state school for the developmentally disabled in Massachusetts who was fed radioactive oatmeal for breakfast; and Maude Jacobs, a Cincinnati woman suffering from cancer and subjected to an experimental radiation treatment designed to help military planners learn how to win a nuclear war. Welsome also tells the stories of the scientists themselves, many of whom learned the ways of secrecy on the Manhattan Project. Among them are Stafford Warren, a grand figure whose bravado masked a cunning intelligence; Joseph Hamilton, who felt he was immune to the dangers of radiation only to suffer later from a fatal leukemia; and physician Louis Hempelmann, one of the most enthusiastic supporters of the plan to inject humans with potentially carcinogenic doses of plutonium. Hidden discussions of fifty years past are reconstructed here, wherein trusted government officials debated the ethical and legal implications of the experiments, demolishing forever the argument that these studies took place in a less enlightened era. Powered by her groundbreaking reportage and singular narrative gifts, Eileen Welsome has created a work of profound humanity as well as major historical significance. From the Hardcover edition.

Doctors from Hell

Author : Vivien Spitz
Publisher : Sentient Publications
ISBN 13 : 1591810329
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (918 download)

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Book Synopsis Doctors from Hell by : Vivien Spitz

Download or read book Doctors from Hell written by Vivien Spitz and published by Sentient Publications. This book was released on 2005 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A chilling story of human depravity and ultimate justice, told for the first time by an eyewitness court reporter for the Nuremberg war crimes trial of Nazi doctors. This is the account of 22 men and 1 woman and the torturing and killing by experiment they authorized in the name of scientific research and patriotism. Doctors from Hell includes trial transcripts that have not been easily available to the general public and previously unpublished photographs used as evidence in the trial. The author describes the experience of being in bombed-out, dangerous, post-war Nuremberg, where she lived for two years while working on the trial. Once a Nazi sympathizer tossed bombs into the dining room of the hotel where she lived moments before she arrived for dinner. She takes us into the courtroom to hear the dramatic testimony and see the reactions of the defendants to the proceedings. This landmark trial resulted in the establishment of the Nuremberg code, which set the guidelines for medical research involving human beings. A significant addition to the literature on World War II and the Holocaust, medical ethics, human rights, and the barbaric depths to which human beings can descend.

Undue Risk

Author : Jonathan D. Moreno
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136605568
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Undue Risk by : Jonathan D. Moreno

Download or read book Undue Risk written by Jonathan D. Moreno and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the courtrooms of Nuremberg to the battlefields of the Gulf War, Undue Risk exposes a variety of government policies and specific cases, includingplutonium injections to unwilling hospital patients, and even the attempted recruitment of Nazi medical scientists bythe U.S. government after World War II.

The Belmont Report

Author : United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis The Belmont Report by : United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

Download or read book The Belmont Report written by United States. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Secret Cures of Slaves

Author : Londa Schiebinger
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 1503602982
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Secret Cures of Slaves by : Londa Schiebinger

Download or read book Secret Cures of Slaves written by Londa Schiebinger and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-18 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Engaging unique sources . . . Londa Schiebinger untangles the complex relationships between European and local physicians, healers, plants, and slavery.” —François Regourd, Université Paris Nanterre In the natural course of events, humans fall sick and die. The history of medicine bristles with attempts to find new and miraculous remedies, to work with and against nature to restore humans to health and well-being. In this book, Londa Schiebinger examines medicine and human experimentation in the Atlantic World, exploring the circulation of people, disease, plants, and knowledge between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. She traces the development of a colonial medical complex from the 1760s, when a robust experimental culture emerged in the British and French West Indies, to the early 1800s, when debates raged about banning the slave trade and, eventually, slavery itself. Massive mortality among enslaved Africans and European planters, soldiers, and sailors fueled the search for new healing techniques. Amerindian, African, and European knowledges competed to cure diseases emerging from the collision of peoples on newly established, often poorly supplied, plantations. But not all knowledge was equal. Highlighting the violence and fear endemic to colonial struggles, Schiebinger explores aspects of African medicine that were not put to the test, such as Obeah and vodou. This book analyzes how and why specific knowledges were blocked, discredited, or held secret. “In this urgent, probing and visually striking volume, Londa Schiebinger, one of the pioneers of feminist and colonial science studies, shifts our understanding of Enlightenment racial attitudes to the domain of the medical, making a vital contribution to the dynamic new wave of research on science and slavery in the Atlantic world.” —James Delbourgo, Rutgers University

Acres of Skin

Author : Allen M. Hornblum
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134001649
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Acres of Skin by : Allen M. Hornblum

Download or read book Acres of Skin written by Allen M. Hornblum and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time of increased interest and renewed shock over the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, Acres of Skin sheds light on yet another dark episode of American medical history. In this disturbing expose, Allen M. Hornblum tells the story of Philadelphia's Holmesburg Prison.

Man, Medicine, and the State

Author : Wolfgang Uwe Eckart
Publisher : Franz Steiner Verlag
ISBN 13 : 9783515087940
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (879 download)

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Book Synopsis Man, Medicine, and the State by : Wolfgang Uwe Eckart

Download or read book Man, Medicine, and the State written by Wolfgang Uwe Eckart and published by Franz Steiner Verlag. This book was released on 2006 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This anthology unites articles about different aspects of scientific human experiments in the course of World War I to the 1960s. The majority of them deals with the development of medicine and life sciences as well as the national research promotion under the Nazi regime and during World War II. Studies on human experiments of French, Japanese, and US-American research enlarge the perspective on a problem of obviously international range. These empirical studies are supplemented by articles on the legal evaluation of this behaviour of scientists, as well as on the resulting movement to formulate binding transnational ethical codes on behalf of human experiments.

Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309132975
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-02 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.

The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

Author : Rebecca Skloot
Publisher : Crown
ISBN 13 : 0307589382
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by : Rebecca Skloot

Download or read book The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks written by Rebecca Skloot and published by Crown. This book was released on 2010-02-02 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: #1 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “The story of modern medicine and bioethics—and, indeed, race relations—is refracted beautifully, and movingly.”—Entertainment Weekly NOW A MAJOR MOTION PICTURE FROM HBO® STARRING OPRAH WINFREY AND ROSE BYRNE • ONE OF THE “MOST INFLUENTIAL” (CNN), “DEFINING” (LITHUB), AND “BEST” (THE PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER) BOOKS OF THE DECADE • ONE OF ESSENCE’S 50 MOST IMPACTFUL BLACK BOOKS OF THE PAST 50 YEARS • WINNER OF THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE HEARTLAND PRIZE FOR NONFICTION NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The New York Times Book Review • Entertainment Weekly • O: The Oprah Magazine • NPR • Financial Times • New York • Independent (U.K.) • Times (U.K.) • Publishers Weekly • Library Journal • Kirkus Reviews • Booklist • Globe and Mail Her name was Henrietta Lacks, but scientists know her as HeLa. She was a poor Southern tobacco farmer who worked the same land as her slave ancestors, yet her cells—taken without her knowledge—became one of the most important tools in medicine: The first “immortal” human cells grown in culture, which are still alive today, though she has been dead for more than sixty years. HeLa cells were vital for developing the polio vaccine; uncovered secrets of cancer, viruses, and the atom bomb’s effects; helped lead to important advances like in vitro fertilization, cloning, and gene mapping; and have been bought and sold by the billions. Yet Henrietta Lacks remains virtually unknown, buried in an unmarked grave. Henrietta’s family did not learn of her “immortality” until more than twenty years after her death, when scientists investigating HeLa began using her husband and children in research without informed consent. And though the cells had launched a multimillion-dollar industry that sells human biological materials, her family never saw any of the profits. As Rebecca Skloot so brilliantly shows, the story of the Lacks family—past and present—is inextricably connected to the dark history of experimentation on African Americans, the birth of bioethics, and the legal battles over whether we control the stuff we are made of. Over the decade it took to uncover this story, Rebecca became enmeshed in the lives of the Lacks family—especially Henrietta’s daughter Deborah. Deborah was consumed with questions: Had scientists cloned her mother? Had they killed her to harvest her cells? And if her mother was so important to medicine, why couldn’t her children afford health insurance? Intimate in feeling, astonishing in scope, and impossible to put down, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks captures the beauty and drama of scientific discovery, as well as its human consequences.