Human Capital Investment Cash Flow Risk And Capital Structure Dynamics

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Human Capital Investment, Cash Flow Risk and Capital Structure Dynamics

Author : Xiaolan Zhang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Capital Investment, Cash Flow Risk and Capital Structure Dynamics by : Xiaolan Zhang

Download or read book Human Capital Investment, Cash Flow Risk and Capital Structure Dynamics written by Xiaolan Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: My dissertation explores the financial effects of firms' growing reliance on intangible capital in their production technology. I examine the fundamental link between the cash flow risk, financial decision-making and the accumulation of firm-level intangible capital both in theory and in empirics. In Chapter one, I document that public firms in the United States that provide better insurance against productivity shocks to their workers experience higher cash flow volatility. Difference in intra-firm risk sharing between workers and capital owners accounts for more than 50\% of the variation in firm-level cash flow volatility. I develop a theory in which wages can act either as a hedge or as leverage, depending on the history of the productivity shocks the firm has faced. Heterogeneous roles of workers in the firm are derived by analyzing the dynamic equilibrium wage contracts between risk-neutral owners and risk-averse workers who can leave with a fraction of the accumulated human capital. Owners of the firm will optimally bear more risk when the current value of the firm's human capital is lower than the peak value it has reached. The model successfully explains the joint distribution of cash flow volatility and the wage-output sensitivity. Also, the model produces predictions for the dynamics of cash flow volatility that are consistent with the time series properties of the firm-level data. In Chapter two, we provide the theoretical and empirical analysis on firms' dynamic capital structure decision with the presence of intangible capital accumulation. In the US publicly traded firm sample, the intangible capital investment is financed mainly through employee-initiated equity issuance. We propose a theory in which firms issue self-enforcing debt contracts to external investors and also offer long-term wage contracts to the employees with limited commitment. We show that the long-term wage contract optimally serves as financing instrument for the shareholders. Firms dynamically trade off between financial debt and employee financing until their intertemporal marginal rates of substitution are equal. The accumulation of intangible capital in the production imposes two effects on the financial structure: precautionary effect and intangible capital overhang effect. The structural estimation indicates the dominating effect of intangible capital overhang. Identifying the different financing channel provides a new solution to the contrasting secular trend in corporate net debt ratio and the firms' increasing importance on intangible capital in the production.

A Structural Model of Human Capital and Leverage

Author : Ryan Pratt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis A Structural Model of Human Capital and Leverage by : Ryan Pratt

Download or read book A Structural Model of Human Capital and Leverage written by Ryan Pratt and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I study the effect of human capital on firms' leverage decisions in a structural dynamic model. Firms produce using physical capital and labor. They pay a cost per employee they hire, thus investing in human capital. In default a portion of this human capital investment is lost. The loss of human capital constitutes a significant cost of financial distress. Labor intensive firms are more heavily exposed to this cost and respond by using less leverage. Thus the model predicts a decreasing relationship between leverage and labor intensity. Consistent with this prediction, I show in the data that high labor intensity leads to significantly less use of debt. In the model a move from the lowest to the highest decile of labor intensity is accompanied by a drop in leverage of 21 percentage points, very close to the 27 percentage point drop in the data. Overall, I argue that human capital has an important effect on firm leverage and should receive more attention from capital structure researchers.

Health Capital and Finance

Author : Sara Bryant Holland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (769 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Capital and Finance by : Sara Bryant Holland

Download or read book Health Capital and Finance written by Sara Bryant Holland and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In corporate finance, we study the investment decisions of firms. Most of the time we focus on investments in physical capital, but firms also invest in human capital. A major component of human capital is health capital, and firms already spend a large amount of money on the health of their employees. In 2005, for example, employers in the United States spent more than $500 billion on group health insurance, which firms use to invest in their workers' health capital. Corporate finance has not yet analyzed health expenditures as an investment. This research on health and human capital complements the corporate finance literature on investment in physical capital. Additionally, the results have important welfare implications, which may aid policymakers. In the first chapter, I show how a firm's health capital investment depends on each employee's human capital, labor productivity, and firm size. Firms mitigate depreciation in a worker's human capital by investing in health to increase the productivity of human and physical capital. Results indicate that firms that have higher labor productivity, are larger, and spend more on research and development invest more in health capital. I estimate the subsequent effect of health capital investment on value using firm-level data on health insurance premiums. To identify the effect, I instrument for health insurance premiums with a time series of state health insurance mandates, state birth rates, and the number of persons covered by health insurance contracts. The marginal effect of health capital investment on firm value is zero, suggesting that firms are in equilibrium with respect to health capital investment. Market to book reflects the value of this investment because health capital is an intangible asset that the book value of assets does not capture. These results have implications for policymakers who target the employer-based system of health insurance provision as both a means of extending coverage and managing utilization. In the second chapter, I present a model of the health capital investment decision of a firm using a moral hazard framework. Health capital investment increases the probability that a worker is present and productive. The firm cannot verify a worker's health capital investment decision. When a firm invests in health capital, the investment is verifiable because the firm contracts with the insurer. I derive the optimal contract for when the worker and for when the firm invests in health capital. When the firm invests in health capital, the level of investment is higher, wages are less volatile, and wages are higher relative to when the worker invests in health capital. I discuss the welfare implications. In my model, firms invest more than workers because of a production externality and because it is less costly to invest in health capital than to compensate the worker for bearing the risk of an uncertain labor realization. This result improves welfare, contrary to the benchmark that workers consume more health care than is efficient ex post when firms provide health insurance. Unlike the benchmark model of a worker and insurer, my model includes a profit maximizing firm, includes an endogenous probability of getting sick, and allows the insurer to set premiums by anticipating the health care investment level of the insured. In the third chapter, I discuss how firms hedge risky human capital with health benefit plans. Firms can choose to fully hedge by contracting with an insurance company, remain unhedged by funding benefits out of general assets, or partially hedge by using a combination of insurance and the general assets of the firm. I adapt the model of Froot, Scharfstein, and Stein (1993) to explore the firm's hedging decision. Consistent with the predictions of the model, firms that find external finance costly and that face a convex tax schedule are more likely to hedge. Additionally, the effect of cash flow on investment is lower for firms that partially hedge human capital risk.

Empirical Capital Structure

Author : Christopher Parsons
Publisher : Now Publishers Inc
ISBN 13 : 160198202X
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Empirical Capital Structure by : Christopher Parsons

Download or read book Empirical Capital Structure written by Christopher Parsons and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empirical Capital Structure reviews the empirical capital structure literature from both the cross-sectional determinants of capital structure as well as time-series changes.

Business Environment and Firm Entry

Author : Leora Klapper
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Business Environment and Firm Entry by : Leora Klapper

Download or read book Business Environment and Firm Entry written by Leora Klapper and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Using a comprehensive database of firms in Western and Eastern Europe, we study how the business environment in a country drives the creation of new firms. Our focus is on regulations governing entry. We find entry regulations hamper entry, especially in industries that naturally should have high entry. Also, value added per employee in naturally "high entry" industries grows more slowly in countries with onerous regulations on entry. Interestingly, regulatory entry barriers have no adverse effect on entry in corrupt countries, only in less corrupt ones. Taken together, the evidence suggests bureaucratic entry regulations are neither benign nor welfare improving. However, not all regulations inhibit entry. In particular, regulations that enhance the enforcement of intellectual property rights or those that lead to a better developed financial sector do lead to greater entry in industries that do more R & D or industries that need more external finance"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

Human Capital and Investment Policy

Author : Shuangshuang Ji
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 63 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Human Capital and Investment Policy by : Shuangshuang Ji

Download or read book Human Capital and Investment Policy written by Shuangshuang Ji and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literature relates human capital costs to firm leverage (Berk, Stanton, and Zechner (2010) and Chemmanur, Cheng, and Zhang (2013)) and mergers and acquisitions (Lee, Mauer, and Xu (2017)). In this paper, we study the relation between a firm's human capital costs and investment policy. We argue that employees demand higher pay to compensate for the additional unemployment risk borne by firm's investment riskiness. We first present a simple theoretical setting to illustrate the positive effects of investment riskiness on average employee pay. We then empirically examine the relation. We find a significantly positive relation between investment riskiness (as proxied by cash flow volatility and unlevered stock return volatility) and human capital cost (as measured by CEO compensation and average employee pay). The effect is stronger in low-pay firms than high-pay firms, and non-technology firms than technology firms. We further investigate four channels through which investment riskiness possibly influence human capital costs: corporate diversification, R&D expenditures, advertising expenditures, and total value of acquisitions in a year. We find that while diversification negatively affects human capital cost, the rest of the three channels have positive effect on human capital costs. Lastly, we show that firms adjust their investment policy based on labor intensity. Our results are robust after accounting for the endogeneity concerns. Overall, our research contributes to the nascent but growing literature on the impact of human capital on firm decisions.

Corporate Capital Structures in the United States

Author : Benjamin M. Friedman
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226264238
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis Corporate Capital Structures in the United States by : Benjamin M. Friedman

Download or read book Corporate Capital Structures in the United States written by Benjamin M. Friedman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2009-05-15 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research reported in this volume represents the second stage of a wide-ranging National Bureau of Economic Research effort to investigate "The Changing Role of Debt and Equity in Financing U.S. Capital Formation." The first group of studies sponsored under this project, which have been published individually and summarized in a 1982 volume bearing the same title (Friedman 1982), addressed several key issues relevant to corporate sector behavior along with such other aspects of the evolving financial underpinnings of U.S. capital formation as household saving incentives, international capital flows, and government debt management. In the project's second series of studies, presented at the National Bureau of Economic Research conference in January 1983 and published here for the first time along with commentaries from that conference, the central focus is the financial side of capital formation undertaken by the U.S. corporate business sector. At the same time, because corporations' securities must be held, a parallel focus is on the behavior of the markets that price these claims.

Guide on Measuring Human Capital

Author : United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Guide on Measuring Human Capital by : United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital

Download or read book Guide on Measuring Human Capital written by United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Task Force on Measuring Human Capital and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Guide on Measuring Human Capital discusses conceptual, methodological and implementation issues and challenges.

Dynamic Models and Structural Estimation in Corporate Finance

Author : Ilya A. Strebulaev
Publisher : Now Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781601985804
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (858 download)

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Book Synopsis Dynamic Models and Structural Estimation in Corporate Finance by : Ilya A. Strebulaev

Download or read book Dynamic Models and Structural Estimation in Corporate Finance written by Ilya A. Strebulaev and published by Now Pub. This book was released on 2012-10-02 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goals of this monograph are to explain the models and techniques and make it more accessible, introduce the main strands of this literature, and explain how dynamic models can be taken to the data and estimated, providing a guide to 3 methodologies: generalized method of moments, simulated method of moments, and maximum simulated likelihood.

Capital Structure Decisions

Author : Yamini Agarwal
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111820316X
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Capital Structure Decisions by : Yamini Agarwal

Download or read book Capital Structure Decisions written by Yamini Agarwal and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Inside the risk management and corporate governance issues behind capital structure decisions Practical ways of determining capital structures have always been mysterious and riddled with risks and uncertainties. Dynamic paradigm shifts and the multi-dimensional operations of firms further complicate the situation. Financial leaders are under constant pressure to outdo their competitors, but how to do so is not always clear. Capital Structure Decisions offers an introduction to corporate finance, and provides valuable insights into the decision-making processes that face the CEOs and CFOs of organizations in dynamic multi-objective environments. Exploring the various models and techniques used to understand the capital structure of an organization, as well as the products and means available for financing these structures, the book covers how to develop a goal programming model to enable organization leaders to make better capital structure decisions. Incorporating international case studies to explain various financial models and to illustrate ways that capital structure choices determine their success, Capital Structure Decisions looks at existing models and the development of a new goal-programming model for capital structures that is capable of handling multiple objectives, with an emphasis throughout on mitigating risk. Helps financial leaders understand corporate finance and the decision-making processes involved in understanding and developing capital structure Includes case studies from around the world that explain key financial models Emphasizes ways to minimize risk when it comes to working with capital structures There are a number of criteria that financial leaders need to consider before making any major capital investment decision. Capital Structure Decisions analyzes the various risk management and corporate governance issues to be considered by any diligent CEO/CFO before approving a project.

Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2016 An OECD Scoreboard

Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264249486
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (642 download)

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Book Synopsis Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2016 An OECD Scoreboard by : OECD

Download or read book Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2016 An OECD Scoreboard written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report monitors SME and entrepreneur access to finance in 37 countries.

Corporate Takeovers

Author : Alan J. Auerbach
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226032167
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Corporate Takeovers by : Alan J. Auerbach

Download or read book Corporate Takeovers written by Alan J. Auerbach and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-12-30 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The takeover boom that began in the mid-1980s has exhibited many phenomena not previously observed, such as hostile takeovers and takeover defenses, a widespread use of cash as a means of payment for targeted firms, and the acquisitions of companies ranking among the largest in the country. With the aim of more fully understanding the implications of such occurances, contributors to this volume consider a broad range of issues as they analyze mergers and acquisitions and study the takeoveer process itself.

Aging and the Macroeconomy

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309261961
Total Pages : 230 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Aging and the Macroeconomy by : National Research Council

Download or read book Aging and the Macroeconomy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-01-10 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is in the midst of a major demographic shift. In the coming decades, people aged 65 and over will make up an increasingly large percentage of the population: The ratio of people aged 65+ to people aged 20-64 will rise by 80%. This shift is happening for two reasons: people are living longer, and many couples are choosing to have fewer children and to have those children somewhat later in life. The resulting demographic shift will present the nation with economic challenges, both to absorb the costs and to leverage the benefits of an aging population. Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long-Term Implications of an Older Population presents the fundamental factors driving the aging of the U.S. population, as well as its societal implications and likely long-term macroeconomic effects in a global context. The report finds that, while population aging does not pose an insurmountable challenge to the nation, it is imperative that sensible policies are implemented soon to allow companies and households to respond. It offers four practical approaches for preparing resources to support the future consumption of households and for adapting to the new economic landscape.

Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions

Author : H. Kent Baker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118022947
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions by : H. Kent Baker

Download or read book Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions written by H. Kent Baker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-03-31 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive guide to making better capital structure and corporate financing decisions in today's dynamic business environment Given the dramatic changes that have recently occurred in the economy, the topic of capital structure and corporate financing decisions is critically important. The fact is that firms need to constantly revisit their portfolio of debt, equity, and hybrid securities to finance assets, operations, and future growth. Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions provides an in-depth examination of critical capital structure topics, including discussions of basic capital structure components, key theories and practices, and practical application in an increasingly complex corporate world. Throughout, the book emphasizes how a sound capital structure simultaneously minimizes the firm's cost of capital and maximizes the value to shareholders. Offers a strategic focus that allows you to understand how financing decisions relates to a firm's overall corporate policy Consists of contributed chapters from both academics and experienced professionals, offering a variety of perspectives and a rich interplay of ideas Contains information from survey research describing actual financial practices of firms This valuable resource takes a practical approach to capital structure by discussing why various theories make sense and how firms use them to solve problems and create wealth. In the wake of the recent financial crisis, the insights found here are essential to excelling in today's volatile business environment.

Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management

Author : Cheng-Few Lee
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387771174
Total Pages : 1700 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management by : Cheng-Few Lee

Download or read book Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management written by Cheng-Few Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-06-14 with total page 1700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantitative finance is a combination of economics, accounting, statistics, econometrics, mathematics, stochastic process, and computer science and technology. Increasingly, the tools of financial analysis are being applied to assess, monitor, and mitigate risk, especially in the context of globalization, market volatility, and economic crisis. This two-volume handbook, comprised of over 100 chapters, is the most comprehensive resource in the field to date, integrating the most current theory, methodology, policy, and practical applications. Showcasing contributions from an international array of experts, the Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management is unparalleled in the breadth and depth of its coverage. Volume 1 presents an overview of quantitative finance and risk management research, covering the essential theories, policies, and empirical methodologies used in the field. Chapters provide in-depth discussion of portfolio theory and investment analysis. Volume 2 covers options and option pricing theory and risk management. Volume 3 presents a wide variety of models and analytical tools. Throughout, the handbook offers illustrative case examples, worked equations, and extensive references; additional features include chapter abstracts, keywords, and author and subject indices. From "arbitrage" to "yield spreads," the Handbook of Quantitative Finance and Risk Management will serve as an essential resource for academics, educators, students, policymakers, and practitioners.

Capital Structure and Firm Value

Author : Dr. Maloth Raghu Ram
Publisher : Readworthy
ISBN 13 : 9381510830
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (815 download)

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Book Synopsis Capital Structure and Firm Value by : Dr. Maloth Raghu Ram

Download or read book Capital Structure and Firm Value written by Dr. Maloth Raghu Ram and published by Readworthy. This book was released on 2018-12-03 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Capital Structure decision is one of the crucial decisions to be taken by a company. There are divergent views regarding Capital Structure and Firm Value. There is dearth of studies in the area of Pharma Industry regarding Capital Structure and Firm Value. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: what are the factors determining the Capital Structure decision in Pharma sector in India? What is the relationship between select variable and company value? What is the impact of leverage on stock price volatility of Pharma Companies? Period of the study is eleven years from 2005 to 2015. The panel data regression model has been employed. It can be concluded that Debt-Equity Ratio has negative impact on capital structure of a company. It was revealed from the findings that majority of the select variables have significant impact on the capital structure. The study also brings to light the fact that leverage effect is dominant in the stock market. Findings of the present study are useful in gaining valuable insights into the intricacies of capital structure, firm value and leverage effect. The study is useful to finance managers, investors, researchers and also to academicians doing research in the area of corporate finance.

Financial Decisions and Investment Outcomes in Developing Countries

Author : Rima Turk
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484365062
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Financial Decisions and Investment Outcomes in Developing Countries by : Rima Turk

Download or read book Financial Decisions and Investment Outcomes in Developing Countries written by Rima Turk and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes how differences in legal origin, judicial efficiency, and investor protection affect firm leverage and earnings volatility across developing countries. Using a large number of developing countries, four main findings are highlighted. First, firms in civil legal origin countries rely more on debt financing compared to firms in common law countries, and they exhibit lower earnings volatility. Second, under weak judicial enforcement, firms tend to borrow more but they take less risk. Third, stronger creditor rights increase debt financing and reduce earnings volatility. Fourth, firm listing on a developed stock exchange shifts the capital structure towards more equity financing, and it increases the firm’s ability to borrow more when the judicial system is inefficient. The results reinforce the importance of strengthening laws and institutions as well as deepening capital markets in developing countries to improve financing conditions and investment outcomes.