History of the Chāhamānas

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis History of the Chāhamānas by : R. B. Singh

Download or read book History of the Chāhamānas written by R. B. Singh and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization

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Publisher : New Age International
ISBN 13 : 9788122411980
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Ancient Indian History and Civilization by : Sailendra Nath Sen

Download or read book Ancient Indian History and Civilization written by Sailendra Nath Sen and published by New Age International. This book was released on 1999 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Single-Volume Study Of Ancient Indian History Delineating The Various Facets, Both Political And Cultural, And Incorporating The Fruits Of Recent Researches That Have Abundantly Appeared Since 1950, Has Not Been Attempted Before. Author Has Tried To Maintain A Delicate Balance Between Political History And Social, Economic And Cultural History Of Ancient India.The Book Covers The Pre-Historic India, The Vedic Age, The Post-Vedic Civilization, North India In The Sixth Century B.C. It Also Explains New Religious Movements And Their Socio-Economic Background, Maurya Age, Political Disintegration And Foreign Invasions. The Gupta Empire, The Prominence Of North Under Harshavardhana And Its Eclipse, Bengal Under The Palas And The Senas, Dynasties Of North India, Arabs And Turks In India, Indias Intercourse With The Outside World, Have Been Discussed In Depth.History Of Deccan And South India, Hitherto Not Given Due Weightage And Culture And Civilization Of Ancient India In All Its Variegated Hues, Have Received Due Attention. Some New Topics Like Espionage, Slavery, Guilds, Urbanisation, Feudalism And Science And Technology In Ancient India, Have Been Incorporated To Make The Book As Uptodate As Possible. Apart From Meeting The Requirements Of Undergraduate And Postgraduate Students Of Indian Universities, The Book Will Serve As A Useful Guide To Candidates For Civil Service Examination (Both Preliminary And Main).

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India

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Publisher : Pearson Education India
ISBN 13 : 9788131711200
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India by : Upinder Singh

Download or read book A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India written by Upinder Singh and published by Pearson Education India. This book was released on 2008 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Basic Approach Developed as a comprehensive introductory work for scholars and students of ancient and early medieval Indian history, this books provides the most exhaustive overview of the subject. Dividing the vast historical expanse from the stone age to the 12th century into broad chronological units, it constructs profiles of various geographical regions of the subcontinent, weaving together and analysing an unparalleled range of literary and archaeological evidence. Dealing with prehistory and protohistory of the subcontinent in considerable detail, the narrative of the historical period breaks away from conventional text-based history writing. Providing a window into the world primary sources, it incorporates a large volume of archaeological data, along with literary, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence. Revealing the ways in which our past is constructed, it explains fundamental concepts, and illuminates contemporary debates, discoveries, and research. Situating prevailing historical debates in their contexts, Ancient and Early Medieval India presents balanced assessments, encouraging readers to independently evaluate theories, evidence, and arguments. Beautifully illustrated with over four hundred photographs, maps, and figures, Ancient and Early Medieval India helps visualize and understand the extraordinarily rich and varied remains of the ancient past of Indian subcontinent. It offers a scholarly and nuanced yet lucid account of India s early past, and will surely transform the discovery of this past into an exciting experience. Tabel of Contents List of photographs List of maps List of figures About the author Preface Acknowledgements A readers guide 1. Understanding Literary and Archaeological Sources 2. Hunter-Gatherers of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Ages 3. The Transition to Food Production: Neolithic,Neolithic Chalcolithic, and Chalcolithic Villages, c. 7000 2000 bce 4. The Harappan Civilization, c. 2600 1900 bce 5. Cultural Transitions: Images from Texts and Archaeology, c. 2000 600 bce 6. Cities, Kings, and Renunciants: North India, c. 600 300 bce 7. Power and Piety: The Maurya Empire, c. 324 187 bce 8. Interaction and Innovation, c. 200 BCE 300 ce 9. Aesthetics and Empire, c. 300 600 ce 10. Emerging Regional Configurations, c. 600 1200 ce Note on diacritics Glossary Further readings References Index Author Bio Upinder Singh is Professor in the Department of History at the University of Delhi. She taught history at St. Stephen s College, Delhi, from 1981 until 2004, after which she joined the faculty of the Department of History at the University of Delhi. Professor Singh s wide range of research interests and expertise include the analysis of ancient and early medieval inscriptions; social and economic history; religious institutions and patrona≥ history of archaeology; and modern history of ancient monuments. Her research papers have been published in various national and international journals. Her published books include: Kings, Brahmanas, and Temples in Orissa: An Epigraphic Study (AD 300 1147) (1994); Ancient Delhi (1999; 2nd edn., 2006); a book for children, Mysteries of the Past: Archaeological Sites in India (2002); The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology (2004); and Delhi: Ancient History (edited, 2006).

Royal History of Gurjara Dynasty : Part-I

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Publisher : Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd
ISBN 13 : 9359647519
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (596 download)

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Book Synopsis Royal History of Gurjara Dynasty : Part-I by : K. M. Munshi

Download or read book Royal History of Gurjara Dynasty : Part-I written by K. M. Munshi and published by Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kanhaiya Lal Munshi's talent and achievements in different fields are outstanding. He was a renowned advocate and one of the experienced spokespersons of the constitution makers.In his student life, he got into the independence struggle by getting inspired by Sri Aurobindo. He worked at the different levels unitedly and closely with Jinnah, Tilak, Annie Besant, Mahatma Gandhi,Sardar Patel, and Pandit Nehru. Due to his services, he became the home minister of Bombay in 1937, he remained an Indian agent-general in Hyderabad before the police action. He became the Indian food minister also and later he showed his bravery and decisive nature as the Uttar Pradesh governor. Notably, he has remained the best writer of modern Gujarati literature. His literary contribution in Gujarati had been very vast and diversified, in all this, several novels, plays,memoirs, and history are included. Along withthis, he also wrote several historical novels in English also. Among these "Gujarat and its History", "Samrajyawadi Gurjar", "Modern Life and Bhagwat Gita", "Jeevan ki SrajanatmakKala" and "Badrinath ki Ore" deserve special mention. Doctor Munshi has written this book originally in English. In this book, Dr. Munshi has disclosed many secrets. Everyone should get benefitfrom his charismatic writing and Gurjar society would get the deserved respect in Indian history. With this thought in mind, this book is being published in Hindi. My thoughts are that this country's young generation will get the opportunity to know and understand the sacrificial history of Gurjar society.

Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History

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Publisher : Virendra Singh Rathore
ISBN 13 : 1636400191
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History by : Virendra Singh Rathore

Download or read book Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History written by Virendra Singh Rathore and published by Virendra Singh Rathore. This book was released on 2020-09-29 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Canvas of the Chauhan King’s life has been unfurled. From the desert of Bikampur to beyond the Chambal ravines. Shiwalik hills to the peaks of Aravali. This book flies with the undaunted Prithviraj, witnessing the formation of history. It locks horns with his controversies and observes their vast ramifications at the curves of Indian destiny. The author acknowledges a widening divide between facts and the current mainstream narrative on Prithviraj who is a brand ambassador of India's engrossing medieval History. With this work, Virendra has eyed to shoot down every myth about Prithviraj and free the young Indian hero’s truth from the claws of fringe camps of new and old propaganda. The book makes use of more than 100 authentic sources to substantiate it's data and applies methodical theory formation to put forth its arguments.

Glimpses of Bhāratiya History

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Glimpses of Bhāratiya History by : Rajendra Singh Kushwaha

Download or read book Glimpses of Bhāratiya History written by Rajendra Singh Kushwaha and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers The Period From Sri Rama To The Present Contemporary Historical Events. Divided Into 15 Chapters - Sri Rama - Shri Krishna - Sri Buddha - Mahavira - Nandas And Mauryas - Early Invaders - Guptas - Adi Shankaracharaya - Vikramaditya And Shalivahana - Harsha - Bharatiya Powers - Bhakti Movement - Later Invaders - Bharatiya Resistance - European Interlude - Struggle For Freedom - 2 Annexures.

Historical Dictionary of Medieval India

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Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810855038
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of Medieval India by : Iqtidar Alam Khan

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of Medieval India written by Iqtidar Alam Khan and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2008-04-25 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The medieval period of Indian history is difficult to clearly define. It can be considered a long transition from ancient to precolonial times. Its end is marked by Vasco da Gama's voyage round the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 and the establishment of the Mughal empire (1526). The renewed Islamic advance into north India, from roughly 1000 A.D. onward, leading to the rise of the Delhi Sultanate (1206), is the beginning of the medieval period in political and cultural terms.

UGC NET History Paper II Chapter Wise Notebook | Complete Preparation Guide

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Publisher : EduGorilla
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1484 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis UGC NET History Paper II Chapter Wise Notebook | Complete Preparation Guide by : EduGorilla Prep Experts

Download or read book UGC NET History Paper II Chapter Wise Notebook | Complete Preparation Guide written by EduGorilla Prep Experts and published by EduGorilla. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 1484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: • Best Selling Book in English Edition for UGC NET History Paper II Exam with objective-type questions as per the latest syllabus given by the NTA. • Increase your chances of selection by 16X. • UGC NET History Paper II Kit comes with well-structured Content & Chapter wise Practice Tests for your self-evaluation • Clear exam with good grades using thoroughly Researched Content by experts.

The Chahamanas of Jalor

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chahamanas of Jalor by : Ashok Kumar Srivastava

Download or read book The Chahamanas of Jalor written by Ashok Kumar Srivastava and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Indian History

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Publisher : Allied Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9788184245684
Total Pages : 1418 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Indian History by :

Download or read book Indian History written by and published by Allied Publishers. This book was released on with total page 1418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

GSSCORE Concept Mapping Workbook History Vol-1 Ancient & Medieval History And Art & Culture

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Publisher : Prabhat Prakashan
ISBN 13 : 9355216742
Total Pages : 458 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (552 download)

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Book Synopsis GSSCORE Concept Mapping Workbook History Vol-1 Ancient & Medieval History And Art & Culture by : Manoj K. Jha

Download or read book GSSCORE Concept Mapping Workbook History Vol-1 Ancient & Medieval History And Art & Culture written by Manoj K. Jha and published by Prabhat Prakashan. This book was released on 2023-05-11 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: —Public Service Examinations across the Board in India offers immense opportunity for young talent to secure not only employment at prestigious positions but also gives them the chance to serve the nation in various capacities. —These examinations are of a highly diverse nature as they test the candidates on diverse subjects, further spanning multiple dimensions largely the subjects related to Polity, Economy, History, Geography, Science and Technology, environmental sciences and miscellaneous topics like sports, awards and other events of national and international importance. —All of this demand not only to study of these varied subjects but also practice in tackling the questions which are asked in the examination. Highlights of the Book Approach towards the subject — The book introduces you to the subject and the way in which this subject should be approached in order to score maximum. Micro Detailing of the Syllabus— The entire UPSC CSE syllabus has been clubbed into broad themes and each theme will be covered with the help of MCQs. Chronological Arrangement of Theme Based Questions— The various identified themes are arranged chronologically so that the entire Syllabus of a subject is roped in a logical line. Last Minute Concept Revision— The end of the book contains the summary of important concepts related to the subject which can be used as your effective revision notes. About GS SCORE— GS SCORE has been home to numerous toppers of UPSC's prestigious Civil Services Examination. Learning at GS SCORE is driven by two predominant objectives i.e. excellence and empowerment.

Early Aryans to Swaraj

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Publisher : Sarup & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9788176255370
Total Pages : 510 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (553 download)

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Book Synopsis Early Aryans to Swaraj by : S.R. Bakshi

Download or read book Early Aryans to Swaraj written by S.R. Bakshi and published by Sarup & Sons. This book was released on 2005 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Select List of Recent Publications

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Select List of Recent Publications by : East-West Center. Library

Download or read book Select List of Recent Publications written by East-West Center. Library and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Historiography

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Publisher : Concept Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9788180691553
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Historiography by : Tej Ram Sharma

Download or read book Historiography written by Tej Ram Sharma and published by Concept Publishing Company. This book was released on 2005 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States, C. 1175-1320 A.D.

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.X/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States, C. 1175-1320 A.D. by : Ashok Kumar Srivastava

Download or read book Disintegration of North Indian Hindu States, C. 1175-1320 A.D. written by Ashok Kumar Srivastava and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

History of Ancient India : Ancient India

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Publisher : K.K. Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 446 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis History of Ancient India : Ancient India by : Muzaffar H. Syed & Others

Download or read book History of Ancient India : Ancient India written by Muzaffar H. Syed & Others and published by K.K. Publications. This book was released on 2022-02-20 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of Indian Nation India, the cradle for one of the most ancient civilizations in the world, has a long and rich history, spanning thousands of years. In fact, the history of India begins with evidence of human activity millions of years ago. The Indus Valley Civilization was the first major civilization. Vedic Civilization witnessed the rise of major polities. Almost the whole country was controlled by Mauryan Empire and it was again united under Gupta Empire. Muslim rule in the subcontinent began when the Arabs conquered Sindh and Multan. Then, several invasions from Central Asia led to the formation of Muslim empires, such as the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. Mughals conquered most of northern India and finally controlled the entire sub-continent and Afghanistan. Mughal Empire declined in the 18th century. Then, East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to an unsuccessful revolt in 1857, after which India was directly administered by the British Crown. In the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by Indian National Congress. The subcontinent gained independence from Great Britain in 1947, but the country was partitioned into two dominions of India and Pakistan. After Independence, a new era began. This comprehensive book, comprising four volumes covers the entire history of the Indian Nation in a very compact manner. This book is an asset for historians, teachers, students and general readers, at par.

INDIAN HISTORY

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Publisher : CHANGDER OUTLINE
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 595 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis INDIAN HISTORY by : Narayan Changder

Download or read book INDIAN HISTORY written by Narayan Changder and published by CHANGDER OUTLINE. This book was released on 2023-01-11 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Embark on an engaging exploration of India's captivating history with "India Through Questions," the ultimate MCQ guide meticulously designed for history enthusiasts, students, and knowledge seekers. Whether you're preparing for exams, aiming to deepen your historical insights, or simply curious about India's past, this comprehensive MCQ resource is your key to unraveling the diverse chapters of Indian history through a question-driven approach. About the Book: Dive into the rich tapestry of Indian history with our MCQ guide, featuring thoughtfully curated questions spanning ancient civilizations, medieval dynasties, the struggle for independence, and modern milestones. "India Through Questions" is your go-to companion, offering a comprehensive exploration of key historical events, figures, and cultural shifts crucial for mastering India's dynamic and storied past. Key Features: MCQ Exploration: Navigate through a diverse array of multiple-choice questions, each designed to test and enhance your knowledge of Indian history. From ancient epochs to modern eras, our guide covers the spectrum of historical events, fostering a deep understanding of India's cultural evolution. Detailed Explanations: Elevate your historical knowledge with detailed explanations accompanying each MCQ. Uncover the intricacies of India's cultural heritage, political shifts, and societal transformations, providing a nuanced understanding of historical events. Cultural Insights: Connect historical events to cultural evolution with practical insights and examples. Our guide bridges the gap between facts and cultural richness, offering a holistic perspective on how history has shaped India's societal fabric. Progressive Difficulty Levels: Progress from foundational to advanced questions, providing a structured learning experience suitable for learners at all levels. Challenge yourself with incrementally complex questions to deepen your historical insights. Visual Learning Tools: Reinforce your historical knowledge with visual aids such as timelines, maps, and depictions of historical figures. These aids provide a visual dimension to the MCQs, facilitating a deeper understanding and retention of key historical concepts. Why Choose Our Guide? MCQ Mastery Guarantee: Immerse yourself in a carefully crafted collection of MCQs that capture the essence of India's historical narrative. Our guide is a valuable resource for mastering Indian history and excelling in exams or personal exploration. Expert Authorship: Crafted by seasoned historians and educators, this guide reflects a deep understanding of India's historical events, cultural evolution, and the nuanced shifts that have shaped the nation. Digital Accessibility: Seamlessly integrate your historical exploration into your digital lifestyle. Our guide is available in digital format, providing the flexibility to study anytime, anywhere. Comprehensive Review: Use our guide for focused revision and comprehensive review. The progressive structure ensures a well-rounded understanding of Indian history concepts, making it an invaluable tool for learners at all levels. Keywords: MCQ History Book, Indian History, Historical Exploration, Ancient Civilizations, Medieval Dynasties, Struggle for Independence, Modern Milestones, Cultural Insights, Detailed Explanations, Progressive Difficulty Levels, Visual Learning Tools. Embark on a journey of historical exploration with "India Through Questions: An MCQ Guide to Explore the Tapestry of Indian History." Download your copy now to gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and richness of India's past, and let the questions guide you through the fascinating epochs that have shaped the nation. Whether you're a student or a history enthusiast, this guide is your key to mastering Indian history through an engaging and immersive learning experience. 1 Ancient India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 Mediaval India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3 Modern India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4 Correct and incorrect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5 Capital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 6 The first one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 7 Harrapan civilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 8 Jainism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 9 Famous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 10 Buddhism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 11 Chola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 12 Chandragupta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 13 Muslim League . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 14 Sangam Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 15 Gupta period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 16 Rig Vedic period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 17 Battle and war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 18 Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 19 Established . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 20 Vijaynagar empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 21 written . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 22 Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 23 Leader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 24 Indian National Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 25 The Mughal Kings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 26 Renaissance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 27 Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 28 Indus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 29 Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 30 Miscellenous questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457