Historicizing Modernists

Download Historicizing Modernists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350215058
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historicizing Modernists by : Matthew Feldman

Download or read book Historicizing Modernists written by Matthew Feldman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focussing upon both canonical figures such as Woolf, Eliot, Pound, and Stein and emergent themes such as Christian modernism, intermedial modernism, queer Harlem Renaissance, this volume brings together previously unseen materials, from various archives, to bear upon cutting-edge interpretation of modernism. It provides an overview of approaches to modernism via the employment of various types of primary source material: correspondence, manuscripts and drafts, memoirs and production notes, reading notes and marginalia, and all manner of useful contextualising sources like news reports or judicial records. While having much to say to literary criticism more broadly, this volume is closely focused upon key modernist figures and emergent themes in light of the discipline's 'archival turn' – termed in a unifying introduction 'achivalism'. An essential ingredient separating the above, recent tendency from a much older and better-established new historicism, in modernist studies at least, is that 'the literary canon' remains an important starting point. Whereas new historicism 'is interested in history as represented and recorded in written documents' and tends toward a 'parallel study of literature and non-literary texts', archival criticism tends toward recognised, oftentimes canonical or critically-lauded, writers, presented in Part 1. Sidestepping the vicissitudes of canon formation, manuscript scholars tend to gravitate toward leading modernist authors: James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot and Samuel Beckett. Part of the reason is obvious: known authors frequently leave behind sizeable literary estates, which are then acquired by research centres. A second section then applies the same empirical methodology to key or emergent themes in the study of modernism, including queer modernism; spatial modernism; little magazines (and online finding aids structuring them); and the role of faith and/or emotions in the construction of 'modernism' as we know it.

Historicizing Modernists

Download Historicizing Modernists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350215066
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historicizing Modernists by : Matthew Feldman

Download or read book Historicizing Modernists written by Matthew Feldman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-17 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focussing upon both canonical figures such as Woolf, Eliot, Pound, and Stein and emergent themes such as Christian modernism, intermedial modernism, queer Harlem Renaissance, this volume brings together previously unseen materials, from various archives, to bear upon cutting-edge interpretation of modernism. It provides an overview of approaches to modernism via the employment of various types of primary source material: correspondence, manuscripts and drafts, memoirs and production notes, reading notes and marginalia, and all manner of useful contextualising sources like news reports or judicial records. While having much to say to literary criticism more broadly, this volume is closely focused upon key modernist figures and emergent themes in light of the discipline's 'archival turn' – termed in a unifying introduction 'achivalism'. An essential ingredient separating the above, recent tendency from a much older and better-established new historicism, in modernist studies at least, is that 'the literary canon' remains an important starting point. Whereas new historicism 'is interested in history as represented and recorded in written documents' and tends toward a 'parallel study of literature and non-literary texts', archival criticism tends toward recognised, oftentimes canonical or critically-lauded, writers, presented in Part 1. Sidestepping the vicissitudes of canon formation, manuscript scholars tend to gravitate toward leading modernist authors: James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot and Samuel Beckett. Part of the reason is obvious: known authors frequently leave behind sizeable literary estates, which are then acquired by research centres. A second section then applies the same empirical methodology to key or emergent themes in the study of modernism, including queer modernism; spatial modernism; little magazines (and online finding aids structuring them); and the role of faith and/or emotions in the construction of 'modernism' as we know it.

Historical Modernisms

Download Historical Modernisms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350202975
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Modernisms by : Jean-Michel Rabaté

Download or read book Historical Modernisms written by Jean-Michel Rabaté and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-10-21 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the ways in which modernism is created within specific historical contexts, as well as how it redefines the concept of history itself, this book sheds new light on the historical-mindedness of modernism and the artistic avant-gardes. Cutting across Anglophone and less explored European traditions and featuring work from a variety of eminent scholars, it deals with issues as diverse as artistic medium, modernist print culture, autobiography as history writing, avant-garde experimentations and modernism's futurity. Contributors examine both literary and artistic modernism, combining theoretical overviews and archival research with case studies of Anglophone as well as European modernism, which speak to the current historicizing trend in modernist and literary studies.

Historicizing Modernists

Download Historicizing Modernists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781350215078
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historicizing Modernists by : Erik Tonning

Download or read book Historicizing Modernists written by Erik Tonning and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Focussing upon both canonical figures such as Woolf, Eliot, Pound, and Stein and emergent themes such as Christian modernism, intermedial modernism, queer Harlem Renaissance, this volume brings together previously unseen materials, from various archives, to bear upon cutting-edge interpretation of modernism. It provides an overview of approaches to modernism via the employment of various types of primary source material: correspondence, manuscripts and drafts, memoirs and production notes, reading notes and marginalia, and all manner of useful contextualising sources like news reports or judicial records. While having much to say to literary criticism more broadly, this volume is closely focused upon key modernist figures and emergent themes in light of the discipline's 'archival turn' - termed in a unifying introduction 'achivalism'. An essential ingredient separating the above, recent tendency from a much older and better-established new historicism, in modernist studies at least, is that 'the literary canon' remains an important starting point. Whereas new historicism 'is interested in history as represented and recorded in written documents' and tends toward a 'parallel study of literature and non-literary texts', archival criticism tends toward recognised, oftentimes canonical or critically-lauded, writers, presented in Part 1. Sidestepping the vicissitudes of canon formation, manuscript scholars tend to gravitate toward leading modernist authors: James Joyce, Ezra Pound, Virginia Woolf, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot and Samuel Beckett. Part of the reason is obvious: known authors frequently leave behind sizeable literary estates, which are then acquired by research centres. A second section then applies the same empirical methodology to key or emergent themes in the study of modernism, including queer modernism; spatial modernism; little magazines (and online finding aids structuring them); and the role of faith and/or emotions in the construction of 'modernism' as we know it."--

Great War Modernisms and 'The New Age' Magazine

Download Great War Modernisms and 'The New Age' Magazine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 144112781X
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Great War Modernisms and 'The New Age' Magazine by : Paul Jackson

Download or read book Great War Modernisms and 'The New Age' Magazine written by Paul Jackson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2012-07-12 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The literary magazine The New Age brought together a diverse set of intellectuals. Against the backdrop of the First World War, they chose to write about more than modernist art and aesthetics. By closely reading and contextualizing their contributions, Paul Jackson's study engages with the political and philosophical responses of literary artists to modernity. Jackson demonstrates the need to interpret modernism not merely as an aesthetic phenomenon,but inherently linked to politics and philosophy. By placing the writing of a canonical modernist, Wyndham Lewis, against a figure usually excluded from the modernist canon, H.G. Wells, Jackson examines further a wartime modernism that embraced socialist and political views. This reinterpretation of modernism provides a historicised understanding of the politicised hopes of artists promoting revolutionary forms of cultural renewal. Considering modernist writers' relationship between politics,philosophy and aesthetics in the context of total war Jackson encourages new cultural-historical definitions of modernism. In addition this study provides the first close analysis of cultural contributions from a leading wartime Little Magazine, tracing the radical modernist debates that developed in its pages.

Jean Rhys's Modernist Bearings and Experimental Aesthetics

Download Jean Rhys's Modernist Bearings and Experimental Aesthetics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 135027576X
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Jean Rhys's Modernist Bearings and Experimental Aesthetics by : Sue Thomas

Download or read book Jean Rhys's Modernist Bearings and Experimental Aesthetics written by Sue Thomas and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-01-27 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Addressing Jean Rhys's composition and positioning of her fiction, this book invites and challenges us to read the tacit, silent and explicit textual bearings she offers and reveals new insights about the formation, scope and complexity of Rhys's experimental aesthetics. Tracing the distinctive and shifting evolution of Rhys's experimental aesthetics over her career, Sue Thomas explores Rhys's practices of composition in her fiction and drafts, as well as her self-reflective comment on her writing. The author examines patterns of interrelation, intertextuality, intermediality and allusion, both diachronic and synchronic, as well as the cultural histories entwined within them. Through close analysis of these, this book reveals new experimental, thematic, generic and political reaches of Rhys's fiction and sharpens our insight into her complex writerly affiliations and lineages.

The Bloomsbury Handbook of Modernist Archives

Download The Bloomsbury Handbook of Modernist Archives PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350450596
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Bloomsbury Handbook of Modernist Archives by : Jamie Callison

Download or read book The Bloomsbury Handbook of Modernist Archives written by Jamie Callison and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-06-13 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing a broad, definitive account of how the 'archival turn' in humanities scholarship has shaped modernist studies, this book also functions as an ongoing 'practitioner's toolkit' (including useful bibliographical resources) and a guide to avenues for future work. Archival work in modernist studies has revolutionised the discipline in the past two decades, fuelled by innovative and ambitious scholarly editing projects and a growing interest in fresh types of archival sources and evidence that can re-contextualise modernist writing. Several theoretical trends have prompted this development, including the focus on compositional process within genetic manuscript studies, the emphasis on book history, little magazines, and wider publishing contexts, and the emphasis on new material evidence and global and 'non-canonical' authors and networks within the 'New Modernist Studies'. This book provides a guide to the variety of new archival research that will point to fresh avenues and connect the methodologies and resources being developed across modernist studies. Offering a variety of single-author case studies on recent archival developments and editing projects, including Samuel Beckett, Hart Crane, H.D., James Joyce, Dorothy Richardson, May Sinclair and Virginia Woolf, it also offers a range of thematic essays that examine an array of underused sources as well as the challenges facing archival researchers of modernism

Great War Modernists

Download Great War Modernists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 135028534X
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Great War Modernists by : Lee M. Jenkins

Download or read book Great War Modernists written by Lee M. Jenkins and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-07-11 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking 44 Mecklenburgh Square as the focal point and springboard for a critical group study of D.H. Lawrence, H.D. and Richard Aldington, this book offers a fresh perspective on the relationship of modernist biofiction and poetry to the literature of the First World War. A group that Perdita Schaffner described as 'another Bloomsbury set', the Mecklenburgh Square writers, like the Bloomsbury Group proper, 'lived in squares' and 'loved in triangles', in Dorothy Parker's famous formulation. Geographically adjacent, these sets intersected socially and, at points, in their aesthetics: both practiced innovative forms of what may broadly be defined as 'life writing'. But, demarcating the Mecklenburgh Square writers from the Bloomsbury Set, the former had its origins in the transatlantic avant-garde: Lawrence. H.D., Aldington (and John Cournos) were all associated with Imagism, the poetic movement which instantiated Anglo-American modernism. Considered as a pro-tem collective, these four poets, all of whom were also novelists and translators, contest the binaries that still obtain between modernist and First World War writing. This group study of Lawrence, H.D., Aldington and Cournos tracks the transition of Imagism from a pre-war mode to a war poetics which includes but is not confined to the trench lyric and it traces, in the transtextual relations between the Mecklenburgh Square novels, the traumatic imprint of the war on modernist life writing.

Modernism in Wonderland

Download Modernism in Wonderland PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350248738
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modernism in Wonderland by : John D. Morgenstern

Download or read book Modernism in Wonderland written by John D. Morgenstern and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-01-11 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retracing the steps of a surprising array of 20th-century writers who ventured into the fantastical, topsy-turvy world of Lewis Carroll's fictions, this book demonstrates the full extent of Carroll's legacy in literary modernism. Testing the authority of language and mediation through extensive word-play and genre-bending, the Alice books undoubtedly prefigure literary modernism at its upmost experimental. The collection's chapters look beyond literary style to show how Carroll's writings had a far-reaching impact on modern life, from commercial culture to politics and philosophy. This book shows us the Alice we recognize from Carroll's novels but also the Alice modernist writers encountered through the looking-glass of these extraliterary discourses. Recovering a common touchstone between the likes of T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, W. H. Auden, and writers conventionally regarded on the periphery of modernist studies, such as Dorothy L. Sayers, Sylvia Plath, Jorge Luis Borges, Flann O'Brien, and Vladimir Nabokov, this volume ultimately provides a new entry-point into a more broadly conceptualised global modernism.

Great War Modernists

Download Great War Modernists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350285358
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Great War Modernists by : Lee M. Jenkins

Download or read book Great War Modernists written by Lee M. Jenkins and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2024-07-11 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking 44 Mecklenburgh Square as the focal point and springboard for a critical group study of D.H. Lawrence, H.D. and Richard Aldington, this book offers a fresh perspective on the relationship of modernist biofiction and poetry to the literature of the First World War. A group that Perdita Schaffner described as 'another Bloomsbury set', the Mecklenburgh Square writers, like the Bloomsbury Group proper, 'lived in squares' and 'loved in triangles', in Dorothy Parker's famous formulation. Geographically adjacent, these sets intersected socially and, at points, in their aesthetics: both practiced innovative forms of what may broadly be defined as 'life writing'. But, demarcating the Mecklenburgh Square writers from the Bloomsbury Set, the former had its origins in the transatlantic avant-garde: Lawrence. H.D., Aldington (and John Cournos) were all associated with Imagism, the poetic movement which instantiated Anglo-American modernism. Considered as a pro-tem collective, these four poets, all of whom were also novelists and translators, contest the binaries that still obtain between modernist and First World War writing. This group study of Lawrence, H.D., Aldington and Cournos tracks the transition of Imagism from a pre-war mode to a war poetics which includes but is not confined to the trench lyric and it traces, in the transtextual relations between the Mecklenburgh Square novels, the traumatic imprint of the war on modernist life writing.

Modernist Authorship and Transatlantic Periodical Culture

Download Modernist Authorship and Transatlantic Periodical Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350235415
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modernist Authorship and Transatlantic Periodical Culture by : Amanda Sigler

Download or read book Modernist Authorship and Transatlantic Periodical Culture written by Amanda Sigler and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the collaborative, consumer-oriented Modernism that developed out of both planned and fortuitous groupings in periodicals, this book traces the serialization and advertisement of Henry James's The Turn of the Screw in Collier's (1898), Rudyard Kipling's Kim in McClure's and Cassell's (1900-1901), James Joyce's Ulysses in the Little Review (1918-1920), and Virginia Woolf's “Mrs. Dalloway in Bond Street” in the Dial (1923). These periodicals-whether mass-market journals or literary magazines-adjust our perceptions of authors elsewhere known to be “in charge” and reveal the central role that compromise and chance played in the emergence of Modernism. Bringing to light new research from multiple archives, Sigler pieces together original records of journals' advertising strategies, previously unpublished editorial correspondence, and long-buried letters to unearth the forgotten stories behind the texts we think we know so well.

Broadcasting in the Modernist Era

Download Broadcasting in the Modernist Era PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1472513592
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (725 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Broadcasting in the Modernist Era by : Matthew Feldman

Download or read book Broadcasting in the Modernist Era written by Matthew Feldman and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The era of literary modernism coincided with a dramatic expansion of broadcast media throughout Europe, which challenged avant-garde writers with new modes of writing and provided them with a global audience for their work. Historicizing these developments and drawing on new sources for research – including the BBC archives and other important collections - Broadcasting in the Modernist Era explores the ways in which canonical writers engaged with the new media of radio and television. Considering the interlinked areas of broadcasting 'culture' and politics' in this period, the book engages the radio writing and broadcasts of such writers as Virginia Woolf, W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, George Orwell, E. M. Forster, J. B. Priestley, Dorothy L. Sayers, David Jones and Jean-Paul Sartre. With chapters by leading international scholars, the volume's empirical-based approach aims to open up new avenues for understandings of radiogenic writing in the mass-media age.

The Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies

Download The Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1441176403
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies by : Sandeep Parmar

Download or read book The Reading Mina Loy's Autobiographies written by Sandeep Parmar and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013-08-08 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mina Loy is recognised today as one of the most innovative modernist poets, numbering Gertrude Stein, Marcel Duchamp, Djuna Barnes and T.S. Eliot amongst her admirers. Drawing on substantial new archival research, this book challenges the existing critical myth of Loy as a ‘modern woman' through an analysis of her unpublished autobiographical prose. Mina Loy's Autobiographies explores this major twentieth century writer's ideas about the ‘modern' and how they apply to the ‘modernist' writer—based on her engagement with twentieth-century avant-garde aesthetics—and charts how Loy herself uniquely defined modernity in her essays on literature and art. Sandeep Parmar here shows how, ultimately, Loy's autobiographies extend the modernist project by rejecting earlier impressions of avant-garde futurity and newness in favour of a ‘late modernist' aesthetic, one that is more pessimistic, inward and interested in the fragmentary interplay between the past and present.

Historicizing Modernism

Download Historicizing Modernism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (992 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historicizing Modernism by :

Download or read book Historicizing Modernism written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism

Download Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1441151540
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism by : Janet Wilson

Download or read book Katherine Mansfield and Literary Modernism written by Janet Wilson and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-05 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Katherine Mansfield's arrival in London in 1908 marked the start of her professional career as a writer and this study marks a revival of her reputation as one of the foremost practitioners of the short story. The international line-up of contributors attests to Mansfield's global appeal. By discussing her fiction in relation to her life, the contributors to this critical work present reinterpretations and readings. Enhanced by new transcriptions of manuscripts and access to her diaries and letters, these readings combine biographical approaches with critical-theoretical ones and focus not only on philosophy and fiction, but class and gender, biography/autobiography. The historical and aesthetic studies of Mansfield's work all take place within a framework of modernist literature, criticism and theory, thereby expanding our understanding of what it means to be a Modernist while allocating Mansfield a firm place in any current study of Modernism.

Virginia Woolf's Late Cultural Criticism

Download Virginia Woolf's Late Cultural Criticism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 1441148728
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Virginia Woolf's Late Cultural Criticism by : Alice Wood

Download or read book Virginia Woolf's Late Cultural Criticism written by Alice Wood and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2013-08-01 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the Modernist literary experiments of her earlier work, Virginia Woolf became increasingly concerned with overt social and political commentary in her later writings, which are preoccupied with dissecting the links between patriarchy, patriotism, imperialism and war. This book unravels the complex textual histories of The Years (1937), Three Guineas (1938) and Between the Acts (1941) to expose the genesis and evolution of Virginia Woolf's late cultural criticism. Fusing a feminist-historicist approach with the practices and principles of genetic criticism, this innovative study scrutinizes a range of holograph, typescript and proof documents within their historical context to uncover the writing and thinking processes that produced Woolf's cultural analysis during 1931-1941. By demonstrating that Woolf's late cultural criticism developed through her literary experimentalism as well as in response to contemporary social, political and economic upheavals, this book offers a fresh perspective on her emergence as a cultural commentator in her final decade and paves the way for further genetic enquiries in the field.

Eriugena

Download Eriugena PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1441139540
Total Pages : 313 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Eriugena by : Mark Byron

Download or read book Eriugena written by Mark Byron and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reference guide to prominent themes in education in North America discussing policy changes, innovations, and trends in light of their historical precedence and global significance