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Highly Explosive Mafic Volcanism
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Book Synopsis Highly Explosive Mafic Volcanism by : Chelsea Maria Allison
Download or read book Highly Explosive Mafic Volcanism written by Chelsea Maria Allison and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I analyzed olivine-hosted melt inclusions (MIs) from Sunset Crater to investigate pre-eruptive volatiles. I compared the early fissure activity to the sub-Plinian eruptive phases. The MIs are similar in major element and volatile composition suggesting a relatively homogeneous magma. The H2O content is relatively low (~1.2 wt%), whereas the dissolved CO2 content is high (~2300 ppm). I explored rehomogenization and Raman spectroscopy to quantify CO2 abundance in MI vapor bubbles. Calculations of post-entrapment bubble growth suggest that some MI bubbles contain excess CO2. This implies that the magma was volatile-saturated and MIs trapped exsolved vapor during their formation. The total volatile contents of MIs, including bubble contents but excluding excess vapor, indicate pre-eruptive magma storage from 10 km to 18 km depth. The high CO2 abundance found in Sunset Crater MIs allowed the magma to reach volatile-saturation at mid-crustal depths and generate overpressure, driving rapid ascent to produce the explosive eruption. The similarities in MIs and volatiles between the fissure eruption and the sub-Plinian phases indicate that shallow-level processes also likely influenced the final eruptive behavior.
Book Synopsis Explosive Mafic Volcanism [special Issue] by : Ray A. F. Cas
Download or read book Explosive Mafic Volcanism [special Issue] written by Ray A. F. Cas and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the origin and mechanisms associated with explosive eruption of basic and ultrabasic magmas.
Book Synopsis The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions by : Jennifer Susan Gilbert
Download or read book The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions written by Jennifer Susan Gilbert and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 1998 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions includes seven review papers that outline our current understanding of several aspects of the physical processes affecting magma during volcanic eruptions. An introductory chapter highlights research areas where our understanding is incomplete, or even completely lacking, and where work needs advancing if our knowledge of volcanic processes is to be substantially improved. The book covers topics on the physical properties of silicic magma, vesiculation processes, conduit flow and fragmentation, gas loss from magmas during eruption, models of volcanic eruption columns, tephra dispersal and pyroclastic density currents.
Download or read book Explosive Mafic Volcanism written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Explosive Mafic Volcanism written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physical Geology written by Steven Earle and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses.
Book Synopsis Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up by : J.L. Smellie
Download or read book Volcanism in Antarctica: 200 Million Years of Subduction, Rifting and Continental Break-up written by J.L. Smellie and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2021-06-09 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memoir is the first to review all of Antarctica’s volcanism between 200 million years ago and the Present. The region is still volcanically active. The volume is an amalgamation of in-depth syntheses, which are presented within distinctly different tectonic settings. Each is described in terms of (1) the volcanology and eruptive palaeoenvironments; (2) petrology and origin of magma; and (3) active volcanism, including tephrochronology. Important volcanic episodes include: astonishingly voluminous mafic and felsic volcanic deposits associated with the Jurassic break-up of Gondwana; the construction and progressive demise of a major Jurassic to Present continental arc, including back-arc alkaline basalts and volcanism in a young ensialic marginal basin; Miocene to Pleistocene mafic volcanism associated with post-subduction slab-window formation; numerous Neogene alkaline volcanoes, including the massive Erebus volcano and its persistent phonolitic lava lake, that are widely distributed within and adjacent to one of the world’s major zones of lithospheric extension (the West Antarctic Rift System); and very young ultrapotassic volcanism erupted subglacially and forming a world-wide type example (Gaussberg).
Book Synopsis Magmatic Drivers of Explosive Volcanism by : Charlotte Devitre
Download or read book Magmatic Drivers of Explosive Volcanism written by Charlotte Devitre and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explosive volcanic eruptions can severely affect the safety and survival of human populations. For this reason, studying the factors that play a role in modulating the explosivity of volcanic eruptions, though difficult, is of utmost importance. These parameters interplay with each other and may include magmatic factors like magma composition and mixing, pre-eruptive volatile content (CO2 and H2O), volatile solubility and exsolution, viscosity and temperature or external factors such as crustal properties, tectonic regime and stress fields, conduit, and vent geometry, as well as decompression rates. Magma recharge and mixing can be a trigger for explosive eruptions due to stark contrasts in density, viscosity, composition, and temperature and which can result in sudden exsolution of dissolved volatiles. Meanwhile, volatile species such as CO2 and H2O play particularly important roles in driving the ascent of magmas towards the surface, controlling the explosivity of volcanic eruptions and ensuring the viability of life on Earth. Volatiles can be challenging to study as magmas degas upon ascent and the record of pre-eruptive volatiles can often be lost. However, crystals growing from magmas can trap fluid and melt inclusions (MI), which preserve a record of pre and syn-eruptive volatile evolution from ascent to eruption. Though their value has long been proven, there remains a multiplicity of challenges associated with MI studies, which when left unaddressed, can yield analyses with uncertainties significant enough to question their validity. Here, I approach three central issues to MI studies, propose new methods to address them and apply these methods to the study of mafic explosive intraplate eruptions at Fogo volcano in Cabo Verde. Additionally, I investigate the role of magma mixing in triggering of explosive eruptions at Turrialba volcano, Costa Rica. In Chapter 1, our chemical analyses of fresh glasses and minerals from the explosive eruptions of 2016-2017 at Turrialba volcano, in Costa Rica, indicated evidence for pervasive two-stage chaotic mixing of mafic to rhyolitic magmas, likely linked to the increased explosivity of these events. In Chapter 2, we present a novel high-precision and high-accuracy fluid density calibration apparatus for Raman Spectroscopy permitting high-quality measurements of CO2 in fluid and MI vapor bubbles, including those with bulk densities in the miscibility gap at room temperature. \In Chapter 3, we present an in-depth analysis of the effects of laser heating on measurements of MI vapor bubbles containing CO2 as liquid and vapor hosted in olivine and the pitfalls of failing to identify the presence of multi-phase CO2 in them. Finally, in Chapter 4, we apply our new Raman methods to the study of three mafic explosive intraplate eruptions from Pico do Fogo volcano in Cabo Verde and explore the role of CO2 in driving the ascent of mafic intraplate magmas from the mantle. We also use X-Ray Computed Tomography on MIs to address the third critical aspect of MI studies that is often the largest source of error: MI volumes.
Book Synopsis Exploring Volcanic Paroxysmal Explosive Activity From Magma Source to Ground and Atmosphere by : Sonia Calvari
Download or read book Exploring Volcanic Paroxysmal Explosive Activity From Magma Source to Ground and Atmosphere written by Sonia Calvari and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-10-17 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Paroxysmal explosive activity is one of the most spectacular natural phenomena, which is recognized as having strong impact not only at a local scale but whose effects can also reach far areas and, indeed, can significantly affect the atmosphere, and the environment in the overall. The most devastating and recent example occurred in 2010, when the Icelandic Eyiafjallajökull volcano erupted disrupting air traffic all over Europe and the North Atlantic for weeks. Between 2008 and 2013, the long-lasting eruption of Chaitén volcano in Chile produced plumes 14-20 km high reaching the coast of Argentina and causing ash fallout as far as 800 km from the vent, and the continuously erupting volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula and of the Aleutian arc have caused often treats to air traffic. The eruption of Pinatubo (Philippines) in 1991 had a strong impact all over the globe, causing significant and measurable atmospheric perturbation and impacting the world temperature. More recently, Mount Etna in Italy displayed tens of paroxysmal explosive episodes affecting the air traffic, viability, settlements, environment, and economics. Over time, several studies have been devoted to understanding what drives paroxysmal explosive activity. Owning to the treating characteristics, so far great efforts have been made trying to detect precursory signals, parameterize the phenomena, apply conceptual and experimental models, and assess the associated hazards. Published papers have used (i) geophysical data aimed at constraining the source region (depth, size, and position), (ii) gas chemistry and mineral geochemistry and petrology to identify the driving force of explosions and characterize the nature of the involved magmas, (iii) volcanology data and observations as well as ground-based and satellite remote sensing to quantify the volumes of erupted products and track the eruptive process, and (iv) laboratory experiments and plume models to characterize the rheology of the erupted products and forecast the impact of the eruptive clouds on the environment, climate, and the whole planet. In this book, we present a collection of ten papers written by 67 authors spanning from seismicity and ground deformation to geochemistry, volcanology and other geophysical techniques applied to the characterization of paroxysms at several active volcanoes.
Book Synopsis Causes and Consequences of Coupled Crystallization and Vesiculation in Ascending Mafic Magmas by : Amanda N. Lindoo
Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Coupled Crystallization and Vesiculation in Ascending Mafic Magmas written by Amanda N. Lindoo and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transitions in eruptive style and eruption intensity in mafic magmas are poorly understood. While silicic systems are the most researched and publicized due to their explosive character, mafic volcanoes remain the dominant form of volcanism on the earth. Eruptions are typically effusive, but changes in flow behavior can result in explosive, ash generating episodes. The efficiency of volatiles to degas from an ascending magma greatly influences eruption style. It is well known that volatile exsolution in magmas is a primary driving force for volcanic eruptions, however the roles vesicles and syn-eruptive crystallization play in eruption dynamics are poorly understood. Permeability development, which occurs when gas bubbles within a rising magma form connected pathways, has been suspected to influence eruption style and intensity. Numerous investigations on natural eruptive products, experimental samples, and analog experiments have extended the understanding of permeability development and fragmentation processes. However, these studies have focused on silicic, high viscosity, crystal-poor magmas. Little progress has been made in understanding fragmentation mechanisms in mafic or alkali magmas. Mafic systems involve lower viscosity magmas that often form small crystals, also known as microlites, during ascent. Because the merging of bubbles in magma is mitigated by melt viscosity, it is predicted that permeability development in mafic magma will occur at lower bubble volume fractions than in silicic magma. However, no study has been performed on experimental samples to provide evidence for this hypothesis. Furthermore, it is unknown how microlites affect the degassing process in terms of facilitating or hindering permeability development. This thesis employs experimental petrology to: 1) experimentally observe how melt viscosity alone affects permeability development, 2) Understand the effects of syn-eruptive crystallization in vesiculating mafic magmas and synergizes these results to 3) relate experimental findings to the 2008 eruption of Kasatochi volcano.
Book Synopsis Mafic Explosive Volcanism at Llaima Volcano by : Pedro Antonio Valdivia-Munoz
Download or read book Mafic Explosive Volcanism at Llaima Volcano written by Pedro Antonio Valdivia-Munoz and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Mafic eruptions, which are typically effusive to mildly explosive, can produce much stronger explosive eruptions. Eruption style is determined by the ability of gas to escape through the permeable network. If the permeability is sufficiently high to reduce vesicle overpressure during ascent, the volatiles may escape from the magma, inhibiting violent explosive activity. In contrast, if the permeability is sufficiently low to retain the gas phase within the magma during ascent, bubble overpressure may drive magma fragmentation. Rapid ascent rates may induce disequilibrium crystallization, increasing viscosity and explosivity, and have consequences for the geometry of the vesicle network. Quantitative vesicle texture analyses are commonly measured in 2D. However, 2D vesicle analyses do not provide sufficient information about the internal vesicle structures for permeability analysis. Here we use synchrotron X-ray computed microtomography of 10 pyroclasts from the 12.6 ka mafic Curacautín Ignimbrite (Llaima Volcano, Chile) to reconstruct and quantify pyroclast textures in three dimensions. Our goal is to obtain 3D measurements of porosity, bubble interconnectivity, bubble number density, and geometrical properties of the porous media to investigate the role of magma degassing processes at mafic explosive eruptions. We use an analytical technique to estimate permeability and tortuosity by combing empirical relationships and pyroclasts vesicle textures. We identified two populations of vesicles: (1) a convoluted connected vesicle network produced by extensive coalescence of smaller vesicles (> 99% of pore space), and (2) a population of very small and completely isolated vesicles (
Book Synopsis Structure and Emplacement of High-level Magmatic Systems by : Kenneth Thomson
Download or read book Structure and Emplacement of High-level Magmatic Systems written by Kenneth Thomson and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2008 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are continual rounds of annual conferences, special sessions and other symposia that provide ample opportunity for researchers to convene and discuss igneous processes. However, the origin of laccoliths and sills continue to inspire and confound geologists. In one sense, this is surprising. After all, don't we know all we need to know about these rocks by now? As testified by the diverse range of topics covered in this volume, the answer is clearly 'no'. This book contains contributions on physical geology, igneous petrology, volcanology, structural geology, crustal mechanics and geophysics that cover the entire gambit of geological processes associated with the shallow emplacement of magma. High-level intrusions in sedimentary basins can also act as hydrocarbon reservoirs and as sources for thermal maturation. In drawing together a diversity of perspectives on the emplacement of sills, laccoliths and dykes we hope to advance further our understanding of their behaviour.
Book Synopsis Minerals, Inclusions and Volcanic Processes by : Keith Daniel Putirka
Download or read book Minerals, Inclusions and Volcanic Processes written by Keith Daniel Putirka and published by de Gruyter. This book was released on 2008 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 69 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry covers the fundamental issues of volcanology: At what depths are eruptions triggered, and over what time scales? Where and why do magmas coalesce before ascent? If magmas stagnate for thousands of years, what forces are responsible for initiating final ascent, or the degassing processes that accelerate upward motion? To the extent that we can answer these questions, we move towards formulating tests of mechanistic models of volcanic eruptions (e.g., Wilson, 1980; Slezin, 2003; Scandone et al., 2007), and hypotheses of the tectonic controls on magma transport (e.g., ten Brink and Brocher, 1987; Takada, 1994; Putirka and Busby, 2007). Our goal, in part, is to review how minerals can be used to understand volcanic systems and the processes that shape them; we also hope that this work will spur new and integrated studies of volcanic systems.
Book Synopsis Seismicity in Volcanic Areas by : Derek Keir
Download or read book Seismicity in Volcanic Areas written by Derek Keir and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-04 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Studies in Volcanology by : Thor Thordarson
Download or read book Studies in Volcanology written by Thor Thordarson and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2009 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Professor George Patrick Leonard Walker was one of the fathers of modern quantitative volcanology and arguably the foremost volcanologist of the twentieth century. In his long career, George studied a wide spectrum of volcanological problems and in doing so influenced almost every branch of the field. This volume, which honours his memory and his contributions to the field of volcanology, contains a collection of papers inspired by, and building upon, many of the ideas previously developed by George. Many of the contributors either directly studied under and worked with George, or were profoundly influenced by his ideas. The topics broadly fall under the three themes of lava flows and effusion, explosive volcanism, and volcanoes and their infrastructure.
Book Synopsis Explosive Volcanism by : Michael F. Sheridan
Download or read book Explosive Volcanism written by Michael F. Sheridan and published by Elsevier Publishing Company. This book was released on 1983 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Volcanism and Subduction by : John Eichelberger
Download or read book Volcanism and Subduction written by John Eichelberger and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 172 .The Kamchatka Peninsula and contiguous North Pacific Rim is among the most active regions in the world. Kamchatka itself contains 29 active volcanoes, 4 now in a state of semi-continuous eruption, and I has experienced 14 magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes since accurate recording began in 1962. At its heart is the uniquely acute subduction cusp where the Kamchatka and Aleutian Arcs and Emperor Seamount Chain meet. Volcanism and Subduction covers coupled magmatism and tectonics in this spectacular region, where the torn North Pacific slab dives into hot mantle. Senior Russian and American authors grapple with the dynamics of the cusp with perspectives from the west and east of it, respectively, while careful tephrostratigraphy yields a remarkably precise record of behavior of storied volcanoes such as Kliuchevskoi and Shiveluch. Towards the south, Japanese researchers elucidate subduction earthquake processes with unprecedented geodetic resolution. Looking eastward, new insights on caldera formation, monitoring, and magma ascent are presented for the Aleutians. This is one of the first books of its kind printed in the English language. Students and scientists beginning research in the region will find in this book a useful context and introduction to the region's scientific leaders. Others who wish to apply lessons learned in the North Pacific to their areas of interest will find the volume a valuable reference.
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