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Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction: Quarterly Report No. 8, May 23 - August 22, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 13, August 23, 1994-November 22, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Phase 1 Final Report, August 23-November 22, 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 13 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 9, August 23, 1993--November 22, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyzed two sets of liquefaction experiments, one involved the liquefaction of Black Thunder Coal with the corresponding recycle vehicle, and the second set of liquefaction runs involved the liquefaction of Argonne North Dakota Lignite. We compared coal conversions of Black Thunder coal and recycle solvent using Fe(CO)5 and carbon monoxide/hydrogen atmospheres and a MolyVanL molybdenum catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere. We also continued our investigation of the effect of water on the conversions. We found that addition of water seemed to decrease the amount of oils; we determined the effect of water with the recycle solvent alone, (no coal added) under similar conditions, and again produced a decrease in oil yields. FIMS analyses of the hexane and toluene soluble fractions seem to indicate that in the experiment when water was added, a considerable amount of light material remained behind in the toluene layer, suggesting that somehow the addition of water decreased the amount of extracted material, perhaps by increasing the amount of polarity of the product. When the conversion was conducted with the MolyVanL molybdenum catalyst a good quality product in terms of lower viscosity was produced; however, conversions to THF soluble material was not increased. We believe the molybdenum catalyst hydrogenated the recycle vehicle rather than effectively converted the coal. In order to eliminate the effect of solvent we have often conducted experiments in an inert solvent with Argonne coals. We conducted several coal conversions experiments using an Argonne North Dakota lignite. We compared several dispersed Fe catalysts and in addition, a nickel catalyst. We investigated nickel as a catalyst since we believe this metal may be more effective in decarboxylating low rank coals. Consistent with this premise we found that the nickel catalyst gave the highest conversions.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 6, November 23, 1992--February 22, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project are to study the effect of pretreatment methods on the two-stage liquefaction process. In particular the effects of dispersed catalysts and carbon monoxide atmospheres on a coal liquefaction process. The project is divided into three technical tasks. Task 1 and 2 deal with the analyses and liquefaction experiments, respectively, whereas Task 3 deals with the economic impact of utilizing the pretreatment methods. This quarter concentrated on Tasks 1 and 2. which are summarized below. The fractionated products from the coal liquefaction experiments conducted in Task 2 exhibited a very low H/C ratio, most likely due to the low H/C ratio of the Black Thunder recycle vehicle used in these liquefaction experiments. Wilsonville has reported the recycle vehicle as approximately 20% distillable material (1100°F at one atmosphere), 20% insoluble material (CI) and 40% resid. We are now in the process of fractionating this material in order to determine its contribution to our liquefaction results. We also analyzed some of the sulfated iron catalysts for surface areas, finding that the calcined catalyst had surface areas of 76 m2/g, compared to 6 m2/g for the iron oxide used by Wilsonville. We also synthesized two more catalysts, the sulfated iron catalyst, and a thiolato iron carbonyl catalyst. We hope to be able to screen these catalysts for liquefaction experiments in the 300 mL autoclaves during the next quater. This quarter we studied iron carbonyl as a catalyst using atmospheres of hydrogen and of hydrogen and carbon monoxide at total cold pressures of 1000 psia. The comparisons are not yet completed, but it appears that pure hydrogen gave slightly higher conversions into preasphaltenes, but similar conversions into asphaltenes and oils.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 4, May 23, 1992--August 22, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project are to study the effect of pretreatment methods on the two-stage liquefaction process. In particular, the effects of dispersed catalysts and carbon monoxide atmospheres on a coal liquefaction process. The project is divided into three technical tasks. Task 1 and 2 deal with the analyses and liquefaction experiments, respectively, whereas Task 3 deals with the economic impact of utilizing the pretreatment methods. This quarter we concentrated on Tasks 1 and 2, which are summarized below. Samples of Black Thunder Subbituminous coal and the corresponding recycle solvent were received from Wilsonville. These particular samples were obtained from run {number_sign}263. The samples were analyzed for a proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as heat content. We have also received samples of the iron oxide used in the Wilsonville coal liquefaction runs as well as Shell 324 and molyVanL for use in future runs. Base-line screening experiments were conducted in 300 mL autoclaves using 2.5 parts by weight of recycle solvent to 1 part Black Thunder coal at 425°C for one hour. In preliminary results for the comparison of iron oxide and iron carbonyl, the iron carbonyl appears to give higher yields to soluble products.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 13 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 5, August 23, 1992--November 22, 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project are to study the effect of pretreatment methods on the two-stage liquefaction process. In particular, the effects of dispersed catalysts and carbon monoxide atmospheres on a coal liquefaction process. The project is divided into three technical tasks. Task 1 and 2 deal with the analyses and liquefaction experiments, respectively, whereas Task 3 deals with the economic impact of utilizing the pretreatment methods. This quarter we concentrated on Tasks 1 and 2, which are summarized. In this support task, the fractionated products from the coal liquefaction experiments conducted in Task 2 were analyzed for C, H, and N content. A very low H/C ratio for these products was found, and is most likely due to the low H/C ratio of the Black Thunder recycle solvent used in these liquefaction experiments. Also, during this quarter an on-line gas chromatograph was integrated into the autoclave system. We also conducted some experiments to determine the ease of activation of potential coal liquefaction catalysts. For these experiments the technique of NO chemisorption was used to determine the active catalytic MoS2 sites on coals impregnated with organometallic Mo precursors. We found that these organometallic Mo clusters easily activated to MoS2 sites. We continued our base-line screening experiments in the 300 mL autoclaves. Last quarter iron oxide and iron carbonyl catalysts were compared using an atmosphere of hydrogen with 3% H2S. This quarter we included a comparison of liquefaction with iron oxide where we added an additional atmosphere of 20% carbon monoxide and found that this addition increased the conversion yields to soluble products. All of the carbon monoxide was accounted for as either unconverted carbon monoxide or as carbon dioxide. No evidence of conversion of the carbon monoxide to methane or Fischer-Tropsch type reactions were observed.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 8, May 23, 1993--August 22, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project are to study the effect of pretreatment methods on the two-stage liquefaction process. In particular, the effects of dispersed catalysts and carbon monoxide atmospheres on a coal liquefaction process. The project is divided into three technical tasks. Task 1 and 2 deal with the analyses and liquefaction experiments, respectively, whereas Task 3 deals with the economic impact of utilizing the pretreatment methods. This quarter we concentrated on Tasks 1 and 2, which are summarized below. This quarter we analyzed products derived from liquefaction experiments using the Fe(CO)5 catalysts, under process conditions where carbon monoxide atmospheres and water contents were varied. During this quarter we compared coal conversions using Fe(CO)5 with CO and CO/H2 atmospheres and determined the product distributions. In particular, the effect of a 20% CO/H2 atmosphere and 50% CO/H2 atmosphere. These conversions were conducted with and without the presence of additional water. We found that the Fe(CO)5 under a pure hydrogen atmosphere gave better conversions than under a CO/H2 atmosphere in terms of THF solubility, but the addition of CO seemed to give good yields of oils with reduced oxygen contents. Interestingly when water was added to attempt to increase the effectiveness of the CO by utilizing the water-gas-shift reaction, less oils were observed. It is not obvious at the moment if this reduction is due to emulsions in the work-up or differences in chemical reactivities.
Download or read book Highly Dispersed Pseudo-Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts Synthesized Via Inverse Micelle Solutions for the Liquefaction of Coal written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mission of this project was to use inverse micelle solutions to synthesize nanometer sized metal particles and test the particles as catalysts in the liquefaction of coal and other related reactions. The initial focus of the project was the synthesis of iron based materials in pseudo-homogeneous form. The frost three chapters discuss the synthesis, characterization, and catalyst testing in coal liquefaction and model coal liquefaction reactions of iron based pseudo-homogeneous materials. Later, we became interested in highly dispersed catalysts for coprocessing of coal and plastic waste. Bifunctional catalysts . to hydrogenate the coal and depolymerize the plastic waste are ideal. We began studying, based on our previously devised synthesis strategies, the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts with a bifunctional nature. In chapter 4, we discuss the fundamental principles in heterogeneous catalysis synthesis with inverse micelle solutions. In chapter 5, we extend the synthesis of chapter 4 to practical systems and use the materials in catalyst testing. Finally in chapter 6, we return to iron and coal liquefaction now studied with the heterogeneous catalysts.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Catalyst Dispersion and Activity Under Conditions of Temperature- Staged Liquefaction written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general objectives of this research are (1) to investigate the use of highly dispersed catalysts for the pretreatment of coal by mild hydrogenation, (2) to identify the active forms of catalysts under reaction conditions and (3) to clarify the mechanisms of catalysis. The ultimate objective is to ascertain if mild catalytic hydrogenation resulting in very limited or no coal solubilization is an advantageous pretreatment for the transformation of coal into transportable fuels. The experimental program will focus upon the development of effective methods of impregnating coal with catalysts, evaluating the conditions under which the catalysts are most active and establishing the relative impact of improved impregnation on conversion and product distributions obtained from coal hydrogenation.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 35 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)
Download or read book Novel Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts for Temperature-programmed Coal Liquefaction. Technical Progress Report, October 1994--December 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal liquefaction involves cleavage of methylene and dimethylene and ether-type bridges connecting polycyclic aromatic units. The selected compounds for model coal liquefaction reactions are 4-(l-naphthylmethyl)bibenzyl (NMBB) and several oxygen-containing compounds. This report mainly describes the synthesis and screening of selected iron and molybdenum compounds as precursors of dispersed catalysts for hydrocracking of NMBB and oxygen-containing compounds. Experiments using NMBB were carried out at 400°C for 30 min. under 6.9 MPa H2 pressure. All catalyst precursors converted NMBB predominately into naphthalene and 4-methylbibenzyl. Generally, ferrocene demonstrated very low activity as catalyst. Even sulfur addition did not increase activity. Hydrated iron sulfate FeSO4 x 7 H2O gave similar conversion like ferrocene. In order to clarify the effect of sulfur alone on model compound conversion, NMBB was treated with sulfur in concentrations of 1.2 to 3.4 wt %, corresponding to conditions present in catalytic runs with sulfur. It was found that increasing sulfur concentrations lead to higher NMBB conversion. Furthermore, sulfur had a permanent influence on the reactor walls. It reacted with the transition metals in the steel to form a microscopic black iron sulfide layer on the surface, which could not be removed mechanically. Non catalytic runs after experiments with added sulfur yielded higher conversion than a normal run with a new reactor. The objective of the work on oxygen-compounds is to investigate the utility of highly dispersed catalysts, from organometallic precursors, in the removal of heteroatom functionality from the products of a reaction performed under liquefaction conditions. The bimetallic catalytic precursor CoMo-T2 exhibited a sizable increase in the yield of non-O-containing products, compared to the run using a standard inorganic catalyst precursor (ATTM) or a non-catalytic reaction.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (682 download)
Download or read book High Dispersed Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Quarterly Report No. 7, February 23, 1993--May 22, 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of this project are to study the effect of pretreatment methods on the two-stage liquefaction process. In particular, the effects of dispersed catalysts and carbon monoxide atmospheres on a coal liquefaction process. The project is divided into three technical tasks. Task 1 involves the analyses of the liquefaction products derived from liquefaction experiments using the catalysts Fe(CO)5 and the sulfated iron catalyst, Fe2O3·SO4. We also analyzed the products derived from treating the recycle vehicle under coal liquefaction conditions with no coal or catalyst present, and found that the toluene and THF fractions had low H/C ratios. No CO or CO2 gases were detected after reaction, although considerable amount of methane gas was produced, suggesting that during the liquefaction runs the carbon oxides are produced only from the coal, as expected, but that methane gas is produced both from the recycle solvent and the coal. We now have more information about the recycle solvent from Wilsonville, who report that the residue was 63%, composed of 45% resid and 18% insoluble inorganic (CI), and a distilable portion of 37% (1050°F). During this quarter we compared coal conversions using Fe(CO)5 with CO and H2/CO atmospheres and determined the effect of using sulfated iron (Fe2O3·SO4) as a conversion catalyst. Also, the coal liquefaction recycle vehicle was subjected to coal product distribution. We found that the Fe(CO)5 under a pure hydrogen atmosphere gave better conversions than under a CO/H2 atmosphere in terms of oils and asphaltenes but was equal in terms of overall conversion into soluble fractions.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Catalyst Dispersion and Activity Under Conditions of Temperature- Staged Liquefaction. Technical Progress Report, July--September 1991 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The general objectives of this research are (1) to investigate the use of highly dispersed catalysts for the pretreatment of coal by mild hydrogenation, (2) to identify the active forms of catalysts under reaction conditions and (3) to clarify the mechanisms of catalysis. The ultimate objective is to ascertain if mild catalytic hydrogenation resulting in very limited or no coal solubilization is an advantageous pretreatment for the transformation of coal into transportable fuels. The experimental program will focus upon the development of effective methods of impregnating coal with catalysts, evaluating the conditions under which the catalysts are most active and establishing the relative impact of improved impregnation on conversion and product distributions obtained from coal hydrogenation.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 15 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book Novel Nanodispersed Coal Liquefaction Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project is to pursue the development of highly dispersed and inexpensive catalysts for improved coal solubilization and upgrading of coal liquids. A novel study of the synthesis of liquefaction catalysts of nanometer size will be carried out. It is based on the molecular design of reverse micelles (microemulsions). These surfactant-stabilized, metal-bearing microdrops offer unique opportunities for synthesizing very small particles by providing a cage-like effects that limits particle nucleation, growth and agglomeration. The emphasis will be on iron- and molybdenum-based catalysts, but the techniques to be developed should also be generally applicable.
Author : Wiley-VCH
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527691464
Total Pages : 1442 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)
Download or read book Ullmann's Energy written by Wiley-VCH and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 1442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This three-volume handbook contains a wealth of information on energy sources, energy generation and storage, fossil and renewable fuels as well as the associated processing technology. Fossil as well as renewable fuels, nuclear technology, power generation and storage technologies are treated side by side, providing a unique overview of the entire global energy industry. The result is an in-depth survey of industrial-scale energy technology. Your personal ULLMANN’S: A carefully selected "best of" compilation of topical articles brings the vast knowledge of the Ullmann’s encyclopedia to the desks of energy and process engineers Chemical and physical characteristics, production processes and production figures, main applications, toxicology and safety information are all found here in one single resource New or updated articles include classical topics such as coal technologies, oil and gas as well as cutting-edge technologies like biogas, thermoelectricty and solar technology 3 Volumes
Download or read book Novel Bimetallic Dispersed Catalysts for Temperature-programmed Coal Liquefaction written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
