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High Performance Braces For Seismic Design
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Book Synopsis High-performance Braces for Seismic Design by : Tim S. Lim
Download or read book High-performance Braces for Seismic Design written by Tim S. Lim and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fundamental challenge for the structural engineer in designing earthquake-resistant structures is to design buildings with both adequate ductility and sufficient stiffness. Traditional lateral force resisting systems such as the moment resisting frame and the concentrically braced frame are both conventional structural schemes that have been implemented for many years, but result in only mediocre performance levels. The lacking stiffness of a moment resisting frame as well as the limited ductility of a concentrically braced frame gave impetus for engineers to direct significant research efforts into the development of new lateral resisting systems that embody a more stable hysteretic behavior, adequate ductility, control of damage, and energy dissipating capacity. Fortunately, several recent developments have allowed engineers to move one step closer to designing more efficient earthquake-resistant structures. "High-performance braces," as this thesis calls them, are new and improved bracing systems that combine the economy and stiffness of a concentrically braced frame with the ductility and energy dissipating capacity of a moment resisting frame. This thesis analyzes and evaluates three different types of high-performance braces: (i) the buckling-restrained brace frame, (ii) the self-centering energy dissipating brace frame, and (iii) the hybrid brace frame, with regards to their structural performance and economy. The primary goal of the thesis is to provide useful insights into the current developments of high-performance braces for practicing engineers in the hope that such systems can be more widely adopted and utilized in the contemporary design of earthquake-resistant structures. Keywords: High-performance braces, earthquake-resistant structures, seismic design
Book Synopsis Steel Braces with Intentional Eccentricity (BIEs) - Application and Seismic Performance by : Andrés González Ureña
Download or read book Steel Braces with Intentional Eccentricity (BIEs) - Application and Seismic Performance written by Andrés González Ureña and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs) with Hollow Structural Sections (HSSs) as the bracing members are one of the most popular structural steel Seismic Force Resisting Systems (SFRSs), widely used in mid- and low-rise buildings. However, they present significant shortcomings that pose limits to their potential. These are related primarily to their invariably high elastic stiffness, to their minimal post-yielding stiffness, to the susceptibility of HSS braces to local buckling and consequent low cycle fatigue induced fracture, and to the overstrength that results from the observance of the design code limits on the local and global slenderness.Braces with Intentional Eccentricity (BIEs), otherwise traditional braces with their longitudinal axis offset with respect to the forces' line of action, have been proposed by Skalomenos et al. to overcome these limitations of CBFs. As they are subject to bending moment accompanying the axial force, both under tension and compression loading, BIEs are naturally more flexible than traditional concentric braces. In tension, they present a high post-yielding stiffness. In compression, their response is not affected by a marked loss of strength due to overall buckling; further, the more even distribution of strain demands along the length of the brace member delays the onset of local buckling. Moreover, the strength and stiffness of BIEs can be regulated by adjusting the eccentricity, granting the designer better control over the structure's dynamic response, and reducing the overstrength. Skalomenos et al. performed tests on round HSS BIEs, which demonstrated a response to loading consistent with the above described behaviour; however, neither the application of BIEs to buildings nor their implementation in a global design approach were addressed.In this thesis, the seismic performance of square HSS BIEs and their application as the energy dissipating elements of SFRSs is addressed. It includes the characterization, through numerical models and the physical testing of full-scale specimens, of their response to cyclic and monotonic load, and the development of a displacement-based seismic design procedure for Frames with Intentionally Eccentric Braces (FIEBs) that accounts for the particularities of BIEs and modern code philosophy. This procedure is used in the design of hypothetical multi-storey buildings, allowing for the assessment of their seismic performance by means of Non-Linear Response-History Analysis (NLRHA), and a comparison with that of traditional CBFs. In the design of the FIEBs, and in the numerical models and physical tests, a simple and cost-effective plate assembly was considered for the introduction of the eccentricity.The results show that square HSS BIEs exhibit the benefits of the intentional eccentricity as described above, and that the seismic performance of FIEBs designed with the proposed procedure is satisfactory and on par with the objectives of modern design codes. What is more, FIEBs presented lower maximum and residual storey drifts than CBFs and required less material in many cases. As such, FIEBs may constitute an advantageous alternative to traditional CBFs as the SFRS of buildings in regions of high seismic hazard. However, the results from physical testing shed light on the vulnerability of the bracing member's ends to premature fracturing under some conditions, limiting the deformation capacity of BIEs in certain cases, a topic that will need to be addressed in further research"--
Book Synopsis Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings by : American Society of Civil Engineers
Download or read book Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings written by American Society of Civil Engineers and published by ASCE Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standard ASCE/SEI 41-06 presents the latest generation of performance-based seismic rehabilitation methodology.
Book Synopsis Conventional Concentrically Braced Frames with I-shape Braces and Bolted Brace Connections by : Chen Wang
Download or read book Conventional Concentrically Braced Frames with I-shape Braces and Bolted Brace Connections written by Chen Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In low and moderate seismic regions, low-ductility concentrically braced frames (CBFs) are widely used as the seismic force-resisting system for steel structures. Unlike high-ductility CBFs, the capacity-based design principle and additional seismic detailing are not required for such systems, which are referred to as conventional CBFs (CCBFs) in this study. In CCBFs, the brace-to-gusset connections are inherently weaker than the adjoining gusset plates and braces when loaded in tension. This occurs because both the gusset plates and the braces are most often selected based on their respective compressive buckling resistances, and hence, typically have a much greater resistance in tension. As such, brace connections are critical for the seismic behaviour and collapse prevention performance of CCBFs. However, brace connections have received little research attention because they are usually assumed to remain elastic in most capacity-based designs, and as such, their inelastic behaviour is not fully understood at a fundamental level. This is reflected in the different code provisions: in Canada, the seismic design force must be amplified by 1.5 for brace connections in CCBFs unless these connections are proven to be ductile as per CSA S16-19; in New Zealand, for connections in CCBFs, a structural performance factor of 1.0 is required, compared with 0.9 for structural members, which effectively increases the seismic design force demand on connections as per NZS 3404; no analogous requirements exist for CCBFs in the USA as per ANSI/AISC 341-16 or in Europe as per Eurocode 8.The inelastic behaviour of and the seismic deformation demand on CCBF brace connections were studied through a two-level numerical simulation approach, which is presented in this thesis. The bolted flange plate connection of the I-shape brace, which is a common design choice for CCBFs, was selected as the subject of this study.At the connection level, a high-fidelity finite element (FE) simulation procedure was developed for the bolted flange plate connection and validated against laboratory test results. The force transfer mechanism within the branches of the connection was characterized. Subsequently, a parametric study based on the validated numerical simulation procedure was carried out. Three key design parameters, namely, the gusset plate thickness, the flange lap plate thickness, and the web lap plate thickness, were varied to study their effects on both the compressive and tensile behaviour of the brace and the connection assembly. Various deformation mechanisms and failure modes were revealed under both compression and tension. Design recommendations are proposed with regards to attaining better deformation capacity.Based on the knowledge gained from the high-fidelity numerical simulations, a computationally efficient component-based modeling method was developed for the bolted brace connection. The connection was discretized into individual components, and modeled by means of organized springs, which each simulate the behaviour of a component. After validation against experimental test results, the component-based connection model was incorporated into a system-level numerical model for a series of prototype CCBFs. Through nonlinear static and dynamic structural analyses, the seismic behaviour and collapse prevention performance of CCBFs were studied. When loaded in tension, the brace connections deformed much more than the brace, and amplifying the design force by 1.5 was effective in reducing the seismic deformation demand on brace connections. In some cases, a secondary seismic force-resisting mechanism developed and prevented the system from collapse after the primary seismic force-resisting mechanism had failed"--
Book Synopsis Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings by : Thomas Paulay
Download or read book Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings written by Thomas Paulay and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1992-04-10 with total page 768 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasizes actual structural design, not analysis, of multistory buildings for seismic resistance. Strong emphasis is placed on specific detailing requirements for construction. Fundamental design principles are presented to create buildings that respond to a wide range of potential seismic forces, which are illustrated by numerous detailed examples. The discussion includes the design of reinforced concrete ductile frames, structural walls, dual systems, reinforced masonry structures, buildings with restricted ductility and foundation walls. In addition to the examples, full design calculations are given for three prototype structures.
Book Synopsis Shape Memory Alloys for Seismic Resilience by : Cheng Fang
Download or read book Shape Memory Alloys for Seismic Resilience written by Cheng Fang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-25 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces readers to the fundamental properties and practical applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) from the perspective of seismic engineering. It objectively discusses the superiority of this novel class of materials, which could potentially overcome the limitations of conventional seismic control technologies. The results, vividly presented in the form of tables and figures, are demonstrated with rigorous experimental verifications, supplemented by comprehensive numerical and analytical investigations. The book allows readers to gain an in-depth understanding of the working mechanisms of various SMA-based structural devices and members, including beam-to-column connections, dampers, and braces, while also providing them with a broader vision of next-generation, performance-based seismic design for novel adaptive structural systems. Helping to bridge the gap between material science and structural engineering, it also sheds light on the potential of commercializing SMA products in the construction industry. The cutting-edge research highlighted here provides technical incentives for design professionals, contractors, and building officials to use high-performance and smart materials in structural design, helping them stay at the forefront of construction technology.
Book Synopsis Seismic Behavior, Performance and Design of Steel Concentrically Braced Frame Systems by : Keith D. Palmer
Download or read book Seismic Behavior, Performance and Design of Steel Concentrically Braced Frame Systems written by Keith D. Palmer and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 638 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation describes a research program on special concentrically braced frame (SCBF) and buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) systems. The study builds upon previous work performed as part of a research program supported by the George E. Brown Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) entitled "International Hybrid Simulation of Tomorrow's Braced Frame." This program was initiated due to practical and experimental evidence that SCBFs were not performing as intended by current seismic design provisions. The current study includes a comprehensive experimental and analytical program which included two first-of-its-kind, two-story, one-bay by one-bay SCBF and BRBFs experiments. The experiments were performed at the University of Minnesota NEES laboratory to take advantage of its ability to apply large-displacement bi-directional loading. The two specimens were configured with braces in two orthogonal bays framing into a ``shared'' column with a floor system designed and constructed to simulate realistic conditions. The first specimen, the SCBF, employed HSS3x3x1/4 braces in a single-story X-configuration with one continuous brace and a pair of spliced braces in the opposing direction. The second test specimen, the BRBF, employed pin-ended, collared BRBs in a single-diagonal configuration. The analytical study consisted of a large suite of finite element simulations aimed at identifying the main parameters that influence the damage at the beam-column-gusset connection region in BRBFs and to make recommendations for the design and detailing of this connection region. This research has resulted in a number of findings including the observation that out-of-plane loading and deformation had little impact on the drift and ductility capacity of the system when compared to planar frame test results. In fact, the drift capacity of the SCBF test frame was only 6% less than that of comparable planar frames while the ductility and cumulative ductility capacities of the BRBF exceeded that of many of the planar BRBF system tests. Based on the experimental and analytical findings, design and detailing recommendations were developed for the connection at the brace splice point in the single-story, X-configured system. Design and detailing recommendations were also made for the corner gusset plate connection region in BRBFs.
Book Synopsis Innovative Bracing System for Earthquake Resistant Concentrically Braced Frame Structures by : Liang Chen
Download or read book Innovative Bracing System for Earthquake Resistant Concentrically Braced Frame Structures written by Liang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chevron braced frame is a widely used seismic force resistant system in North America in areas subjected to moderate-to-severe earthquakes. However, the chevron braced frame system is limited in term of lateral loads redistribution over the building height. Khatib et al (1988) proposed to add zipper columns to link together all brace-to-beam intersecting points with the aim to drive all compression braces to buckle simultaneously and as a result to enlarge the energy dissipation capacity of the system. Although the Commentary of AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Building (AISC 2002) contains recommendations regarding this innovative zipper steel frame systems, no design provisions are included yet. The scope of this thesis is to refine the design method for the Zipper Braced Frame System which was initially proposed by Tremblay and Tirca (2003) and to study the system's behaviour under seismic loads by means of accurate inelastic time-history analysis. The main objective of this research project is three-fold: To develop accurate computer brace models by using Drain2DX and OpenSees and to validate the accuracy of computations with experimental test results for slender, intermediate and stocky braces; To refine the existing design method for CBFs with strong zipper columns; To validate the refined design method by studying the performance of CBF systems with strong zipper columns in Drain2DX and OpenSees environment for low-, middle- and high-rise buildings. Through this research, the overall understanding of the CBF system with strong zipper columns is improved by means of accurate numerical predictions. The outcome of this study will be further used as input data for experimental tests. The design procedure has been divided into two phases: design of braces, columns and beams according to NBC 2005 and CSA-S16-09 and design of zipper columns. A spreadsheet was developed for a 4-, 8- and 12-storey buildings and six different pattern loads related to the distribution of internal brace forces over the structure height were proposed. Based on this study, the best suited pattern load distribution is selected and considered for zipper column design. In order to evaluate the accuracy of modeling assumption in OpenSees, parametric studies were carried out. Comparisons between analytical and available test results have validated the accuracy of the computer models and analysis results. Three ground motion ensembles such as: regular, near-field and Cascadia were scaled to match the design spectrum for Victoria, B.C., have been considered in these analyses. In conclusion, good seismic performance was found for all studied buildings. The forces in the zippers were equal to or lower than predicted in the design method. All zipper columns performed in elastic range while buckling of braces propagated upward or downward within seconds. It was clearly demonstrated that by using CBF's with zipper columns the storey mechanism was mitigated and in almost all cases the interstorey drift was uniformly distributed over the structure height. In addition the median estimations of the interstorey drifts were below than 2.5% hs limit prescribed in the NBC-05 code for buildings of normal importance. The outcomes of this research project will be further used as input data for a future experimental test planned to be conducted on an 8-storey braced frame with zipper columns sample.
Book Synopsis Performance Based Seismic Design for Tall Buildings by : Ramin Golesorkhi
Download or read book Performance Based Seismic Design for Tall Buildings written by Ramin Golesorkhi and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) is a structural design methodology that has become more common in urban centers around the world, particularly for the design of high-rise buildings. The primary benefit of PBSD is that it substantiates exceptions to prescribed code requirements, such as height limits applied to specific structural systems, and allows project teams to demonstrate higher performance levels for structures during a seismic event.However, the methodology also involves significantly more effort in the analysis and design stages, with verification of building performance required at multiple seismic demand levels using Nonlinear Response History Analysis (NRHA). The design process also requires substantial knowledge of overall building performance and analytical modeling, in order to proportion and detail structural systems to meet specific performance objectives.This CTBUH Technical Guide provides structural engineers, developers, and contractors with a general understanding of the PBSD process by presenting case studies that demonstrate the issues commonly encountered when using the methodology, along with their corresponding solutions. The guide also provides references to the latest industry guidelines, as applied in the western United States, with the goal of disseminating these methods to an international audience for the advancement and expansion of PBSD principles worldwide.
Book Synopsis Seismic Design of Eccentrically Braced Frames by : George Charles Clifton
Download or read book Seismic Design of Eccentrically Braced Frames written by George Charles Clifton and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Design, Modelling, and Seismic Performance of Outrigger Braced Frame Steel Buildings Subjected to Crustal and Subduction Earthquakes by : Aid Jnaid
Download or read book Design, Modelling, and Seismic Performance of Outrigger Braced Frame Steel Buildings Subjected to Crustal and Subduction Earthquakes written by Aid Jnaid and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concentrically braced frames (CBFs) are widely used in North America. The CBFs possess high stiffness and moderate ductility, while braces are designed to buckle in compression and yield in tension. However, after a brace experiences buckling, its compression strength diminishes and the system undergoes asymmetrical response, while the distribution of internal forces and deformations is influenced by the frequency content of ground motions. Despite the system's stiffness, CBFs are prone to concentrate damage within a floor which leads to the formation of storey mechanism. To preserve the stability of the system during the nonlinear seismic response, the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) imposes limits on a building's height which depends on the selected ductility-related force modification factor, Rd. Thus, the height limit for buildings with moderately ductile concentrically braced frames, MD-CBFs, is 40 m and for limited ductility concentrically braced frames, LD-CBFs, is 60 m. To safely increase the height limit of ductile braced frame buildings, a system labelled Outrigger Braced Frame, OBF, is proposed and developed in this study. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), a building with more than 14 stories or more than 50 meters in height may be considered a high-rise building. The aim of this research is to develop, design, model, and study the seismic performance of mid-rise (e.g. tweleve-storey) and high-rise (e.g., sixteen-storey) OBF buildings subjected to dynamic loads. It is noted that the outrigger system functions by tying together a core system and a perimeter system. Herein, the core system is made of MD-CBFs and the perimeter system is made of gravity columns. Furthermore, only the core braces are designed to dissipate energy, while the outrigger's diagonals are designed to respond in the elastic range. The performance of OBF system is controlled by the amount of added stiffness and optimum location of outriggers across the building's height, the number of levels with outriggers and the intensity of seismic zone. All multi-storey buildings are located in high-risk seismic zone of Victoria, B.C. Canada, on Site Class C. The selection of ground motions was made to capture the seismic characteristics at buildings location. Herein, two sets of crustal and subduction ground motions were considered such as California records and the mega-thrust magnitude 9 Tohoku records, respectively. The nonlinear time-history dynamic analyses were conducted using the OpenSees software. The main objectives of this thesis are three-fold: i) to identify the effect of subduction versus crustal ground motions on the seismic response of low-rise, mid-rise and high-rise MD-CBF buildings and to study their seismic performance from yielding to failure, ii) to provide design method and optimum location for outriggers of OBF steel buildings, iii) to assess the collapse safety of the proposed mid-rise and high-rise OBF steel buildings using FEMA P695 procedure and to compare their seismic performance against that resulted for MD-CBF buildings. It is concluded that the OBF buildings are slightly stiffer than the corresponding MD-CBF buildings, and they experienced lower interstorey drift and residual interstorey drift than the MD-CBF buildings. In all case studies considered here, the collapse margin ratio (CMR) is greater for buildings subjected to crustal ground motions than subduction ground motions. Evaluation of seismic performance of sample 12-storey and 16-storey OBF buildings shows that these buildings are able to pass the collapse safety acceptance criteria, ACMR ≥ ACMR10%, when subjected to both sets of ground motions. On the other hand, the corresponding MD-CBF buildings are not able to pass the collapse safety acceptance criteria when subjected to subduction records set. Hence, special attention should be given when designing buildings in seismic regions which are prone to both types of earthquakes.
Book Synopsis Performance-based Plastic Design by : Subhash Chandra Goel
Download or read book Performance-based Plastic Design written by Subhash Chandra Goel and published by . This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Introduction to Structural Motion Control by : Jerome J. Connor
Download or read book Introduction to Structural Motion Control written by Jerome J. Connor and published by Prentice Hall. This book was released on 2003 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the fundamentals of electrical system design commonly found in residential, commercial, and industrial occupancies. The emphasis is on practical, real-world applications, and stresses designing electrical systems in accordance with the National Electrical Code(r) (NEC(r)). This book leads the reader through topics starting with the basics of electrical system design through more advanced subjects such as voltage drop, short circuit, coordination, and harmonics. For electrical designers and electrical engineers.
Book Synopsis High-performance Construction Materials: Science And Applications by : Caijun Shi
Download or read book High-performance Construction Materials: Science And Applications written by Caijun Shi and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008-06-11 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a number of high-performance construction materials, including concrete, steel, fiber-reinforced cement, fiber-reinforced plastics, polymeric materials, geosynthetics, masonry materials and coatings. It discusses the scientific bases for the manufacture and use of these high-performance materials. Testing and application examples are also included, in particular the application of relatively new high-performance construction materials to design practice.Most books dealing with construction materials typically address traditional materials only rather than high-performance materials and, as a consequence, do not satisfy the increasing demands of today's society. On the other hand, books dealing with materials science are not engineering-oriented, with limited coverage of the application to engineering practice. This book is thus unique in reflecting the great advances made on high-performance construction materials in recent years.This book is appropriate for use as a textbook for courses in engineering materials, structural materials and civil engineering materials at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also suitable for use by practice engineers, including construction, materials, mechanical and civil engineers.
Book Synopsis Cyclic Testing of Braces Laterally Restrained by Steel Studs to Enhance Performance During Earthquakes by : Oguz C. Celik
Download or read book Cyclic Testing of Braces Laterally Restrained by Steel Studs to Enhance Performance During Earthquakes written by Oguz C. Celik and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advanced Methods for Seismic Performance Evaluation of Building Structures by : Sang Whan Han
Download or read book Advanced Methods for Seismic Performance Evaluation of Building Structures written by Sang Whan Han and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Special Issue was created to collect the most recent and novel research on seismic performance evaluation of building structures. This issue includes three important topics on seismic engineering for building structures: (1) seismic design and performance evaluation, (2) structural dynamics, and (3) seismic hazard and risk analysis. To protect building structures from earthquakes, it is necessary to conduct seismic performance evaluations on structures with reliable methods and to retrofit these structures appropriately using the results of the seismic performance evaluation.
Book Synopsis High-performance Construction Materials by : Caijun Shi
Download or read book High-performance Construction Materials written by Caijun Shi and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a number of high-performance construction materials, including concrete, steel, fiber-reinforced cement, fiber-reinforced plastics, polymeric materials, geosynthetics, masonry materials and coatings. It discusses the scientific bases for the manufacture and use of these high-performance materials. Testing and application examples are also included, in particular the application of relatively new high-performance construction materials to design practice.Most books dealing with construction materials typically address traditional materials only rather than high-performance materials and, as a consequence, do not satisfy the increasing demands of today's society. On the other hand, books dealing with materials science are not engineering-oriented, with limited coverage of the application to engineering practice. This book is thus unique in reflecting the great advances made on high-performance construction materials in recent years.This book is appropriate for use as a textbook for courses in engineering materials, structural materials and civil engineering materials at the senior undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also suitable for use by practice engineers, including construction, materials, mechanical and civil engineers.
