Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1)

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Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 147356719X
Total Pages : 1032 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (735 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) written by Chips Channon and published by Random House. This book was released on 2021-03-04 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sunday Times bestselling edition of Chips Channon's remarkable diaries. Born in Chicago in 1897, 'Chips' Channon settled in England after the Great War, married into the immensely wealthy Guinness family, and served as Conservative MP for Southend-on-Sea from 1935 until his death in 1958. His career was unremarkable. His diaries are quite the opposite. Elegant, gossipy and bitchy by turns, they are the unfettered observations of a man who went everywhere and who knew everybody. Whether describing the antics of London society in the interwar years, or the growing scandal surrounding his close friends Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson during the abdication crisis, or the mood in the House of Commons in the lead up to the Munich crisis, his sense of drama and his eye for the telling detail are unmatched. These are diaries that bring a whole epoch vividly to life. A heavily abridged and censored edition of the diaries was published in 1967. Only now, sixty years after Chips's death, can an extensive text be shared. ________________________________ 'Chips perfectly embodied the qualities vital to the task: a capacious ear for gossip, a neat turn of phrase, a waspish desire to tell all, and easy access to the highest social circles across Europe.[...] Blending Woosterish antics with a Lady Bracknellesque capacity for acid comment. Replete with fascinating insights.' Jesse Norman, Financial Times

Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1)

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Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1786331810
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) written by Chips Channon and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sunday Times bestselling edition of Chips Channon's remarkable diaries. Born in Chicago in 1897, 'Chips' Channon settled in England after the Great War, married into the immensely wealthy Guinness family, and served as Conservative MP for Southend-on-Sea from 1935 until his death in 1958. His career was unremarkable. His diaries are quite the opposite. Elegant, gossipy and bitchy by turns, they are the unfettered observations of a man who went everywhere and who knew everybody. Whether describing the antics of London society in the interwar years, or the growing scandal surrounding his close friends Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson during the abdication crisis, or the mood in the House of Commons in the lead up to the Munich crisis, his sense of drama and his eye for the telling detail are unmatched. These are diaries that bring a whole epoch vividly to life. A heavily abridged and censored edition of the diaries was published in 1967. Only now, sixty years after Chips's death, can an extensive text be shared. ________________________________ 'Chips perfectly embodied the qualities vital to the task: a capacious ear for gossip, a neat turn of phrase, a waspish desire to tell all, and easy access to the highest social circles across Europe.[...] Blending Woosterish antics with a Lady Bracknellesque capacity for acid comment. Replete with fascinating insights.' Jesse Norman, Financial Times

Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57

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Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1529151740
Total Pages : 1201 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (291 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57 by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57 written by Chips Channon and published by Random House. This book was released on 2022-09-08 with total page 1201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third and final volume of the unexpurgated diaries of Sir Henry 'Chips' Channon begins as the Second World War is turning in the Allies' favour. It ends with Chips descending into poor health but still able to turn a pointed phrase about the political events that swirl around him and the great and the good with whom he mingles. Throughout these final fourteen years Chips assiduously describes events in and around Westminster, gossiping about individual MPs' ambitions and indiscretions, but also rising powerfully to the occasion to capture the mood of the House on VE Day or the ceremony of George VI's funeral. His energies, though, are increasingly absorbed by a private life that at times reaches Byzantine levels of complexity. We encounter the London of the theatre and the cinema, peopled by such figures as John Gielgud, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh and Douglas Fairbanks Jr, as well as a seemingly endless grand parties at which Chips might well rub shoulders with Cecil Beaton, the Mountbattens, or any number of dethroned European monarchs. He has been described as 'The greatest British diarist of the 20th century'. This final volume fully justifies that accolade.

Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2)

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Author :
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1473567203
Total Pages : 1081 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (735 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2) by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry ‘Chips’ Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2) written by Chips Channon and published by Random House. This book was released on 2021-09-09 with total page 1081 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume of the remarkable, Sunday Times bestselling diaries of Chips Channon. This second volume of the bestselling diaries of Henry 'Chips' Channon takes us from the heady aftermath of the Munich agreement, when the Prime Minister so admired by Chips was credited with having averted a general European conflagration, through the rapid unravelling of appeasement, and on to the tribulations of the early years of the Second World War. It closes with a moment of hope, as Channon, in recording the fall of Mussolini in July 1943, reflects: 'The war must be more than half over.' For much of this period, Channon is genuinely an eye-witness to unfolding events. He reassures Neville Chamberlain as he fights for his political life in May 1940. He chats to Winston Churchill while the two men inspect the bombed-out chamber of the House of Commons a few months later. From his desk at the Foreign Office he charts the progress of the war. But with the departure of his boss 'Rab' Butler to the Ministry of Education, and Channon's subsequent exclusion from the corridors of power, his life changes - and with it the preoccupations and tone of the diaries. The conduct of the war remains a constant theme, but more personal preoccupations come increasingly to the fore. As he throws himself back into the pleasures of society, he records his encounters with the likes of Noël Coward, Prince Philip, General de Gaulle and Oscar Wilde's erstwhile lover Lord Alfred Douglas. He describes dinners with members of European royal dynasties, and recounts gossip and scandal about the great, the good and the less good. And he charts the implosion of his marriage and his burgeoning, passionate friendship with a young officer on Wavell's staff. These are diaries that bring a whole epoch vividly to life.

Chips

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis Chips by : Henry Channon (Sir)

Download or read book Chips written by Henry Channon (Sir) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57

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Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1529151724
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (291 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57 by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 3): 1943-57 written by Chips Channon and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2022-10-25 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third and final volume of the unexpurgated diaries of Sir Henry 'Chips' Channon begins as the Second World War is turning in the Allies' favour. It ends with Chips descending into poor health but still able to turn a pointed phrase about the political events that swirl around him and the great and the good with whom he mingles. Throughout these final fourteen years Chips assiduously describes events in and around Westminster, gossiping about individual MPs' ambitions and indiscretions, but also rising powerfully to the occasion to capture the mood of the House on VE Day or the ceremony of George VI's funeral. His energies, though, are increasingly absorbed by a private life that at times reaches Byzantine levels of complexity. We encounter the London of the theatre and the cinema, peopled by such figures as John Gielgud, Laurence Olivier, Vivien Leigh and Douglas Fairbanks Jr, as well as a seemingly endless grand parties at which Chips might well rub shoulders with Cecil Beaton, the Mountbattens, or any number of dethroned European monarchs. He has been described as 'The greatest British diarist of the 20th century'. This final volume fully justifies that accolade.

Chips

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Author :
Publisher : Phoenix
ISBN 13 : 9781842120651
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Chips by : Henry Channon

Download or read book Chips written by Henry Channon and published by Phoenix. This book was released on 2000-11 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sir Henry "Chips" Channon's position as a Member of Parliament allowed him entree to a privileged world of socializing, politics, and historic events. The years covered in this volume, 1934-53, recall a vanished world in which every social and public figure of the day made the party, joining in endless gossip. Culled from some three million words from the original diaries, the editor's selection gives us the pivotal moments and characters of history, etched indelibly by a master observer. "How sharp an eye? What neat malice! How, in their fashion, well written and truthful and honest they are!"--"Malcolm Muggeridge, Observer."

Chips

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (655 download)

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Book Synopsis Chips by : Henry Channon (Sir)

Download or read book Chips written by Henry Channon (Sir) and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2)

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Author :
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1786331829
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2) by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 2) written by Chips Channon and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second volume of the remarkable, Sunday Times bestselling diaries of Chips Channon. This second volume of the bestselling diaries of Henry 'Chips' Channon takes us from the heady aftermath of the Munich agreement, when the Prime Minister so admired by Chips was credited with having averted a general European conflagration, through the rapid unravelling of appeasement, and on to the tribulations of the early years of the Second World War. It closes with a moment of hope, as Channon, in recording the fall of Mussolini in July 1943, reflects: 'The war must be more than half over.' For much of this period, Channon is genuinely an eye-witness to unfolding events. He reassures Neville Chamberlain as he fights for his political life in May 1940. He chats to Winston Churchill while the two men inspect the bombed-out chamber of the House of Commons a few months later. From his desk at the Foreign Office he charts the progress of the war. But with the departure of his boss 'Rab' Butler to the Ministry of Education, and Channon's subsequent exclusion from the corridors of power, his life changes - and with it the preoccupations and tone of the diaries. The conduct of the war remains a constant theme, but more personal preoccupations come increasingly to the fore. As he throws himself back into the pleasures of society, he records his encounters with the likes of Noël Coward, Prince Philip, General de Gaulle and Oscar Wilde's erstwhile lover Lord Alfred Douglas. He describes dinners with members of European royal dynasties, and recounts gossip and scandal about the great, the good and the less good. And he charts the implosion of his marriage and his burgeoning, passionate friendship with a young officer on Wavell's staff. These are diaries that bring a whole epoch vividly to life.

Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1)

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Author :
Publisher : Hutchinson
ISBN 13 : 9781786331816
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) by : Chips Channon

Download or read book Henry 'Chips' Channon: The Diaries (Volume 1) written by Chips Channon and published by Hutchinson. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Sunday Times bestselling edition of Chips Channon's remarkable diaries. Born in Chicago in 1897, 'Chips' Channon settled in England after the Great War, married into the immensely wealthy Guinness family, and served as Conservative MP for Southend-on-Sea from 1935 until his death in 1958. His career was unremarkable. His diaries are quite the opposite. Elegant, gossipy and bitchy by turns, they are the unfettered observations of a man who went everywhere and who knew everybody. Whether describing the antics of London society in the interwar years, or the growing scandal surrounding his close friends Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson during the abdication crisis, or the mood in the House of Commons in the lead up to the Munich crisis, his sense of drama and his eye for the telling detail are unmatched. These are diaries that bring a whole epoch vividly to life. A heavily abridged and censored edition of the diaries was published in 1967. Only now, sixty years after Chips's death, can an extensive text be shared. ________________________________ 'Chips perfectly embodied the qualities vital to the task: a capacious ear for gossip, a neat turn of phrase, a waspish desire to tell all, and easy access to the highest social circles across Europe.[...] Blending Woosterish antics with a Lady Bracknellesque capacity for acid comment. Replete with fascinating insights.' Jesse Norman, Financial Times

Rearming the RAF for the Second World War

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Author :
Publisher : Pen and Sword History
ISBN 13 : 1399006274
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Rearming the RAF for the Second World War by : Adrian Phillips

Download or read book Rearming the RAF for the Second World War written by Adrian Phillips and published by Pen and Sword History. This book was released on 2022-07-28 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the RAF rearmed to meet the growing threat from Nazi Germany's remorseless expansion in the late 1930s, it faced immense challenges. It had to manage a huge increase in size as well as mastering rapid advances in aviation technology. To protect Britain from attack, the RAF's commanders had to choose the right strategy and the right balance in its forces. The choices had to be made in peacetime with no guidance from combat experience. These visions then had to be translated into practical reality. A shifting cast of government ministers, civil servants and industrialists with their own financial, political and military agendas brought further dynamics into play. The RAF's readiness for war was crucial to Britain's ability to respond to Nazi aggression before war broke out and when it did, the RAF's rearmament was put to the acid test of battle. Adrian Phillips uses the penetrating grasp of how top level decisions are made that he honed in his inside accounts of the abdication crisis and appeasement, to dissect the process which shaped the RAF of 1940. He looks beyond the familiar legends of the Battle of Britain and explores in depth the successes and failures of a vital element in British preparations for war.

General Hastings 'Pug' Ismay

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Author :
Publisher : Hurst Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1805261487
Total Pages : 621 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis General Hastings 'Pug' Ismay by : John Kiszely

Download or read book General Hastings 'Pug' Ismay written by John Kiszely and published by Hurst Publishers. This book was released on 2024-05-02 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General Lord Ismay's name is little known today, but he participated in, and was witness to, decision-making at the highest level of government, before, during and after the Second World War. Immediately prior to the outbreak of hostilities, he was Secretary of the Committee of Imperial Defence responsible for advising government on strategy and preparations for war. As wartime Chief Staff Officer to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, he became a close confidant and rarely left Churchill's side, whether in Britain or abroad at international conferences. He was instrumental in conciliating the sometimes-fractious relationship between the Prime Minister and the Service Chiefs of Staff. In 1947, Ismay went to India as Chief of Staff to the Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, and was closely involved in the drama of Partition. As the first Secretary General of NATO from 1952 to 1957, he was instrumental in building the foundations of the Alliance and preserving its unity and cohesion at the height of the Cold War. He also played a central role in reshaping the higher management of defence in Britain, including the creation of the Ministry of Defence. This fascinating book tells the story of his life and work.

The Making of a King

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 163936532X
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (393 download)

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Book Synopsis The Making of a King by : Robert Hardman

Download or read book The Making of a King written by Robert Hardman and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dramatic story of the new king’s evolution over the past year from Prince of Wales to King Charles III, from one of the most acclaimed royal biographers writing today. No British monarch has had a tougher act to follow. Now, after seventy years of waiting and preparation, King Charles III is not just the head of the most famous family in the world. He is the custodian of a thousand-year-old institution which must redefine its place in the digital age while others insist on rewriting the past. With unrivaled access to the king, the royal family, and the court, leading royal authority Robert Hardman brings us the inside story on the most pivotal and challenging year for the monarchy in living memory. From the death of Elizabeth II through to the ancient spectacle of the Coronation, from the rise of a new Prince and Princess of Wales to the latest "truth bombs" from the Sussexes, this is the story of the making of a monarch.

Crown, Cloak, and Dagger

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Author :
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1647123712
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Crown, Cloak, and Dagger by : Richard J. Aldrich

Download or read book Crown, Cloak, and Dagger written by Richard J. Aldrich and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2023 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Richard J. Aldrich and Rory Cormac reveal the remarkable relationship between the British Royal Family and the intelligence community, from the reign of Queen Victoria, through two world wars and the Cold War, to the present day. Based on painstaking archival research, the authors have uncovered a wealth of detail that changes our understanding of the role of the monarch in modern British politics, intelligence, and international relations. Far from being a dry tome, on page after page Crown, Cloak, and Dagger offers surprising revelations and stories of intrigue. The book begins with the reign of Queen Victoria, when persistent attempts to assassinate her demanded the creation of security services. Successive queens and kings have all played an active role in steering British intelligence, sometimes running parallel networks against the wishes of prime ministers. Even today, Queen Elizabeth II receives "copy No.1" of every intelligence report and likely knows more state secrets than any person alive. This book demonstrates that even in the era of constitutional monarchy, queens and kings continue to be far more than figureheads of state. Crown, Cloak, and Dagger is a fascinating and fast-paced history that will inform as well as entertain anyone with an interest in history, espionage, and the Royal Family"--

Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement

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Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192863355
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (928 download)

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Book Synopsis Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement by : David French

Download or read book Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement written by David French and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement presents a compelling and original survey of British grand strategy in the inter-war period. Whereas most existing accounts privilege either diplomacy and foreign affairs, intelligence, or military affairs more narrowly, this study underlines the inexorable relationships between foreign policy, grand strategy, military force, intelligence, finance and not least, domestic politics and public opinion. Britain was the world's only global power in the inter-war period, and it confronted problems on a global scale. Policy-makers sought two goals: peace with security. They did so successfully in the 1920s, partly due to favourable circumstances that made their task relatively easy, and partly because they understood the strengths and limitations of British power and knew how to wield them. The situation deteriorated rapidly in the 1930s, however, as the international system became increasingly unfavourable to Britain. Policy-makers proved less adept than their predecessors at meeting these new challenges, partly because those challenges were more formidable, but also because they lacked the self-confidence of their predecessors, who had held high office during the most difficult years of the First World War and who lacked their understanding of how to wield the lever of international power. The study ends by providing a new and more sophisticated account of how and why Neville Chamberlain appeased the fascist powers in the late 1930s, and why Winston Churchill opposed him and eventually supplanted him in May 1940.

Elizabeth & Philip

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1639363998
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (393 download)

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Book Synopsis Elizabeth & Philip by : Tessa Dunlop

Download or read book Elizabeth & Philip written by Tessa Dunlop and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2023-04-04 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This deeply moving story explores the attractions—and the tensions—that defined the most extraordinary royal marriage of the past seventy-five years. She was peaches-and-cream innocence; he was a handsome war hero. Both had royal blood coursing through their veins. The marriage of Britain's Princess Elizabeth to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten in November 1947 is remembered as the beginning of an extraordinary lifelong union, but their success was not guaranteed. Elizabeth and Philip: A Story of Young Love, Marriage, and Monarchy plunges the reader back into 1940s Britain, where a teenage princess fell in love with a foreign prince. There were fears of a flirtatious "Greek" fortune hunter stealing off with England's crown jewels—and then subsequent efforts by the Establishment to reframe Philip as the perfect fit for Britain's most famous family. Drawing on original archives as well as interviews with Elizabeth and Philip's contemporaries who are still alive today, historian Dr. Tessa Dunlop discovers a post-war world on the cusp of major change. Unprecedented opinion on Philip's suitability was a harbinger of pressures to come for a couple whose marriage was branded the ultimate global fairytale. Theirs was a partnership like no other. Six years after Elizabeth promised to be an obedient wife, Philip got down on bended knee and committed himself as the queen's "liege man of life and limb." This deeply touching history explores the ups and downs, as well as the attractions and the tensions, that defined an extraordinary relationship. The high stakes involved might have devoured a less committed pair—but not Elizabeth and Philip. They shared a common purpose, one higher even than marriage, with roots much deeper than young love. Happy and glorious, for better or for worse, they were heavily invested in a God-given mission. Monarchy was the magic word.

Passionate Mothers, Powerful Sons

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Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1398527734
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Passionate Mothers, Powerful Sons by : Charlotte Gray

Download or read book Passionate Mothers, Powerful Sons written by Charlotte Gray and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2023-09-14 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A captivating biography of two famous women whose sons, Winston Churchill and Franklin D Roosevelt, would change the course of the 20th century—by award-winning historian Charlotte Gray. Born into upper class America in the same year, 1854, Sara Delano and Jennie Jerome refused to settle into predictable, sheltered lives as little-known wives to prominent men. Instead, both women concentrated their energies on enabling their sons to reach the epicentre of political power on two continents. In the mid-19th century, the British Empire was at its height, France’s Second Empire flourished and the industrial vigour of the USA was catapulting the republic towards the Gilded Age. Sara and Jennie, raised with privilege but subject to the constraints of women’s roles at the time, learned how to take control of their destinies, Sara in the prosperous Hudson Valley and Jennie in the glittering world of Imperial London. Yet their personalities and choices were dramatically different. A vivacious extrovert, Jennie married Lord Randolph Churchill, rising politician and scion of a noble British family. Her deft social and political manoeuvrings helped not only her mercurial husband but, once she was widowed, her ambitious son, Winston. By contrast, deeply conventional Sara Delano married a man as old as her father. But once widowed, she made Franklin, her only child, the focus of her existence. Thanks in large part to her financial support and to her guidance, Franklin acquired the skills he needed to become a successful politician. Set against one hundred years of history, Passionate Mothers, Powerful Sons is a study in loyalty and resilience. Gray argues that Jennie and Sara are too often presented as lesser figures rather than two remarkable individuals who were key in shaping the characters of the sons who adored them, and preparing them for leadership on the world stage. A masterful biographer and acclaimed historian, Charlotte Gray breathes new life into Sara and Jennie. Impeccably researched and filled with intriguing social insights, Passionate Mothers, Powerful Sons offers a fascinating and fulsome portrait of how leaders are not just born but made.