Health Consequences Of Acute And Chronic Marihuana Use

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The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309453070
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-03-31 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agendaâ€"outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issuesâ€"that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs.

Marijuana and Medicine

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309071550
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Marijuana and Medicine by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Marijuana and Medicine written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-07-10 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The medical use of marijuana is surrounded by a cloud of social, political, and religious controversy, which obscures the facts that should be considered in the debate. This book summarizes what we know about marijuana from evidence-based medicineâ€"the harm it may do and the relief it may bring to patients. The book helps the reader understand not only what science has to say about medical marijuana but also the logic behind the scientific conclusions. Marijuana and Medicine addresses the science base and the therapeutic effects of marijuana use for medical conditions such as glaucoma and multiple sclerosis. It covers marijuana's mechanism of action, acute and chronic effects on health and behavior, potential adverse effects, efficacy of different delivery systems, analysis of the data about marijuana as a gateway drug, and the prospects for developing cannabinoid drugs. The book evaluates how well marijuana meets accepted standards for medicine and considers the conclusions of other blue-ribbon panels. Full of useful facts, this volume will be important to anyone interested in informed debate about the medical use of marijuana: advocates and opponents as well as policymakers, regulators, and health care providers.

Marijuana As Medicine?

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309065313
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Marijuana As Medicine? by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Marijuana As Medicine? written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-12-30 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some people suffer from chronic, debilitating disorders for which no conventional treatment brings relief. Can marijuana ease their symptoms? Would it be breaking the law to turn to marijuana as a medication? There are few sources of objective, scientifically sound advice for people in this situation. Most books about marijuana and medicine attempt to promote the views of advocates or opponents. To fill the gap between these extremes, authors Alison Mack and Janet Joy have extracted critical findings from a recent Institute of Medicine study on this important issue, interpreting them for a general audience. Marijuana As Medicine? provides patientsâ€"as well as the people who care for themâ€"with a foundation for making decisions about their own health care. This empowering volume examines several key points, including: Whether marijuana can relieve a variety of symptoms, including pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and appetite loss. The dangers of smoking marijuana, as well as the effects of its active chemical components on the immune system and on psychological health. The potential use of marijuana-based medications on symptoms of AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, and several other specific disorders, in comparison with existing treatments. Marijuana As Medicine? introduces readers to the active compounds in marijuana. These include the principal ingredient in Marinol, a legal medication. The authors also discuss the prospects for developing other drugs derived from marijuana's active ingredients. In addition to providing an up-to-date review of the science behind the medical marijuana debate, Mack and Joy also answer common questions about the legal status of marijuana, explaining the conflict between state and federal law regarding its medical use. Intended primarily as an aid to patients and caregivers, this book objectively presents critical information so that it can be used to make responsible health care decisions. Marijuana As Medicine? will also be a valuable resource for policymakers, health care providers, patient counselors, medical faculty and studentsâ€"in short, anyone who wants to learn more about this important issue.

Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis

Author : British Medical Association
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9789057023187
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis by : British Medical Association

Download or read book Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis written by British Medical Association and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1997-11-18 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the last Annual Representative Meeting of the British Medical Association a motion was passed that `certain additional cannabinoids should be legalized for wider medicinal use.'' This report supports this landmark statement by reviewing the scientific evidence for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids and sets the agenda for change. It will be welcomed by those who believe that cannabinoids can be used in medical treatment. The report discusses in a clear and readable form the use and adverse effects of the drug for nausea, multiple sclerosis, pain, epilepsy, glaucoma, and asthma.

Marijuana and Mental Health

Author : Michael T. Compton, M.D., M.P.H.
Publisher : American Psychiatric Pub
ISBN 13 : 1615370080
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (153 download)

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Book Synopsis Marijuana and Mental Health by : Michael T. Compton, M.D., M.P.H.

Download or read book Marijuana and Mental Health written by Michael T. Compton, M.D., M.P.H. and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2016-03-18 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With relatable clinical vignettes that illustrate the applicability of each chapter’s content, as well as key chapter points that summarize major themes, Marijuana and Mental Health is the definitive, single source of comprehensive information on marijuana and mental health in modern American society. Balanced, focused, and highly readable, chapters address topics such as the effects of marijuana on the brain and mind, marijuana-related policy and legislation, the complex link between marijuana use and psychotic disorders, synthetic cannabinoids, and the treatment and prevention of marijuana misuse. Beyond offering clinical and research psychiatrists, psychiatric residents and fellows, clinical psychologists, and psychiatric nurses a comprehensive but concise compilation of research in this area, this reference informs clinical mental health practice as well as policy decisions by articulating the connection between marijuana and mental health, particularly in the United States.

Health Consequences of Acute and Chronic Marihuana Use

Author : Madelaine O. Maykut
Publisher : Pergamon
ISBN 13 : 9780080319841
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Health Consequences of Acute and Chronic Marihuana Use by : Madelaine O. Maykut

Download or read book Health Consequences of Acute and Chronic Marihuana Use written by Madelaine O. Maykut and published by Pergamon. This book was released on 1984-01-01 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book begins with a short discussion on the chemistry and metabolism of marihuana, followed by a detailed analysis of the cellular metabolic effects due to marihuana use, and the metabolic effects in the body.

Marijuana and Madness

Author : David Castle
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781139451659
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis Marijuana and Madness by : David Castle

Download or read book Marijuana and Madness written by David Castle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-05-27 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the psychiatry and neuroscience of Cannabis sativa (marijuana), with particular emphasis on psychotic disorders. It outlines developments in our understanding of the human cannabinoid system, and links this knowledge to clinical and epidemiological facts about the impact of cannabis on mental health. Clinically focused chapters review not only the direct psychomimetic properties of cannabis, but also the impact consumption has on the courses of evolving or established mental illness such as schizophrenia. A number of controversial issues are critically explored, including whether a discrete 'cannabis psychosis' exists, and whether cannabis can actually cause schizophrenia. Effects of cannabis on mood, notably depression, are reviewed, as are its effects on cognition. This book will be of interest to all members of the mental health team, as well as to neuroscientists and those involved in drug and alcohol research.

Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The)

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
ISBN 13 : 9241510242
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The) by : World Health Organization

Download or read book Health and Social Effects of Nonmedical Cannabis Use (The) written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2016-03-15 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cannabis is globally the most commonly used psychoactive substance under international control. In 2013 an estimated 181.8 million people aged 15-64 years used cannabis for nonmedical purposes globally (UNODC 2015). There is an increasing demand for treatment for cannabis-use disorders and associated health conditions in high- and middle-income countries. This report focuses on nonmedical use of cannabis building on contributions from a broad range of experts and researchers from different parts of the world. It aims to present current knowledge on the impact of nonmedical cannabis use on health from its impact on brain development to its role in respiratory diseases. The potential medical utility of cannabis - including the pharmacology toxicology and possible therapeutic applications of the cannabis plant - is outside the scope of this report.

From Bud to Brain: A Psychiatrist's View of Marijuana

Author : Timmen L. Cermak
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108597572
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis From Bud to Brain: A Psychiatrist's View of Marijuana by : Timmen L. Cermak

Download or read book From Bud to Brain: A Psychiatrist's View of Marijuana written by Timmen L. Cermak and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-02 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trend toward liberalizing medical and recreational marijuana use is increasing the obligation on clinicians to provide useful information to the public. This book summarizes the science all healthcare professionals need to know in order to provide objective and relevant information to a variety of patients, from recreational and medicinal users to those who use regularly, and to adolescents and worried parents. The author brings two and a half decades of studying cannabinoid research, and over forty years' experience in psychiatric and addiction medicine practice, to shed light on the interaction between marijuana and the brain. Topics range from how marijuana produces pleasurable sensations, relaxation and novelty (the 'high'), to emerging medical uses, effects of regular use, addiction, and policy. Principles of motivational interviewing are outlined to help clinicians engage patients in meaningful, non-judgmental conversations about their experiences with marijuana. An invaluable guide for physicians, nurses, psychologists, therapists, and counsellors.

Veterans and Agent Orange

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309380669
Total Pages : 1115 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Veterans and Agent Orange by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Veterans and Agent Orange written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 1115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations were conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence. Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2014 is a cumulative report of the series thus far.

Cannabis Use and Dependence

Author : Wayne Hall
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521800242
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Cannabis Use and Dependence by : Wayne Hall

Download or read book Cannabis Use and Dependence written by Wayne Hall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-11-28 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of cannabis in the late twentieth and this century is an area of medical and moral controversy. Despite its illegality, cannabis is the most widely used drug after alcohol and tobacco among young adults in the USA, Europe and Australia. This book explores the relationship between health policy, public health and the law regarding cannabis use. It assesses the impact of illegality in drug use and relates this to policy analysis in Australia, the UK, the US and other developed societies. It evaluates debates about 'safe use' and 'harm minimisation' approaches, as well as examining the experiences of different prevention, treatment and education policies. Written by two leading drug advisors Cannabis Use and Dependence makes a valuable addition to this important field of research.

Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana

Author : Kevin A. Sabet
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190671866
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana by : Kevin A. Sabet

Download or read book Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana written by Kevin A. Sabet and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-06-03 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. A growing number of Americans now perceive marijuana as relatively harmless and the notion that the drug should be legalized it is becoming increasingly popular. As policy in this area remains dynamic, resulting health issues, including the harm to adolescents and the potential for compounds to have therapeutic value, become more salient. Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana is a balanced, empirically driven volume that highlights new and meaningful theory and evidence pertaining to marijuana use. Authored by a multidisciplinary group of experts from the fields of psychology, epidemiology, medicine, and criminal justice, chapters comprehensively review numerous research domains of public health interest with respect to marijuana use, including the drug's impact on cognitive and neurological functioning, its medical effects, treatment approaches for cannabis use disorders, the effects of marijuana smoking on lung function, and marijuana-impaired driving. The book concludes with a chapter on policy implications, taking stock of current trends and anticipating prevalence rates and resulting health consequences that will only continue to grow. Contemporary Health Issues on Marijuana is a resource of great clinical, scientific, and public policy value that will be a must-have for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike.

Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies

Author : Victor R Preedy
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012800827X
Total Pages : 1382 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies by : Victor R Preedy

Download or read book Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies written by Victor R Preedy and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 1382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies: Biology, Pharmacology, Diagnosis, and Treatment is the first book to take an interdisciplinary approach to the understanding of cannabis use and misuse. Recent worldwide trends toward decriminalizing marijuana for medical use have increased legal use of the drug and recreational use remains high, making cannabis one of the most commonly used drugs. Cannabis has a wide range of adverse neurological effects, and use and abuse can lead to physical, social, and psychopathological issues that are multifarious and complex. Effective understanding and treatment requires knowledge of the drug's effects from across scientific disciplines. This book provides an overview of the biological and pharmacological components of the cannabis plant, outlines its neurological, social, and psychopathological effects, assists in the diagnosis and screening for use and dependency, and aids researchers in developing effective treatments for cannabis-related issues and disorders. Fully illustrated, with contributions from internationally recognized experts, it is the go-to resource for neuroscientists, pharmacologists, pathologists, public-health workers, and any other researcher who needs an in-depth and cross-disciplinary understanding of cannabis and its effects. - Comprehensive chapters include an abstract, key facts, mini dictionary of terms, and summary points - Presents illustrations with at least six figures, tables, and diagrams per chapter - Provides a one-stop-shopping synopsis of everything to do with cannabis and its related pathology, from chemicals and cells, individuals and communities, and diagnosis and treatment - Offers an integrated and informed synopsis of the complex issues surrounding cannabis as a substance, its use, and its misuse

Stoned

Author : David Casarett M.D.
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698186648
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

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Book Synopsis Stoned by : David Casarett M.D.

Download or read book Stoned written by David Casarett M.D. and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2015-07-14 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A doctor discovers the surprising truth about marijuana No substance on earth is as hotly debated as marijuana. Opponents claim it’s dangerous, addictive, carcinogenic, and a gateway to serious drug abuse. Fans claim it as a wonder drug, treating cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, glaucoma, arthritis, migraines, PTSD, and insomnia. Patients suffering from these conditions need—and deserve—hard facts based on medical evidence, not hysteria and superstition. In Stoned, palliative care physician Dr. David Casarett sets out to do anything—including experimenting on himself—to find evidence of marijuana’s medical potential. He smears mysterious marijuana paste on his legs and samples pot wine. He poses as a patient at a seedy California clinic and takes lessons from an artisanal hash maker. In conversations with researchers, doctors, and patients around the world he learns how marijuana works—and doesn’t—in the real world. Dr. Casarett unearths tales of near-miraculous success, such as a child with chronic seizures who finally found relief in cannabidiol oil. In Tel Aviv, he learns of a nursing home that’s found success giving marijuana to dementia patients. On the other hand, one patient who believed marijuana cured her lung cancer has clearly been misled. As Casarett sifts the myth and misinformation from the scientific evidence, he explains, among other things: • Why marijuana might be the best treatment option for some types of pain • Why there’s no significant risk of lung damage from smoking pot • Why most marijuana-infused beer or wine won’t get you high Often humorous, occasionally heartbreaking, and full of counterintuitive conclusions, Stoned offers a compassionate and much-needed medical practitioner’s perspective on the potential of this misunderstood plant.

Cannabis Use Disorders

Author : Ivan D. Montoya
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319903659
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Cannabis Use Disorders by : Ivan D. Montoya

Download or read book Cannabis Use Disorders written by Ivan D. Montoya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-24 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an unbiased scientific compendium documenting the state-of-the-art in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of Cannabis Use Disorders (CUD). Unlike any other current medical text, this volume focuses on the scientific aspects of CUDs and provides a resource for researchers, physicians and other health care providers who treat patients suffering from the disorder or its consequences. It begins by establishing the landscape of the disorder, including its prevalence, association with disabilities and comorbidities, and frequency of patients seeking treatment. The text delves into the complexity of the disorder in today’s environment by including the discoveries on the nature and extent of the endocannabinoid system as well as potential breakthroughs in safe and effective pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Experts in the field contribute discussions on the most cutting-edge diagnostic and biological topics, including genetics, medical consequences, and clinical manifestations. The text also covers the challenges and risks presented by external factors, including social repercussions, protective factors, psychiatric comorbidities, withdrawal, and treatment services. Cannabis Use Disorders is a vital resource for researchers, psychiatrists, psychologists, addiction medicine specialists, toxicologists, hospital administrators, nurses, social workers, and all health care professionals working with patients who misuse cannabis.

Weed Mom

Author : Danielle Simone Brand
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1646041224
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (46 download)

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Book Synopsis Weed Mom by : Danielle Simone Brand

Download or read book Weed Mom written by Danielle Simone Brand and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential guide for moms looking to safely and responsibly incorporate cannabis into their daily lives to improve their health, wellness & family life. Weed Mom is an essential guide for women interested in learning more about THC and how to naturally relax, de-stress, and a better partner and parent. This first and only book made just for busy moms is packed with friendly and practical advice, including: The basics of THC and CBD What to look for at the dispensary Microdosing to boost mood & stay productive How to talk about cannabis with family & friends Understanding the potential downsides Using cannabis to enhance your sex life And much more Whether you are new to the weed game or have experience using cannabis products, this book has something for everyone. You’ll find everything you need to know about taking back your health and wellness, free of stigma. Enjoy a great reading experience when you buy the Kindle edition of this book. Praise for Weed Mom “An excellent compendium of cannabis information. If you're curious about how cannabis might fit into your life as a parent, Weed Mom has the answers for you . . . Timely, fun, and educational. It makes a great conversation starter for moms, dads, and anyone else who loves the healing herb!” —Mary Jane Gibson, journalist, actress & host at Weed+Grub “Brand is refreshingly frank about sticky topics like overuse, how to talk to kids about cannabis, and what to do when things go wrong. She also includes an incredibly useful buying guide for those (like me) who feel overwhelmed by the dizzying array of specialized products on the market today.” —Alia Volz, author of Home Baked: My Mom, Marijuana, and the Stoning of San Francisco “Just how Brand becomes one of weed’s most knowledgeable and ardent crusaders is a story you’ll have to follow in the book, but that she’s been to hell and back—with cannabis riding shotgun—makes her wisdom all the more hard-won and reliable. This is an honest, unapologetic book for real women.” —Melinda Misuraca, Project CBD

Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309109264
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2008-01-18 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), constitute an important health care need of veterans, especially those recently separated from service. Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Assessment of the Evidence takes a systematic look the efficacy of pharmacologic and psychological treatment modalities for PTSD on behalf of the Department of Veterans Affairs. By reviewing existing studies in order to draw conclusions about the strength of evidence on several types of treatment, the Committee on the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder found that many of these studies were faulty in design and performance, and that relatively few of these studies have been conducted in populations of veterans, despite suggestions that civilian and veteran populations respond differently to various types of treatment. The committee also notes that the evidence is scarce on the acceptability, efficacy, or generalizability of treatment in ethnic and cultural minorities, as few studies stratified results by ethnic background. Despite challenges in the consistency, quality, and depth of research, the committee found the evidence sufficient to conclude the efficacy of exposure therapies in treating PTSD. The committee found the evidence inadequate to determine efficacy of different types of pharmacotherapies, of three different psychotherapy modalities, and of psychotherapy delivered in group formats. The committee also made eight critical recommendations, some in response to the VA's questions related to recovery and the length and timing of PTSD treatment, and others addressing research methodology, gaps in evidence and funding issues.