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Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization Improved Welfare In The Least Developed Countries
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Book Synopsis Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization Improved Welfare in the Least-Developed Countries? Yes by : Merlinda Ingco
Download or read book Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization Improved Welfare in the Least-Developed Countries? Yes written by Merlinda Ingco and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the gains from multilateral liberalization come from the countries' own liberalization efforts. Least-developed countries that failed to liberalize their trade policy lost the opportunity for gains that the Uruguay Round made possible.Ingco evaluates the progress in agricultural liberalization - and the welfare effects for least-developed and net food-importing countries - as a result of agricultural price shocks resulting from the Uruguay Round. She finds that:- The changes in welfare are significantly affected by the structure of trade and distortions in the domestic economy.- Although many economies are hurt by increases in world prices, losses in terms of trade are small relative to total GDP. Only in a few countries does the estimated welfare change constitute more than 1 percent of GDP. - In several countries, the distortion effects are significantly larger than the terms-of-trade effects. In some cases, the distortion effects work in opposition to the terms-of-trade effects and are large enough to reverse the sign of the net welfare change.In short, removing policy distortions could convert the small loss in terms of trade to potential gains. But many least-developed, net food-importing countries did not use the Round to support domestic efforts at trade reform. As most studies show, most gains from multilateral liberalization come from the countries' own liberalization efforts, so countries that failed to liberalize their trade policy lost the opportunity for gains.This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to evaluate the effects of trade liberalization with special focus on least-developed and net-food importing developing countries.
Book Synopsis Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization Improved Welfare in the Least-developed Countries? by : Merlinda D. Ingco
Download or read book Has Agricultural Trade Liberalization Improved Welfare in the Least-developed Countries? written by Merlinda D. Ingco and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the gains from multilateral liberalization come from the countries' own liberalization efforts. Least-developed countries that failed to liberalize their trade policy lost the opportunity for gains that the Uruguay Round made possible. Ingco evaluates the progress in agricultural liberalization - and the welfare effects for least-developed and net food-importing countries - as a result of agricultural price shocks resulting from the Uruguay Round. She finds that: * The changes in welfare are significantly affected by the structure of trade and distortions in the domestic economy. * Although many economies are hurt by increases in world prices, losses in terms of trade are small relative to total GDP. Only in a few countries does the estimated welfare change constitute more than 1 percent of GDP. * In several countries, the distortion effects are significantly larger than the terms-of-trade effects. In some cases, the distortion effects work in opposition to the terms-of-trade effects and are large enough to reverse the sign of the net welfare change. In short, removing policy distortions could convert the small loss in terms of trade to potential gains. But many least-developed, net food-importing countries did not use the Round to support domestic efforts at trade reform. As most studies show, most gains from multilateral liberalization come from the countries' own liberalization efforts, so countries that failed to liberalize their trade policy lost the opportunity for gains. This paper - a product of the International Trade Division, International Economics Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to evaluate the effects of trade liberalization with special focus on least-developed and net-food importing developing countries.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries by : Niek Koning
Download or read book Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries written by Niek Koning and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-07 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developing countries as a group stand to gain very substantially from trade reform in agricultural commodities. Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries is the first book to address important questions relating to this subject. The authors are world renowned experts on international trade and development and they address a very important and timely issue.
Book Synopsis Who Benefited from Trade Liberalization in Mexico? by : Alessandro Nicita
Download or read book Who Benefited from Trade Liberalization in Mexico? written by Alessandro Nicita and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Implications of Agricultural Trade Liberalization for the Developing Countries by : Antonio Salazar Pessôa Brandão
Download or read book Implications of Agricultural Trade Liberalization for the Developing Countries written by Antonio Salazar Pessôa Brandão and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1993 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global trade liberalization-- reducing both negative and positive protection in line with the Dunkel proposal-- would gain developing countries an estimated $60 billion a year.
Book Synopsis Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries by : Alex F. McCalla
Download or read book Reforming Agricultural Trade for Developing Countries written by Alex F. McCalla and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2006-11-09 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the ongoing Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations, developing countries have had much greater leverage, due at least in part to their large and growing share of world trade. But will the increased influence of developing countries translate into a final agreement that is truly more development-friendly? What would be key ingredients in such a final outcome of the negotiations, and what would the developing countries really get out of it. This two volume set seeks to answer these questions. This volume (Volume 2) addresses the question of how a development-friendly outcome to the talks would affect developing countries by quantifying the impact of multilateral trade reform. It presents several different approaches to modeling the effects of the outcome of negotiations, and then investigates why these (and other) modeling efforts produce such divergent results. Volume 1 is issues-oriented. It takes up some key questions in the negotiations, setting the stage with a historical overview of the Doha Development Agenda to help identify issues of most significance to developing countries, and then explores select issues in greater depth. Aimed at policymakers and stakeholders, this two-volume effort puts into the public domain important analytical work that will improve the chance for a pro-development outcomes of the Doha round negotiations.
Book Synopsis Towards Free Trade in Agriculture by : Kirit S. Parikh
Download or read book Towards Free Trade in Agriculture written by Kirit S. Parikh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agriculture seems to be a difficult sector to manage for most governments. Developing countries face tough dilemmas in deciding on appropriate price poli eies to stimulate food production and maintain stable, preferably low, prices for poor consumers. Governments in developed countries face similar difficult deci sions. They are called upon to give income guarantees to farmers whose incomes are unstable and relatively low when compared to those in the nonagricultural sector. These guarantees often lead to ever-increasing budgetary outlays and unwanted agricultural surpluses. High prices make new investments and the application of new technologies more attractive than world prices warrant, and a process is set in motion where technological innovation attains amomenturn of its own, in turn requiring price policies that maintain their rates of return. Surpluses are disposed of with subsidies in domestic markets or in the international market. Price competition reduces the market share of other exporters, who may be efficient producers, unless they are willing to engage in subsidy competition. This lowers export earnings and farm incomes or depletes the public resources of developing countries that export competing products. Retaliatory measures have led to frictions and further distortions of world prices. Every so orten the major agricultural exporters - the USA, the EC, Aus tralia, or Canada - accuse one another of unfair intervention. Though they have agreed to discuss agricultural trade liberalization under GATT negotiations, if anything, the expenditure on farm support has continued to increase in both the EC and the USA.
Book Synopsis Trade Liberalization and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa by : Nicholas Minot
Download or read book Trade Liberalization and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa written by Nicholas Minot and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2009 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural trade liberalization has been resisted by many developing-country policymakers, including those in the Middle East and North Africa, for fear it could hurt domestic farmers and exacerbate poverty. The authors of Trade Liberalization and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa argue, however, that this concern about liberalization might be misplaced. Drawing on case studies from Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and Tunisia, the study uses household survey data and computable general equilibrium models to simulate the effects of various liberalization scenarios on different types of households in these countries, especially poor households. The results indicate that agricultural trade barriers are not an effective means of protecting the poor and that the benefits from many forms of agricultural trade liberalization to the region's consumers outweigh the costs to producers. If complemented with other domestic programs-including agricultural research and extension, information services, disease control, and social safety nets-the reforms have the potential to reduce poverty in these nations. The study findings are a valuable resource for policymakers and development specialists evaluating the role trade liberalization can play in economic development and poverty reduction.
Book Synopsis WTO Negotiations and Agricultural Trade Liberalization by : Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla
Download or read book WTO Negotiations and Agricultural Trade Liberalization written by Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla and published by CABI. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on original research by the Food and Resource Economic Institute in Denmark and the International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington DC, this book addresses the controversial issue of the effects of developed countries' agricultural policies on developing countries. Written from the perspective of developing countries, it addresses the main issues raised by developing countries' governments, politicians, farmers organizations, NGO's, trade specialists and development specialists. It focuses on the key issues of food security, poverty, regional agreements, multifunctionality in agriculture and the trade of genetically modified products, as an input to policy reform within the World Trade Organization trade negotiations.
Book Synopsis An Integrated Approach to Agricultural Trade and Development Issues by : Robert Scollay
Download or read book An Integrated Approach to Agricultural Trade and Development Issues written by Robert Scollay and published by United Nations, Conference on Trade and Development. This book was released on 2001 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis has been widely used to study the economic effects of trade liberalisation initiatives. The paper reports on the possibility of extending the use of this methodology to explore the link between trade and development. It focuses on the impact of trade liberalisation measures on income distribution. The paper reviews studies of agricultural trade liberalisation within the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region, but it is suggested that the approach may have a wider application.
Book Synopsis A New Approach to Evaluating Trade Policy by : James E. Anderson
Download or read book A New Approach to Evaluating Trade Policy written by James E. Anderson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty by : World Bank Group
Download or read book The Role of Trade in Ending Poverty written by World Bank Group and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade will have an important role at the global level in generating the growth necessary for reducing extreme poverty to 3 percent and boosting prosperity for the poorest 40 percent by 2030. To identify the most important challenges that exist in maximizing the positive impact of trade on poverty, we need to understand who the poor are, where they are, and what economic activities they undertake. To this end, the study highlights particularly relevant dimensions of poverty: rural poverty in remote areas, informality, fragile and conflict situations, and women. For each of these issues, this study considers the main traderelated barriers and challenges, along with policy responses to address them. It shows the importance of the multilateral trading system and of the Doha Round, as well as the important role of the WBG and WTO in promoting coherence and implementing trade policies in a way that delivers the greatest possible benefits for the poor.
Book Synopsis Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform: by : Kym Anderson
Download or read book Finishing Global Farm Trade Reform: written by Kym Anderson and published by University of Adelaide Press. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study reviews policy developments in recent years and, in the light of that, explores ways in which further consensus might be reached among WTO members to reduce farm trade distortions – and thereby also progress the multilateral trade reform agenda. Particular attention is given to ways that would boost well-being in developing countries, especially for those food-insecure households still suffering from poverty and hunger.
Book Synopsis Trade Policy and Food Security by : Amir Fouad
Download or read book Trade Policy and Food Security written by Amir Fouad and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased trade integration holds considerable potential to stabilize food prices, boost returns to farmers, and reduce the prices faced by consumers. This book explores the effects of food price changes on economic welfare in developing countries, and how these can be mitigated through appropriate national policies at the border.
Book Synopsis Agricultural Commodities, Trade and Sustainable Development by : Thomas Lines
Download or read book Agricultural Commodities, Trade and Sustainable Development written by Thomas Lines and published by IIED. This book was released on 2005 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Impact of Rich Countries' Policies on Poor Countries by : Rachel Weaving
Download or read book Impact of Rich Countries' Policies on Poor Countries written by Rachel Weaving and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-12-02 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "All United Nations heads of state have endorsed the Millennium Development Goals, which aim to reduce the incidence of absolute poverty by half by 2015. To reach those goals, growth in developing countries will have to be twice the levels achieved in the 1990s for the next fifteen years. This will require, at the least, new rules of the development game.At present, rich countries exercise control over the institutions that oversee the global economy. This volume addresses a curiously neglected area of policy analysis--the impact of rich countries' policies on the global poor. Four-fifths of the world's people subsist on one-fifth of the world's income. One-fifth live in abject poverty, on less than one dollar a day. The main responsibility for reducing poverty reduction naturally rests with developing countries. But globalization means that rich countries must also play their part.Industrialized countries dominate global environmental management through the heavy ecological footprint of their production and consumption patterns. Adjustments of their policies by rich countries may be as critical as government reforms in poor countries. Past research has concentrated on policy adjustments that need to be made within poor countries to aid effectiveness, and trade reform.Relatively little is known about the economic consequences of migration, control of intellectual property, and environmental regulations. Even less research has been done on the interaction and combined impact of the full spectrum of rich countries' policies on the economy, society, and ecology in poor countries. These knowledge gaps inhibit rational debate, let alone evidence-based policymaking that may lead towards sustainable and equitable growth. At current levels, aid alone cannot deliver adequate progress towards the Millennium Development Goals.The surveys by eminent development analysts and practitioners included in this volume sketch a road map for a better understanding of the"
Book Synopsis Who Benefited from Trade Liberalization in Mexico? Measuring the Effects on Household Welfare by : Alessandro Nicita
Download or read book Who Benefited from Trade Liberalization in Mexico? Measuring the Effects on Household Welfare written by Alessandro Nicita and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study performs an ex-post analysis of the effects of the trade liberalization in Mexico between 1989 and 2000, taking into account regional differences in the Mexican economy. The effects of trade liberalization are first translated into changes in regional prices and wages. Those estimates are plugged into a farm-household model to estimate the effect on households' welfare.The findings suggest that trade liberalization has affected domestic prices and labor income differently both across income groups and geographically across the country, hence producing diverse outcomes on different households. Regarding prices, the results indicate that trade liberalization has lowered relative prices of most non-animal agricultural products and, while reducing the cost of consumption, has reduced households' agricultural income, widening the income gap between urban and rural areas. The findings also show that trade liberalization has had diverse effects on wage rates. Skilled workers, for which trade liberalization has produced an increase in wages, have benefited relative to unskilled workers. Wages of unskilled workers have in many regions decreased as a result of trade liberalization. Similar differences are found in the geographic distribution of the benefits of trade liberalization, with the states closest to the U.S. border gaining threefold more relative to the least developed states in the south. Therefore trade liberalization, although beneficial, has contributed to an increase in inequality between the south and the north of the country, urban and rural areas, and skilled and unskilled labor.From a poverty perspective, the trade liberalization that occurred between 1989 and 2000 has had the direct effect of reducing poverty by about 3 percent, therefore lifting approximately 3 million individuals out of poverty.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the linkages between trade and poverty.
