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Author : Michael Golden and Trevor N. MUdge
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.L/5 ( download)
Download or read book Hardware Support for Hiding Cache Latency written by Michael Golden and Trevor N. MUdge and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : University of Michigan. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Computer Science and Engineering Division
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Hardware Support for Hiding Cache Latency written by University of Michigan. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Computer Science and Engineering Division and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "As the decrease in processor cycle time continues to outpace the decrease in memory cycle time, even moderately sized on-chip caches may require several cycles of access time in the near future. This means that time is lost, even on a cache hit, if independent instructions cannot be scheduled after a read from memory. A novel hardware device is proposed that keeps track of the history of load instructions and predicts their targets before they are computed by the instruction pipeline. This allows the saving of several processor cycles. The storage required to implement such a device is quite large, but as the latency required to read from the first level cache grows, a moderate performance improvement is seen."
Author : James David Dundas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Improving Processor Performance by Dynamically Pre-processing the Instruction Stream written by James David Dundas and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exponentially increasing gap between processors and off-chip memory, as measured in processor cycles, is rapidly turning memory latency into a major processor performance bottleneck. Traditional solutions, such as employing multiple levels of caches, are expensive and do not work well with some applications. We evaluate a technique, called runahead pre-processing, that can significantly improve processor performance. The instruction and data stream prefetches generated during runahead episodes led to a significant performance improvement for all of the benchmarks we examined. We found that runahead typically led to about a 30% reduction in CPI for the four Spec95 integer benchmarks that we simulated, while runahead was able to reduce CPI by 77% for the STREAM benchmark. This is for a five stage pipeline with two levels of split instruction and data caches: 8KB each of L1, and 1MB each of L2. A significant result is that when the latency to off-chip memory increases, or if the caching performance for a particular benchmark is poor, runahead is especially effective as the processor has more opportunities in which to pre-process instructions. Finally, runahead appears particularly well suited for use with high clock-rate in-order processors that employ relatively inexpensive memory hierarchies.
Author : David Culler
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1558603433
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (586 download)
Download or read book Parallel Computer Architecture written by David Culler and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book outlines a set of issues that are critical to all of parallel architecture--communication latency, communication bandwidth, and coordination of cooperative work (across modern designs). It describes the set of techniques available in hardware and in software to address each issues and explore how the various techniques interact.
Author : Robert A. Iannucci
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461315433
Total Pages : 217 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)
Download or read book Parallel Machines: Parallel Machine Languages written by Robert A. Iannucci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is universally accepted today that parallel processing is here to stay but that software for parallel machines is still difficult to develop. However, there is little recognition of the fact that changes in processor architecture can significantly ease the development of software. In the seventies the availability of processors that could address a large name space directly, eliminated the problem of name management at one level and paved the way for the routine development of large programs. Similarly, today, processor architectures that can facilitate cheap synchronization and provide a global address space can simplify compiler development for parallel machines. If the cost of synchronization remains high, the pro gramming of parallel machines will remain significantly less abstract than programming sequential machines. In this monograph Bob Iannucci presents the design and analysis of an architecture that can be a better building block for parallel machines than any von Neumann processor. There is another very interesting motivation behind this work. It is rooted in the long and venerable history of dataflow graphs as a formalism for ex pressing parallel computation. The field has bloomed since 1974, when Dennis and Misunas proposed a truly novel architecture using dataflow graphs as the parallel machine language. The novelty and elegance of dataflow architectures has, however, also kept us from asking the real question: "What can dataflow architectures buy us that von Neumann ar chitectures can't?" In the following I explain in a round about way how Bob and I arrived at this question.
Author : Todd M. Austin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Hardware and Software Mechanisms for Reducing Load Latency written by Todd M. Austin and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "As processor demands quickly outpace memory, the performance of load instructions becomes an increasingly critical component to good system performance. This thesis contributes four novel load latency reduction techniques, each targeting a different component of load latency: address calculation, data cache access, address translation, and data cache misses. The contributed techniques are as follows: Fast Address Calculation employs a stateless set index predictor to allow address calculation to overlap with data cache access. The design eliminates the latency of address calculation for many loads. Zero-Cycle Loads combine fast address calculation with an early-issue mechanism to produce pipeline designs capable of hiding the latency of many loads that hit in the data cache. High-Bandwidth Address Translation develops address translation mechanisms with better latency and area characteristics than a multi-ported TLB. The new designs provide multiple-issue processors with effective alternatives for keeping address translation off the critical path of data cache access. Cache-conscious Data Placement is a profile- guided data placement optimization for reducing the frequency of data cache misses. The approach employs heuristic algorithms to find variable placement solutions that decrease inter-variable conflict, and increase cache line utilization and block prefetch. Detailed design descriptions and experimental evaluations are provided for each approach, confirming the designs as cost-effective and practical solutions for reducting load latency."
Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080566782
Total Pages : 485 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)
Download or read book The Engineering of Large Systems written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1998-09-25 with total page 485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its first volume in 1960, Advances in Computers has presented detailed coverage of innovations in hardware and software and in computer theory, design, and applications. It has also provided contributors with a medium in which they can examine their subjects in greater depth and breadth than that allowed by standard journal articles. As a result, many articles have become standard references that continue to be of significant, lasting value despite the rapid growth taking place in the field.This volume is organized around engineering large scale software systems. It discusses which technologies are useful for building these systems, which are useful to incorporate in these systems, and which are useful to evaluate these systems.
Author : University of Washington. Dept. of Computer Science
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 22 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (332 download)
Download or read book Reducing Memory Latency Via Non-blocking and Prefetching Caches written by University of Washington. Dept. of Computer Science and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "Non-blocking caches and prefetching caches are two techniques for hiding memory latency by exploiting the overlap of processor computations with data accesses. A non-blocking cache allows execution to proceed concurrently with cache misses as long as dependency constraints are observed, thus exploiting post-miss operations. A prefetching cache generates prefetch requests to bring data in the cache before it is actually needed, thus allowing overlap with pre-miss computations. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of these two hardware-based schemes. We propose a hybrid design based on the combination of these approaches. We also consider compiler-based optimizations to enhance the effectiveness of non-blocking caches. Results from instruction level simulations on the SPEC benchmarks show that the hardware prefetching caches generally outperform non-blocking caches. Also, the relative effectiveness of non- blocking caches is more adversely affected by an increase in memory latency than that of prefetching caches. However, the performance of non-blocking caches can be improved substantially by compiler optimizations such as instruction scheduling and register renaming. The hybrid design can be very effective in reducing the memory latency penalty for many applications."
Author : Sanguthevar Rajasekaran
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439854351
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)
Download or read book Multicore Computing written by Sanguthevar Rajasekaran and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-12-12 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every area of science and engineering today has to process voluminous data sets. Using exact, or even approximate, algorithms to solve intractable problems in critical areas, such as computational biology, takes time that is exponential in some of the underlying parameters. Parallel computing addresses this issue and has become affordable with the
Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080544800
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Emphasizing Distributed Systems written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2000-06-29 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the computer industry moves into the 21st century, the long-running Advances in Computers is ready to tackle the challenges of the new century with insightful articles on new technology, just as it has since 1960 in chronicling the advances in computer technology from the last century. As the longest-running continuing series on computers, Advances in Computers presents those technologies that will affect the industry in the years to come. In this volume, the 53rd in the series, we present 8 relevant topics. The first three represent a common theme on distributed computing systems -using more than one processor to allow for parallel execution, and hence completion of a complex computing task in a minimal amount of time. The other 5 chapters describe other relevant advances from the late 1990s with an emphasis on software development, topics of vital importance to developers today- process improvement, measurement and legal liabilities. Longest running series on computers Contains eight insightful chapters on new technology Gives comprehensive treatment of distributed systems Shows how to evaluate measurements Details how to evaluate software process improvement models Examines how to expand e-commerce on the Web Discusses legal liabilities in developing software—a must-read for developers
Author : Michael McCool
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124159931
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)
Download or read book Structured Parallel Programming written by Michael McCool and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-06-25 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Programming is now parallel programming. Much as structured programming revolutionized traditional serial programming decades ago, a new kind of structured programming, based on patterns, is relevant to parallel programming today. Parallel computing experts and industry insiders Michael McCool, Arch Robison, and James Reinders describe how to design and implement maintainable and efficient parallel algorithms using a pattern-based approach. They present both theory and practice, and give detailed concrete examples using multiple programming models. Examples are primarily given using two of the most popular and cutting edge programming models for parallel programming: Threading Building Blocks, and Cilk Plus. These architecture-independent models enable easy integration into existing applications, preserve investments in existing code, and speed the development of parallel applications. Examples from realistic contexts illustrate patterns and themes in parallel algorithm design that are widely applicable regardless of implementation technology. The patterns-based approach offers structure and insight that developers can apply to a variety of parallel programming models Develops a composable, structured, scalable, and machine-independent approach to parallel computing Includes detailed examples in both Cilk Plus and the latest Threading Building Blocks, which support a wide variety of computers
Author : Jelica Protic
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780818677373
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (773 download)
Download or read book Distributed Shared Memory written by Jelica Protic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1997-08-10 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers present in this text survey both distributed shared memory (DSM) efforts and commercial DSM systems. The book discusses relevant issues that make the concept of DSM one of the most attractive approaches for building large-scale, high-performance multiprocessor systems. The authors provide a general introduction to the DSM field as well as a broad survey of the basic DSM concepts, mechanisms, design issues, and systems. The book concentrates on basic DSM algorithms, their enhancements, and their performance evaluation. In addition, it details implementations that employ DSM solutions at the software and the hardware level. This guide is a research and development reference that provides state-of-the art information that will be useful to architects, designers, and programmers of DSM systems.
Author : Harald Kosch
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540452095
Total Pages : 1324 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)
Download or read book Euro-Par 2003 Parallel Processing written by Harald Kosch and published by Springer. This book was released on 2004-06-01 with total page 1324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Euro-ParConferenceSeries The European Conference on Parallel Computing (Euro-Par) is an international conference series dedicated to the promotion and advancement of all aspects of parallel and distributed computing. The major themes fall into the categories of hardware, software, algorithms, and applications. This year, new and interesting topicswereintroduced,likePeer-to-PeerComputing,DistributedMultimedia- stems, and Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing. For the ?rst time, we organized a Demo Session showing many challenging applications. The general objective of Euro-Par is to provide a forum promoting the de- lopment of parallel and distributed computing both as an industrial technique and an academic discipline, extending the frontiers of both the state of the art and the state of the practice. The industrial importance of parallel and dist- buted computing is supported this year by a special Industrial Session as well as a vendors’ exhibition. This is particularly important as currently parallel and distributed computing is evolving into a globally important technology; the b- zword Grid Computing clearly expresses this move. In addition, the trend to a - bile world is clearly visible in this year’s Euro-Par. ThemainaudienceforandparticipantsatEuro-Parareresearchersinaca- mic departments, industrial organizations, and government laboratories. Euro- Par aims to become the primary choice of such professionals for the presentation of new results in their speci?c areas. Euro-Par has its own Internet domain with a permanent Web site where the history of the conference series is described: http://www.euro-par.org. The Euro-Par conference series is sponsored by the Association for Computer Machinery (ACM) and the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP).
Author : Steven A. Przybylski
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 1558601368
Total Pages : 1017 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (586 download)
Download or read book Cache and Memory Hierarchy Design written by Steven A. Przybylski and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 1990 with total page 1017 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A widely read and authoritative book for hardware and software designers. This innovative book exposes the characteristics of performance-optimal single- and multi-level cache hierarchies by approaching the cache design process through the novel perspective of minimizing execution time.
Author : B.P. Singh
Publisher : New Age International
ISBN 13 : 9788122414257
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (142 download)
Download or read book Advanced Microprocessors and Microcontrollers written by B.P. Singh and published by New Age International. This book was released on 19?? with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : David A. Patterson
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080550339
Total Pages : 739 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Computer Organization and Design, Revised Printing written by David A. Patterson and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2007-06-06 with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What’s New in the Third Edition, Revised Printing The same great book gets better! This revised printing features all of the original content along with these additional features:• Appendix A (Assemblers, Linkers, and the SPIM Simulator) has been moved from the CD-ROM into the printed book• Corrections and bug fixesThird Edition featuresNew pedagogical features• Understanding Program Performance - Analyzes key performance issues from the programmer’s perspective • Check Yourself Questions - Helps students assess their understanding of key points of a section • Computers In the Real World - Illustrates the diversity of applications of computing technology beyond traditional desktop and servers • For More Practice - Provides students with additional problems they can tackle • In More Depth - Presents new information and challenging exercises for the advanced student New reference features • Highlighted glossary terms and definitions appear on the book page, as bold-faced entries in the index, and as a separate and searchable reference on the CD. • A complete index of the material in the book and on the CD appears in the printed index and the CD includes a fully searchable version of the same index. • Historical Perspectives and Further Readings have been updated and expanded to include the history of software R&D. • CD-Library provides materials collected from the web which directly support the text. In addition to thoroughly updating every aspect of the text to reflect the most current computing technology, the third edition • Uses standard 32-bit MIPS 32 as the primary teaching ISA. • Presents the assembler-to-HLL translations in both C and Java. • Highlights the latest developments in architecture in Real Stuff sections: - Intel IA-32 - Power PC 604 - Google’s PC cluster - Pentium P4 - SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite for processors - SPEC Web99 benchmark for web servers - EEMBC benchmark for embedded systems - AMD Opteron memory hierarchy - AMD vs. 1A-64 New support for distinct course goals Many of the adopters who have used our book throughout its two editions are refining their courses with a greater hardware or software focus. We have provided new material to support these course goals: New material to support a Hardware Focus • Using logic design conventions • Designing with hardware description languages • Advanced pipelining • Designing with FPGAs • HDL simulators and tutorials • Xilinx CAD tools New material to support a Software Focus • How compilers work • How to optimize compilers • How to implement object oriented languages • MIPS simulator and tutorial • History sections on programming languages, compilers, operating systems and databases On the CD• NEW: Search function to search for content on both the CD-ROM and the printed text• CD-Bars: Full length sections that are introduced in the book and presented on the CD • CD-Appendixes: Appendices B-D • CD-Library: Materials collected from the web which directly support the text • CD-Exercises: For More Practice provides exercises and solutions for self-study• In More Depth presents new information and challenging exercises for the advanced or curious student • Glossary: Terms that are defined in the text are collected in this searchable reference • Further Reading: References are organized by the chapter they support • Software: HDL simulators, MIPS simulators, and FPGA design tools • Tutorials: SPIM, Verilog, and VHDL • Additional Support: Processor Models, Labs, Homeworks, Index covering the book and CD contents Instructor Support Instructor support provided on textbooks.elsevier.com:• Solutions to all the exercises • Figures from the book in a number of formats • Lecture slides prepared by the authors and other instructors • Lecture notes
Author : Mark D. Hill
Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781558605398
Total Pages : 740 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (53 download)
Download or read book Readings in Computer Architecture written by Mark D. Hill and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a carefully reviewed selection of over 50 papers illustrating the breadth and depth of computer architecture, this text includes insightful introductions to guide readers through the primary sources.
