Gringo Injustice

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Gringo Injustice

Author : Alfredo Mirandé
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 100002296X
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Gringo Injustice by : Alfredo Mirandé

Download or read book Gringo Injustice written by Alfredo Mirandé and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-09-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent mass shooting of 22 innocent people in El Paso by a lone White gunman looking to "Kill Mexicans" is not new. It is part of a long, bloody history of anti-Latina/o violence in the United States. Gringo Injustice brings this history to life, shedding critical light on the complex relationship between Latinas/os and the United States’ legal and judicial system. Contributors with first-hand knowledge and experience, including former law enforcement officers, ex-gang members, attorneys, and community activists, share insider perspectives on the issues facing Latinas/os and initiate a critical dialogue on this neglected topic. Essays examine the unauthorized use of deadly force by police and patterned incidents of lynching, hate crimes, gang violence, and racial profiling. The book also highlights the hyper-criminalization of barrio youth and considers wide-ranging implications from the disproportionate imprisonment of Latinas/os. Gringo Injustice provides a comprehensive and powerful look into the Latina/o community’s fraught history with law enforcement and the American judicial system. It is an essential reference for students and scholars interested in intersections between crime and communities of Color, and for use in Sociology, Latino Studies, Ethnic Studies, Chicano Studies, Criminology, and Criminal Justice.

Ordinary Injustice

Author : Alfredo Mirandé
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816551804
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis Ordinary Injustice by : Alfredo Mirandé

Download or read book Ordinary Injustice written by Alfredo Mirandé and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2023-11-28 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ordinary Injustice is the unique and riveting story of a young Latino student, Juan Rulfo, with no previous criminal record involved in a domestic violence dispute that quickly morphs into a complex case with ten felonies, multiple enhancements, a “No Bail” order, and a potential life sentence without the possibility of parole. Building from author Alfredo Mirandé’s earlier work Rascuache Lawyer, the account is told by “The Professor,” who led a pro bono rascuache legal defense team comprising the professor, a retired prosecutor, and student interns, working without a budget, office, paralegals, investigators, or support staff. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in race, gender, and criminal injustice and will appeal not only to law scholars and social scientists but to lay readers interested in ethnographic field research, Latinx communities, and racial disparities in the legal system. The case is presented as a series of letters to the author’s fictional alter-ego, Fermina Gabriel, an accomplished lawyer and singer. This narrative device allows the author to present the case as it happens, relaying the challenges and complexities as they occur and drawing the reader in. While Ordinary Injustice deals with important, complicated legal issues and questions that arise in criminal defense work and looks at the case from the time of Juan’s arrest to the preliminary hearing, indictment, pretrial motions, and attempts to obtain a negotiated plea, it is written in nontechnical and engaging language that makes law accessible to the lay reader.

Justice and Legitimacy in Policing

Author : Miltonette Olivia Craig
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000785297
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Justice and Legitimacy in Policing by : Miltonette Olivia Craig

Download or read book Justice and Legitimacy in Policing written by Miltonette Olivia Craig and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-01 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Justice and Legitimacy in Policing critically analyzes the state of American policing and evaluates proposed solutions to reform/transform the institution, such as implementing body-worn cameras, increasing diversity in police agencies, the problem of crimmigration, limiting qualified immunity, and the abolitionist movement. Considering the changes that have occurred in our sociopolitical climate, policymakers, scholars, and the public are in need of a book that focuses on the American policing institution in a comprehensive yet critical manner. Each chapter is devoted to a specific area of policing that has either received criticism for the problems it may create or has been proposed to effect reform. The chapters are sequenced such that readers are introduced to a spectrum of topics to expand the discourse on changes needed to achieve equitable policing. The book also encourages readers to consider the idea that achieving justice and legitimacy in policing cannot happen as the institution is now formulated, and it invites readers to use the topics discussed in each chapter to envision transformative propositions. Justice and Legitimacy in Policing is intended to engage policymakers and practitioners as well as interested members of the public. The scope of this book also makes it a valuable resource for academics and students.

Quixote's Soldiers

Author : David Montejano
Publisher : Univ of TX + ORM
ISBN 13 : 0292792883
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Quixote's Soldiers by : David Montejano

Download or read book Quixote's Soldiers written by David Montejano and published by Univ of TX + ORM. This book was released on 2010-06-23 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Detail[s] the grassroots interplay among the variety of ideologies, individuals, and organizations that made up the Chicano movement in San Antonio, Texas.” –Journal of American History In the mid-1960s, San Antonio, Texas, was a segregated city governed by an entrenched Anglo social and business elite. The Mexican American barrios of the west and south sides were characterized by substandard housing and experienced seasonal flooding. Gang warfare broke out regularly. Then the striking farmworkers of South Texas marched through the city and set off a social movement that transformed the barrios and ultimately brought down the old Anglo oligarchy. In Quixote’s Soldiers, David Montejano uses a wealth of previously untapped sources, including the congressional papers of Henry B. Gonzalez, to present an intriguing and highly readable account of this turbulent period. Montejano divides the narrative into three parts. In the first part, he recounts how college student activists and politicized social workers mobilized barrio youth and mounted an aggressive challenge to both Anglo and Mexican American political elites. In the second part, Montejano looks at the dynamic evolution of the Chicano movement and the emergence of clear gender and class distinctions as women and ex-gang youth struggled to gain recognition as serious political actors. In the final part, Montejano analyzes the failures and successes of movement politics. He describes the work of second-generation movement organizations that made possible a new and more representative political order, symbolized by the election of Mayor Henry Cisneros in 1981. “A most welcome addition to the growing literature on the Chicana/o movement of the 1960s and 1970s.” –Pacific Historical Review

Neglected Social Theorists of Color

Author : Korey Tillman
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1793643199
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis Neglected Social Theorists of Color by : Korey Tillman

Download or read book Neglected Social Theorists of Color written by Korey Tillman and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-10-12 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neglected Social Theorists of Color: Deconstructing the Margins provides a novel contribution to the ongoing debates concerning the canon in contemporary sociological theory. In particular, the editors argue that many scholars whose work may hold significant potential for contributions to contemporary debates in social theory go unrecognized. Still others, while not completely ignored, have fallen victim to a cultural and political climate not receptive to their work. Feminist scholars have been in the forefront of these debates, arguing that many insightful social theorists have been marginalized because of their gender. More recently, studies of individual theorists of color have appeared, but these have been limited to African American scholars such as W.E.B. Du Bois. In the present text, the editors extend this approach to include a broad diversity of theorists of color, including those of African American, Afro-Caribbean, Latinx, Asian, Asian American, and Native American backgrounds. In addition, the editors also include the work of authors who come from academic fields outside of sociology and others who are journalists, activists, or independent writers. The work has a unique format, where the authors of each chapter provide a theoretical analysis of their subject and a discussion of the contemporary significance of their work, lending to a rich discussion of underappreciated sociological scholars.

Border Renaissance

Author : John Morán González
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292778996
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Border Renaissance by : John Morán González

Download or read book Border Renaissance written by John Morán González and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Texas Centennial of 1936, commemorated by statewide celebrations of independence from Mexico, proved to be a powerful catalyst for the formation of a distinctly Mexican American identity. Confronted by a media frenzy that vilified "Meskins" as the antithesis of Texan liberty, Mexican Americans created literary responses that critiqued these racialized representations while forging a new bilingual, bicultural community within the United States. The development of a modern Tejana identity, controversies surrounding bicultural nationalism, and other conflictual aspects of the transformation from mexicano to Mexican American are explored in this study. Capturing this fascinating aesthetic and political rebirth, Border Renaissance presents innovative readings of important novels by María Elena Zamora O'Shea, Américo Paredes, and Jovita González. In addition, the previously overlooked literary texts by members of the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) are given their first detailed consideration in this compelling work of intellectual and literary history. Drawing on extensive archival research in the English and Spanish languages, John Morán González revisits the 1930s as a crucial decade for the vibrant Mexican American reclamation of Texas history. Border Renaissance pays tribute to this vital turning point in the Mexican American struggle for civil rights.

North to Aztlan

Author : Arnoldo De Leon
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0882952439
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis North to Aztlan by : Arnoldo De Leon

Download or read book North to Aztlan written by Arnoldo De Leon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary observers often quip that the American Southwest has become “Mexicanized,” but this view ignores the history of the region as well as the social reality. Mexican people and their culture have been continuously present in the territory for the past four hundred years, and Mexican Americans were actors in United States history long before the national media began to focus on them—even long before an international border existed between the United States and Mexico. North to Aztlán, an inclusive, readable, and affordable survey history, explores the Indian roots, culture, society, lifestyles, politics, and art of Mexican Americans and the contributions of the people to and their influence on American history and the mainstream culture. Though cognizant of changing interpretations that divide scholars, Drs. De León and Griswold del Castillo provide a holistic vision of the development of Mexican American society, one that attributes great importance to immigration (before and after 1900) and the ongoing influence of new arrivals on the evolving identity of Mexican Americans. Also showcased is the role of gender in shaping the cultural and political history of La Raza, as exemplified by the stories of outstanding Mexicana and Chicana leaders as well as those of largely unsung female heros, among them ranch and business owners and managers, labor leaders, community activists, and artists and writers. In short, readers will come away from this extensively revised and completely up-to-date second edition with a new understanding of the lives of a people who currently compose the largest minority in the nation. Completely revised, re-edited, and redesigned, featuring a great many new photographs and maps, North to Aztlán is certain to take its rightful place as the best college-level survey text of Americans of Mexican descent on the market today.

Gringo Justice

Author : Alfredo Mirandé
Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268086974
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Gringo Justice by : Alfredo Mirandé

Download or read book Gringo Justice written by Alfredo Mirandé and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 1994-03-25 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gringo Justice is a comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the experiences of the Chicano people with the legal and judicial system in the United States. Beginning in 1848 and working to the present, a theory of Gringo justice is developed and applied to specific areas—displacement from the land, vigilantes and social bandits, the border, the police, gangs, and prisons. A basic issue addressed is how the image of Chicanos as bandits or criminals has persisted in various forms.

Sex-Positive Criminology

Author : Aimee Wodda
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429624247
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Sex-Positive Criminology by : Aimee Wodda

Download or read book Sex-Positive Criminology written by Aimee Wodda and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-17 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex-Positive Criminology proposes a new way to think about sexuality in the fields of criminology and criminal justice. Sex-positivity is framed as a humanizing approach to sexuality that supports the well-being of self and others. It is rooted in the principle of active and ongoing consent, and it encourages perspectives that value bodily autonomy, the right to access education, and respect for sexual difference. In this book, the authors argue that institutions such as prisons, schools, and healthcare facilities, as well as agents of governments, such as law enforcement, correctional officers, and politicians, can unduly cause harm and perpetuate stigma through the regulation and criminalization of sexuality. In order to critique institutions that criminalize and regulate sexuality, the authors of Sex-Positive Criminology examine case studies exploring the criminalization of commercial sex and related harm (at the hands of law enforcement) experienced by those who sell sex. They investigate sex education in schools, reproductive justice in communities and institutions, and restrictions on sexuality in places like prisons, jails, juvenile detention, and immigrant detention facilities. They look into the criminalization of BDSM practices and address concerns about young people’s sexuality connected to age of consent and privacy violations. The authors demonstrate how a sex-positive perspective could help criminologists, policymakers, and educators understand not only how to move away from sex-negative frameworks in theory, policy, and practice, but how sex-positive criminological frameworks can be a useful tool to reduce harm and increase personal agency. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars in criminology, sociology, sexuality studies, cultural studies, criminal justice, social theory, and all those interested in the relationship between sexuality and the crimino-legal system.

Shopping While Black

Author : Shaun L. Gabbidon
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000071669
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Shopping While Black by : Shaun L. Gabbidon

Download or read book Shopping While Black written by Shaun L. Gabbidon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-05-25 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2022 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Outstanding Book Award! Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America lays out the results of nearly two decades of research on racial profiling in retail settings. Gabbidon and Higgins address the generally neglected racial profiling that occurs in retail settings. Although there is no existing national database on shoplifting or consumer racial profiling (CRP) from which to study the problem, they survey relevant legal cases and available data sources. This problem clearly affects a large number of racial/ethnic minorities, and causes real harm to the victims, such as the emotional trauma attached to being excessively monitored in stores and, in the worst-case scenarios, falsely accused of shoplifting. Their analysis is informed by their own experience: one co-author is a former security executive for a large retailer, and both are Black men who understand firsthand the sting of being profiled because of their color. After providing an overview of the history of CRP and the official and unofficial data sources and criminological literature on this topic, they address public opinion polls, as well as the extent and impact of victimization. They also provide a review of CRP litigation, provide recommendations for retailers to reduce racial profiling, and also chart some directions for future research. This book is appropriate for researchers as well as advanced undergraduates and graduate students in Criminology, Black Studies, Ethnic Studies, Sociology, Security Studies, and Law programs, and will be of interest to the general reader.

The Chicano Experience

Author : Alfredo Mirandé
Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268202834
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (682 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chicano Experience by : Alfredo Mirandé

Download or read book The Chicano Experience written by Alfredo Mirandé and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2022-08-15 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This revised, second edition of The Chicano Experience offers a new interpretation of the social, cultural, and economic forces that shape the situation of Chicanos today. For more than thirty years, and now in its ninth printing, Alfredo Mirandé’s The Chicano Experience has captivated readers with its groundbreaking analysis of Chicanos in the United States. Although its original context differs markedly from the current demographic landscape, it remains no less relevant today—Latinos have emerged as the largest minority population in the United States. With updated chapters revised in light of contemporary scholarship, this second edition speaks to the Chicano of today, in addition to puertoriqueños, Central Americans, and other groups who share common experiences of colonization, racialization, and, especially in the last decade, demonization. In this foundational text, Mirandé develops a comprehensive framework for Chicano sociology that, in attending closely to Chicano experience, aims to correct the biases and misconceptions that have prevailed in the field. He demonstrates how the conventional immigrant group model of society, with its focus on assimilation into mainstream American culture, does not apply to Chicanos. Supporting this constructive proposal are analyses of Chicano social history and culture, with chapters focusing on the economy, the border, law, education, family, gender and machismo, and religion. The book concludes with a case study of community attitudes toward the police in an urban barrio. In many ways, the first edition of The Chicano Experience anticipated the sensitivity to the experiences of the underrepresented in American culture. This second edition reaffirms the prescience of Mirandé’s work and makes it available to a new generation of students and scholars of Chicano and Latino studies, ethnic and race studies, sociology, and cultural studies.

Race in Society

Author : Margaret L. Andersen
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538129841
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis Race in Society by : Margaret L. Andersen

Download or read book Race in Society written by Margaret L. Andersen and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-03-12 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive yet concise, Margaret Andersen’s Race in Society, Second Edition is a topical introduction to race and ethnicity organized around four key questions: What does the idea of race mean and where does it come from? What are the consequences of the social construction of race? How is racial inequality structured into social institutions? What are different policies and approaches for change toward racial justice? In her accessible, student-friendly style, Andersen introduces readers to the current scholarship on race, including recent studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic and the protests following the murder of George Floyd. New to this edition: New coverage of the effects of COVID-19 included throughout the book, including its impact on anti-Asian racism, violent crime, racial disparities in health care, and people of color in low wage service jobs Expanded discussion of immigration, including US politics about immigration and national borders displays the connection between immigration and racialization Updated discussion of policing, police violence, and both historical and contemporary acts of vigilante “justice” against people of color Updated information on residential and educational segregation including new material on the racial achievement gap and the effects of school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic

Lone Star Lawmen

Author : Robert M. Utley
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780198035169
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Lone Star Lawmen by : Robert M. Utley

Download or read book Lone Star Lawmen written by Robert M. Utley and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-03-05 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hailed as "a rip-snortin', six-guns-blazin' saga of good guys and bad guys who were sometimes one and the same," Robert M. Utley's Lone Star Justice captured the colorful first century of Texas Ranger history. Now, in the eagerly anticipated conclusion, Lone Star Lawmen, Utley once again chronicles the daring exploits of the Rangers, this time as they bring justice to the twentieth-century West. Based on unprecedented access to Ranger archives, this fast-paced narrative stretches from the days of the Mexican Revolution (where atrocities against Mexican Americans marked the nadir of Ranger history) to the Branch Davidian saga near Waco and the recent bloody standoff with "Republic of Texas" militia. Readers will find in these pages one hundred years of high adventure. Utley follows the Rangers as they pursue bank robbers, bootleggers, moonshiners, and "horsebackers" (smugglers who used mule trains to bring liquor across the border). We see these fearless lawmen taming oil boomtowns, springing the ambush of Bonnie and Clyde, facing down angry lynch mobs, and tracking the "Phantom Killer" of Texarkana. Utley also highlights the gradual evolution of this celebrated force, revealing that while West Texas Rangers still occasionally ride the range on horseback and crack down on smugglers and rustlers, East Texas Rangers--who work mostly in big cities--now ride in high-powered cars and contend with kidnappers, forgers, and other urban criminals. But East or West, today's Rangers have become sophisticated professionals, backed by crime labs and forensic science. Written by one of the most respected Western historians alive, here is the definitive account of the Texas Rangers, a vivid portrait of these legendary peace officers and their role in a changing West.

The American Heritage Science Dictionary

Author : American Heritage Dictionary
Publisher : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
ISBN 13 : 9780618455041
Total Pages : 1054 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis The American Heritage Science Dictionary by : American Heritage Dictionary

Download or read book The American Heritage Science Dictionary written by American Heritage Dictionary and published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. This book was released on 2005 with total page 1054 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher Description

Mexican American Youth Organization

Author : Armando Navarro
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292743203
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Mexican American Youth Organization by : Armando Navarro

Download or read book Mexican American Youth Organization written by Armando Navarro and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2014-02-04 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the protest movements of the 1960s, the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO) emerged as one of the principal Chicano organizations seeking social change. By the time MAYO evolved into the Raza Unida Party (RUP) in 1972, its influence had spread far beyond its Crystal City, Texas, origins. Its members precipitated some thirty-nine school walkouts, demonstrated against the Vietnam War, and confronted church and governmental bodies on numerous occasions. Armando Navarro here offers the first comprehensive assessment of MAYO's history, politics, leadership, ideology, strategies and tactics, and activist program. Interviews with many MAYO and RUP organizers and members, as well as first-hand knowledge drawn from his own participation in meetings, presentations, and rallies, enrich the text. This wealth of material yields the first reliable history of this extremely vocal and visible catalyst of the Chicano Movement. The book will add significantly to our understanding of Sixties protest movements and the social and political conditions that gave them birth.

Rio Grande

Author : Jan Reid
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 9780292706019
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Rio Grande by : Jan Reid

Download or read book Rio Grande written by Jan Reid and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2004-10-01 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reid has assembled writings by an astonishing array of leading authors--Larry McMurtry, Woody Guthrie, and more--to explore the politicization, culture, history, and ecology of the vital river.

Border Citizens

Author : Eric V. Meeks
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292778457
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Border Citizens by : Eric V. Meeks

Download or read book Border Citizens written by Eric V. Meeks and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Borders cut through not just places but also relationships, politics, economics, and cultures. Eric V. Meeks examines how ethno-racial categories and identities such as Indian, Mexican, and Anglo crystallized in Arizona's borderlands between 1880 and 1980. South-central Arizona is home to many ethnic groups, including Mexican Americans, Mexican immigrants, and semi-Hispanicized indigenous groups such as Yaquis and Tohono O'odham. Kinship and cultural ties between these diverse groups were altered and ethnic boundaries were deepened by the influx of Euro-Americans, the development of an industrial economy, and incorporation into the U.S. nation-state. Old ethnic and interethnic ties changed and became more difficult to sustain when Euro-Americans arrived in the region and imposed ideologies and government policies that constructed starker racial boundaries. As Arizona began to take its place in the national economy of the United States, primarily through mining and industrial agriculture, ethnic Mexican and Native American communities struggled to define their own identities. They sometimes stressed their status as the region's original inhabitants, sometimes as workers, sometimes as U.S. citizens, and sometimes as members of their own separate nations. In the process, they often challenged the racial order imposed on them by the dominant class. Appealing to broad audiences, this book links the construction of racial categories and ethnic identities to the larger process of nation-state building along the U.S.-Mexico border, and illustrates how ethnicity can both bring people together and drive them apart.