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Author : Ricardo Hausmann
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Government Spending and Income Distribution in Latin America written by Ricardo Hausmann and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Barbara Fritz
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317187571
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)
Download or read book A Moment of Equality for Latin America? written by Barbara Fritz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-03-09 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike other regions around the world, several Latin American countries have managed to reduce income inequality over the last decade. Higher growth rates and growing employment, but also innovative wage policies and social programs, have contributed to reducing poverty and narrow income disparities. Yet, despite this progress, nation-states in the region demonstrate little capacity to substantially change their patterns of deeply rooted inequalities. Focusing on the limits and challenges of redistributive policies in Latin America, this volume synthesizes and updates the discussion of inequality in the region, introducing the perspective of global and transnational interdependencies. The book explores the extent to which redistributive policies have been interlinked with the provision and quality of public goods as well as with structural changes of the productive sector. Inspired by structuralist and neostructuralist thinking of Latin American economists, such as Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, authors question the redistributive impact of the interplay of recent macroeconomic, fiscal and social policies, particularly under left and center-left administrations committed to greater equality. Bringing together experts in social, fiscal and macroeconomic policies to investigate the interdependent and global character of inequalities, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, economics, development and politics with interests in Latin America, inequality and public policy.
Author : Nora Claudia Lustig
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 9780815708025
Total Pages : 492 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (8 download)
Download or read book Coping with Austerity written by Nora Claudia Lustig and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2010-12-01 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the pervasiveness of poverty and income inequality in Latin America goes beyond the issue of social justice. The persistence of mass poverty and inequality pits different social groups against one another and leads to a polarization that makes consistent economic policy formation difficult. National productivity may also suffer in economies with poorly educated workforces lacking adequate health care. Statistics on poverty and inequality in Latin America are rudimentary and often conflicting. Yet it is known that poverty became more widespread in the region during the last decade as it experienced economic decline. About 180 million people, or two out of every five in the area, are now living in poverty—some 50 million more than in 1980. It is also known that income and wealth are far more unequally distributed in Latin America than in most other developing regions. This book provides a much-needed assessment of how poverty, inequality, and social indicators have fared in several Latin American countries over the past decade. Experts from Latin America and the U.S. focus attention on the extent of poverty and inequality and how they have been affected by the debt crisis and adjustment of the 1980s. They explain that issues of poverty and inequality were neglected as governments in Latin America struggled to restore stability and growth to their economies. Social sector spending declined sharply, affecting both the quality and quantity of services provided. The contributors examine how poverty and inequality are—or are not—being addressed in each country. They also explore the viability of alternative approaches to combating poverty and reducing inequality. They explain that virtually no one denies that governments must take a leading role in the provision of health, education, and other social services. Yet there are sharp debates--over the compatibility of social spending with economic adjustment and stabilization; the priority of social expenditures in relation to other governmental spending; the allocation of funds among different social programs; who should, and should not, benefit; and who should pay the costs. They show that the poor and middle sectors had to pay dearly because their governments, the international community, and the families themselves were not prepared to deal with austerity. The book contains eleven chapters by contributors from universities and research institutions in the U.S. and Latin America, as well as from international financial organizations. It is the result of a project cosponsored by Inter-American Dialogue.
Author : Prof Dr Barbara Fritz
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
ISBN 13 : 1472446747
Total Pages : 285 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (724 download)
Download or read book A Moment of Equality for Latin America? written by Prof Dr Barbara Fritz and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. This book was released on 2015-10-28 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unlike other regions around the world, several Latin American countries have managed to reduce income inequality over the last decade. Higher growth rates and growing employment, but also innovative wage policies and social programs, have contributed to reducing poverty and narrow income disparities. Yet, despite this progress, nation-states in the region demonstrate little capacity to substantially change their patterns of deeply rooted inequalities. Focusing on the limits and challenges of redistributive policies in Latin America, this volume synthesizes and updates the discussion of inequality in the region, introducing the perspective of global and transnational interdependencies. The book explores the extent to which redistributive policies have been interlinked with the provision and quality of public goods as well as with structural changes of the productive sector. Inspired by structuralist and neostructuralist thinking of Latin American economists, such as Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado, authors question the redistributive impact of the interplay of recent macroeconomic, fiscal and social policies, particularly under left and center-left administrations committed to greater equality. Bringing together experts in social, fiscal and macroeconomic policies to investigate the interdependent and global character of inequalities, this book will appeal to scholars of sociology, economics, development and politics with interests in Latin America, inequality and public policy.
Author : Ivanna Vladkova Hollar
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1455200719
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (552 download)
Download or read book Equity and Fiscal Policy written by Ivanna Vladkova Hollar and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-05-01 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does fiscal policy fare in improving the underlying income distribution in Central America? We integrate the data from a number of existing tax and public expenditure studies for the countries in the region and find that the distributional effect of taxation is regressive but small. In contrast, the redistributive impact of social spending is large and progressive, leading to a progressive net redistributive effect in all countries of the region. We also show that raising tax revenues and devoting the proceeds to social spending would unambiguously improve the income of the poorest households.
Author : Alejandro Izquierdo
Publisher : Inter-American Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 1597823317
Total Pages : 453 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (978 download)
Download or read book Better Spending for Better Lives written by Alejandro Izquierdo and published by Inter-American Development Bank. This book was released on 2018-09-16 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can this puzzle of larger demands and fiscal strengthening be solved? This edition of the development in the Americas (DIA) report focuses precisely on this question. The book suggests that the answer is about fiscal efficiency and smart spending rather than the standard solution of across-the-board spending cuts to achieve fiscal sustainability— sometimes at great cost for society. It is about doing more with less. · Analysis of government spending in Latin America and the Caribbean reveals widespread waste and inefficiencies that could be as large as 4.4 percent of the region’s GDP, showing there is ample room to improve basic services without necessarily spending more resources. · The publication argues against across-the-board cuts. It looks at whether countries spend too much or too little on different priorities, whether they invest enough to ensure a better future, and whether those expenditures make inequality better or worse. · Along with the diagnosis, the report offers several policy recommendations on how to improve the efficiency of government spending.
Author : Luis Bértola
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319446215
Total Pages : 419 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)
Download or read book Has Latin American Inequality Changed Direction? written by Luis Bértola and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-25 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book brings together a range of ideas and theories to arrive at a deeper understanding of inequality in Latin America and its complex realities. To so, it addresses questions such as: What are the origins of inequality in Latin America? How can we create societies that are more equal in terms of income distribution, gender equality and opportunities? How can we remedy the social divide that is making Latin America one of the most unequal regions on earth? What are the roles played by market forces, institutions and ideology in terms of inequality? In this book, a group of global experts gathered by the Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL), part of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), show readers how various types of inequality, such as economical, educational, racial and gender inequality have been practiced in countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and many others through the centuries. Presenting new ideas, new evidence, and new methods, the book subsequently analyzes how to move forward with second-generation reforms that lay the foundations for more egalitarian societies. As such, it offers a valuable and insightful guide for development economists, historians and Latin American specialists alike, as well as students, educators, policymakers and all citizens with an interest in development, inequality and the Latin American region.
Author : Mr.Benedict J. Clements
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1451854234
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Income Distribution and Social Expenditure in Brazil written by Mr.Benedict J. Clements and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1997-09-01 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines trends in income distribution in Brazil and the determinants of income inequality, including social expenditure. While recent data reveal reduced income inequality since the Real Plan of July 1994, the distribution of income is still among the most unequal in the world. Among the most important determinants of income inequality in Brazil is extreme disparity in educational attainment levels. Public expenditures on education, health, and social insurance have tended to exacerbate income inequality. A number of options for improving the equity and efficiency of Brazilian social expenditure merit further examination.
Author : Edwin Goni
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 31 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Fiscal Redistribution and Income Inequality in Latin America written by Edwin Goni and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Income inequality in Latin America ranks among the highest in the world. It can be traced back to the unequal distribution of assets (especially land and education) in the region. But the extent to which asset inequality translates into income inequality depends on the redistributive capacity of the state. This paper documents the performance of Latin American fiscal systems from the perspective of income redistribution using newly-available information on the incidence of taxes and transfers across the region. The findings indicate that: (i) the differences in income inequality before taxes and transfers between Latin America and Western Europe are much more modest than those after taxes and transfers; (ii) the key reason is that, in contrast with industrial countries, in most Latin American countries the fiscal system is of little help in reducing income inequality; and (iii) in countries where fiscal redistribution is significant, it is achieved mostly through transfers rather than taxes. These facts stress the need for fiscal reforms across the region to further the goal of social equity. However, different countries need to place different relative emphasis on raising tax collection, restructuring the tax system, and improving the targeting of expenditures.
Author : David M. De Ferranti
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 0821356658
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (213 download)
Download or read book Inequality in Latin America written by David M. De Ferranti and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the regions of the world with the greatest inequality. This book explores why the region suffers from such persistent inequality, identifies how it hampers development, and suggests ways to achieve greater equity in the distribution of wealth, incomes and opportunities. The study draws on data from 20 countries based on household surveys covering 3.6 million people, and reviews extensive economic, sociological and political science studies on inequality in Latin America. Four broad areas for action by governments and civil society groups to break the destructive pattern are outlined: (1) build more open political and social institutions, that allow the poor and historically subordinate groups to gain a greater share of agency, voice and power in society; (2) ensure that economic institutions and policies seek greater equity, through sound macroeconomic management and equitable, efficient crisis resolution institutions, that avoid the large regressive redistributions that occur during crises, and that allow for saving in good times to enhance access by the poor to social safety nets in bad times; (3) increase access by the poor to high-quality public services, especially education, health, water and electricity, as well as access to farmland and the rural services, and protect and enforce the property rights of the urban poor; (4) reform income transfer programmes so that they reach the poorest families.
Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 145195106X
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (519 download)
Download or read book Fiscal Policy for Stable and Equitable Growth in Latin America written by International Monetary Fund and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1989-11-02 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The resumption of economic growth in Latin America is predicated on the successful restoration of fiscal discipline and stabilization. In restoring fiscal discipline, the mix of policy instruments should aim at maximizing efficiency in the use of domestic and foreign resources. Poverty alleviation in Latin America is not likely to be achieved, in the near future, by economic growth. Policy should promote a more equitable distribution of income. While fiscal policy can play an important role in this process, it is important to realize that the current high domestic inflation in many Latin American countries implies that expanding social programs has high social costs. Fiscal policy should aim at increasing the income share for the poor by making the tax system more efficient and by reforming the existing social programs to make them more effectively targeted toward the poor.
Author : Benedict J. Clements
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)
Download or read book Public Expenditure in Latin America written by Benedict J. Clements and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2007-02 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines trends in government spending in Latin America from the mid-1990s to 2006. It also examines key policy issues, including the cyclicality of spending, public investment, public employment, and social expenditures. It finds that primary expenditures have trended upward for the past ten years as a share of GDP, driven by increases in current spending, in particular for social expenditures. Fluctuations in real spending have continued to follow a procyclical pattern. The paper finds that there is substantial scope to improve the efficiency of public investment, public employment, and social spending.
Author : Monica Ospina
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 29 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book The Effect of Social Spending on Income Inequality written by Monica Ospina and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a panel dataset from 1980 to 2000 this paper analyzes the determinants of income inequality in Latin American countries with special attention paid to education, health, and social security expenditures. I build on previous research by solving for the endogeneity of the social spending variables in the income inequality equation. This study undertakes 2SLS and GMM methods in order to control for the correlation of some of the regressors with the disturbance term. While government expenditure affects inequality, an increase in inequality may be related to social, economic and political changes that can also affect government expenditures. Therefore, social spending is potentially endogenous in the inequality regression and, unless this source of endogeneity is accounted for, the estimated parameters will be not consistent. Results show that social spending variables are endogenous with income inequality index. Once endogeneity is controlled for, education and health expenditures have a negative effect on income inequality, while social security expenditures have no effect on income inequality. I also find that models that do not take into account endogeneity of social spending variables overestimate the effects of education and health spending.
Author : José Antonio Ocampo
Publisher : Santiago, Chile : United Nations
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)
Download or read book A Decade of Social Development in Latin America, 1990-1999 written by José Antonio Ocampo and published by Santiago, Chile : United Nations. This book was released on 2004 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The final decade of twentieth century was momentous for Latin America, as it witnessed sweeping changes with regard to previous trends in the region. Most important were the revival of economic growth and the reduction of poverty. Another significant phenomenon was impact of international crises on Latin American countries. This book analyzes what happened between 1990 and 1999 and revisits issues of interest to ECLAC, using the same approach that has characterized the Social Panorama of Latin America. Analysis begins with a look at poverty, income distribution, employment, occupational stratification, the role of education, the intergenerational transmission of opportunities for achieving well-being and the contribution of social spending to the improvement of the population's standard of living and at interrelationships between these dimensions and economic growth. It also uses opinion polls carried out in many of the countries to describe the Latin American population's subjective reactions changes in the 1990s--Publisher's description.
Author : Pablo Acosta
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464810613
Total Pages : 175 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book Toward More Efficient and Effective Public Social Spending in Central America written by Pablo Acosta and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-06-06 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Central America has come a long way both in terms of economic and political stability. Increasingly the region is focusing on implementing productivity-enhancing reforms as well as supporting reductions in poverty and inequality. This report analyzes recent trends in public social spending in Central America from 2007 to 2014, conducts international benchmarking, examines measures of the effectiveness and efficiency of social spending, and discusses the quality of selected institutions influencing this spending. We examine total social spending, as well as detailing its four components: public spending on the education, health, and social protection and labor (SPL) sectors. In analyzing public social spending, the report addresses three crucial policy issues: (a) how to improve the coverage and redistributional incidence of public social spending; (b) how to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of public social spending; and (c) how to strengthen the institutions governing public spending in the social sector. While based heavily on a series of recent analytical social spending studies in six countries in the subregion—Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama—this report also takes a broader regional perspective and includes some comparisons to countries in other regions.
Author : Ms.Francesca Bastagli
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1475510853
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (755 download)
Download or read book Income Inequality and Fiscal Policy (2nd Edition) written by Ms.Francesca Bastagli and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2012-09-27 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This note will describe recent trends in income inequality in both advanced and developing economies and how tax and expenditure policies have impacted on these trends. It will discuss how tax and expenditure policies should be designed to bring about a more equitable distribution of income, as well as to protect the most vulnerable populations during periods of fiscal consolidation.
Author : Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484326091
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)
Download or read book Commodity Cycles, Inequality, and Poverty in Latin America written by Mr. Ravi Balakrishnan and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-04-26 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decades, inequality has risen not just in advanced economies but also in many emerging market and developing economies, becoming one of the key global policy challenges. And throughout the 20th century, Latin America was associated with some of the world’s highest levels of inequality. Yet something interesting happened in the first decade and a half of the 21st century. Latin America was the only region in the World to have experienced significant declines in inequality in that period. Poverty also fell in Latin America, although this was replicated in other regions, and Latin America started from a relatively low base. Starting around 2014, however, and even before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, poverty and inequality gains had already slowed in Latin America and, in some cases, gone into reverse. And the COVID-19 shock, which is still playing out, is likely to dramatically worsen short-term poverty and inequality dynamics. Against this background, this departmental paper investigates the link between commodity prices, and poverty and inequality developments in Latin America.
