Global consultation on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)

Download Global consultation on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251380600
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global consultation on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Global consultation on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2023-08-28 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a severe and highly contagious disease that has severe impacts on animal and human health, livelihoods, and the economy. At the time of the consultation, the recent panzootic had affected more than 70 countries and territories, resulting in over 11 000 disease events in both wild and domestic bird populations. The disease has also spilled over to several mammalian species, including humans, and may result in severe ecological and biodiversity consequences. Considering the alarming spread of HPAI and the evolution of avian influenza in wild birds, The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and Network of Expertise on Animal Influenza (OFFLU) brought together the global scientific community to review the latest science and evidence on the disease, to support development/implementation of disease prevention and control strategies and policies and contribute to global efforts towards reducing pandemic risk. The report summarizes the meeting discussions, and key recommendations to reduce the transmission of HPAI along the poultry value chains, and the spillover risk to humans and wildlife. The meeting report will contribute to revising the FAO-WOAH global control strategy for HPAI and developing evidence-based policies and research agendas to tackle the disease. Sharing the meeting report with technical experts and policy makers will help support the development of a research and development agenda to tackle HPAI globally.

Approaches to Controlling, Preventing and Eliminating H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Endemic Countries

Download Approaches to Controlling, Preventing and Eliminating H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Endemic Countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Approaches to Controlling, Preventing and Eliminating H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Endemic Countries by :

Download or read book Approaches to Controlling, Preventing and Eliminating H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Endemic Countries written by and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2011 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since then, most affected countries have eliminated the disease.

Avian Influenza in Human

Download Avian Influenza in Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789811614316
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (143 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avian Influenza in Human by : Chen Qiu

Download or read book Avian Influenza in Human written by Chen Qiu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-06-16 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some avian influenza viruses can infect humans, cause disease, and even result in deaths. This book comprehensively and systematically presents the theory, diagnosis and clinical treatment of typical avian influenza viruses in human. The first chapters introduce the ethiology, epidemiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment of human avian influenza and complications. The following chapters include overview, extensive images, differential diagnosis and clinical cases of H7N9, H5N1, H5N6, H10N8, H9N2 and H7N4 avian influenza. Written by practitioners directly involved in the prevention and clinical treatment of human avian influenza, it will be an invaluable aid for practitioners in centers for infectious disease control and prevention, hospitals, and academic institutions to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of avian influenza in human.

Avian Influenza Virus

Download Avian Influenza Virus PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1588299392
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (882 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avian Influenza Virus by : Erica Spackman

Download or read book Avian Influenza Virus written by Erica Spackman and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the growing global fear of a major pandemic, avian influenza (AI) virus research has greatly increased in importance. In Avian Influenza Virus, an expert team of researchers and diagnosticians examine the fundamental, yet essential, virological methods for AI virus research and diagnostics as well as some of the newest molecular procedures currently used for basic and applied research. They present exciting, cutting-edge new methods that focus both on studying the virus itself and on work with avian hosts, an area greatly lacking in research.

Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza

Download Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309267781
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza by : National Research Council

Download or read book Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-04 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When, in late 2011, it became public knowledge that two research groups had submitted for publication manuscripts that reported on their work on mammalian transmissibility of a lethal H5N1 avian influenza strain, the information caused an international debate about the appropriateness and communication of the researchers' work, the risks associated with the work, partial or complete censorship of scientific publications, and dual-use research of concern in general. Recognizing that the H5N1 research is only the most recent scientific activity subject to widespread attention due to safety and security concerns, on May 1, 2012, the National Research Council's Committee on Science, Technology and Law, in conjunction with the Board on Life Sciences and the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats, convened a one-day public workshop for the purposes of 1) discussing the H5N1 controversy; 2) considering responses by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which had funded this research, the World Health Organization, the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), scientific publishers, and members of the international research community; and 3) providing a forum wherein the concerns and interests of the broader community of stakeholders, including policy makers, biosafety and biosecurity experts, non-governmental organizations, international organizations, and the general public might be articulated. Perspectives on Research with H5N1 Avian Influenza: Scientific Enquiry, Communication, Controversy summarizes the proceedings of the workshop.

The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic

Download The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309146771
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-04 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March and early April 2009, a new, swine-origin 2009-H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread by human-to-human transmission worldwide to over 30 countries. On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6 in response to the ongoing global spread of the novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. By October 30, 2009, the H1N1 influenza A had spread to 191 countries and resulted in 5,700 fatalities. A national emergency was declared in the United States and the swine flu joined SARS and the avian flu as pandemics of the 21st century. Vaccination is currently available, but in limited supply, and with a 60 percent effectiveness rate against the virus. The story of how this new influenza virus spread out of Mexico to other parts of North America and then on to Europe, the Far East, and now Australia and the Pacific Rim countries has its origins in the global interconnectedness of travel, trade, and tourism. Given the rapid spread of the virus, the international scientific, public health, security, and policy communities had to mobilize quickly to characterize this unique virus and address its potential effects. The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control have played critical roles in the surveillance, detection and responses to the H1N1 virus. The Domestic and International Impacts of the 2009-H1N1 Influenza A Pandemic: Global Challenges, Global Solutions aimed to examine the evolutionary origins of the H1N1 virus and evaluate its potential public health and socioeconomic consequences, while monitoring and mitigating the impact of a fast-moving pandemic. The rapporteurs for this workshop reported on the need for increased and geographically robust global influenza vaccine production capacities; enhanced and sustained interpandemic demand for seasonal influenza vaccines; clear "triggers" for pandemic alert levels; and accelerated research collaboration on new vaccine manufacturing techniques. This book will be an essential guide for healthcare professionals, policymakers, drug manufacturers and investigators.

Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Download Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309137349
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases by : National Research Council

Download or read book Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-01-24 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: H1N1 ("swine flu"), SARS, mad cow disease, and HIV/AIDS are a few examples of zoonotic diseases-diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are a growing concern given multiple factors: their often novel and unpredictable nature, their ability to emerge anywhere and spread rapidly around the globe, and their major economic toll on several disparate industries. Infectious disease surveillance systems are used to detect this threat to human and animal health. By systematically collecting data on the occurrence of infectious diseases in humans and animals, investigators can track the spread of disease and provide an early warning to human and animal health officials, nationally and internationally, for follow-up and response. Unfortunately, and for many reasons, current disease surveillance has been ineffective or untimely in alerting officials to emerging zoonotic diseases. Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases assesses some of the disease surveillance systems around the world, and recommends ways to improve early detection and response. The book presents solutions for improved coordination between human and animal health sectors, and among governments and international organizations. Parties seeking to improve the detection and response to zoonotic diseases-including U.S. government and international health policy makers, researchers, epidemiologists, human health clinicians, and veterinarians-can use this book to help curtail the threat zoonotic diseases pose to economies, societies, and health.

Lessons from HPAI

Download Lessons from HPAI PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lessons from HPAI by :

Download or read book Lessons from HPAI written by and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2013 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This document represents the results of a stocktaking exercise initiated by ECTAD-RAP in Bangkok in January 2012 and consolidated at the 6th Annual Regional ECTAD Meeting (AREM). ECTAD-RAP also coordinated the different stages of data gathering, compilation, feedback and collation of the results, as well as the design and development of display materials and the production of this handbook"--Page xiii.

Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World

Download Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030915197X
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Infectious Disease Movement in a Borderless World written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-03-10 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern transportation allows people, animals, and plants-and the pathogens they carry-to travel more easily than ever before. The ease and speed of travel, tourism, and international trade connect once-remote areas with one another, eliminating many of the geographic and cultural barriers that once limited the spread of disease. Because of our global interconnectedness through transportation, tourism and trade, infectious diseases emerge more frequently; spread greater distances; pass more easily between humans and animals; and evolve into new and more virulent strains. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted the workshop "Globalization, Movement of Pathogens (and Their Hosts) and the Revised International Health Regulations" December 16-17, 2008 in order to explore issues related to infectious disease spread in a "borderless" world. Participants discussed the global emergence, establishment, and surveillance of infectious diseases; the complex relationship between travel, trade, tourism, and the spread of infectious diseases; national and international policies for mitigating disease movement locally and globally; and obstacles and opportunities for detecting and containing these potentially wide-reaching and devastating diseases. This document summarizes the workshop.

130 Years of Medicine in Hong Kong

Download 130 Years of Medicine in Hong Kong PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811063168
Total Pages : 526 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 130 Years of Medicine in Hong Kong by : Frank Ching

Download or read book 130 Years of Medicine in Hong Kong written by Frank Ching and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-14 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the medical history of Hong Kong, beginning with its birth as a British colony. It introduces the origins of Hong Kong’s medical education, which began in 1887 when the London Missionary Society set up the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese. When the University of Hong Kong was established in 1911, the College became its medical faculty. The faculty has gained distinction over the years for innovative surgical techniques, for discovering the SARS virus and for its contribution to advances in medical and health sciences. This book is meant for general readers as well as medical practitioners. It is a work for anyone interested in Hong Kong or in medical education.

Avian Influenza

Download Avian Influenza PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402034404
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Avian Influenza by : Remco S. Schrijver

Download or read book Avian Influenza written by Remco S. Schrijver and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-08-05 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Avian Influenza poses a looming threat for human and animal health. The old paradigm was that the disease in waterfowl, poultry, pigs and man was caused by separate viruses that stayed within their own niche. Deadly outbreaks have shattered this view. This timely reference examines such sensitive issues as regulation of low pathogenic and high pathogenic AI, surveillance of waterfowl, live bird markets, and outbreak control in densely populated areas.

Global technical consultation on the strategic framework for early warning of animal health threats

Download Global technical consultation on the strategic framework for early warning of animal health threats PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]
ISBN 13 : 9251387265
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global technical consultation on the strategic framework for early warning of animal health threats by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Global technical consultation on the strategic framework for early warning of animal health threats written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]. This book was released on 2024-05-30 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective early warning systems provide the capacity to generate and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or loss. [Author] To support countries in the prevention and management of losses caused by animal diseases the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is working to develop a strategic framework for early warning (EW) of animal health threats. [Author] FAO organized a global technical consultation to gather expertise across various health sectors and inform development of the framework. [Author] The meeting was attended by more than 70 participants, gathering expertise form animal, public and environmental health at various geographical levels. [Author] Through a series of brainstorming sessions, experts outlined concrete priority actions and targets that can be put in place in order to strengthen EWS in the short term, move towards anticipatory systems in the medium term, and finally, in the long term, build systems that are focused on prevention. [Author] This report summarizes the main discussions and conclusions. [Author]

Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs

Download Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309110106
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-12-13 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The influenza pandemics of 1918, 1957, and 1968 offer a warning to the world about the potential dangers of the influenza virus. In 2006, after a series of cases and clusters of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian virus made clear the threat of a possible pandemic, the U.S. Congress allocated $39 million to the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS) to increase and improve its worldwide influenza surveillance network through upgrades to its domestic and overseas laboratories' capabilities. An Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee was subsequently formed to evaluate the effectiveness of these laboratory-based programs in relation to the supplemental funding, and the report that follows details the committee's findings. The committee that prepared this report, the Committee for the Assessment of DoD-GEIS Influenza Surveillance and Response Programs, was convened at the request of DoD-GEIS management to evaluate the execution of the fiscal year 2006 supplemental funding for avian influenza/ pandemic influenza (AI/PI) surveillance and response. The committee was tasked with evaluating the DoD-GEIS AI/PI surveillance program for the worth of each funded project's contribution to a comprehensive AI/PI surveillance program; the adequacy of the program in view of the evolving epidemiologic factors; responsiveness to the intent of Congress as expressed in Sec. 748, H.R.1815, Pandemic Avian Flu Preparedness; consistency with the DoD and national plans; and coordination of efforts with CDC, WHO, and local governments. Review of the DoD-GEIS Influenza Programs: Strengthening Global Surveillance and Response reviews the development of conclusions and recommendations with long-term, program-level relevance as well as conclusions and recommendations regarding the improvement of specific DoD-GEIS projects.

Global consultation on African swine fever

Download Global consultation on African swine fever PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]
ISBN 13 : 925138925X
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global consultation on African swine fever by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Global consultation on African swine fever written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]. This book was released on 2024-07-03 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African swine fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs. The disease has recently become one of the major global concerns for the livestock sector. While eradication remains a distant goal in several endemic countries, updated and science based control strategies are important for mitigating risks and reducing the socio-economic impact of the disease, for protecting the livelihoods of the most vulnerable along the value chain and for ensuring business continuity for the pork industry. To support countries in their endeavor to manage the ASF risk, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), in collaboration with the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), has brought together ASF experts, risk managers, and private sector representatives to provide latest scientific knowledge and consult on recommendations for updated, more effective and sustainable disease management approaches. The consultation was held in FAO HQ in Rome on 12-14 December 2023 and was attended by more than 200 participants in person and online. Key recommendations include addressing human behavior along the value chain; updating international strategies based on scientific evidence; promoting passive surveillance in domestic pigs and wild boars; finding innovative ways for improving biosecurity along the value chain by understanding motivations, disincentives and incentives; foster collaboration between stakeholders and engage the private sector; carefully assess vaccination options; explore the possibility of partial culling; promote and further develop costing tools for better preparedness and economic estimations; promote compartmentalization and regionalization/zoning while working on improved trade strategies.

Viral Sovereignty and Technology Transfer

Download Viral Sovereignty and Technology Transfer PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108484727
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Viral Sovereignty and Technology Transfer by : Sam F. Halabi

Download or read book Viral Sovereignty and Technology Transfer written by Sam F. Halabi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-06-11 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sharing biological resources-critical for new medicines and vaccines-has declined as countries and scientists dispute rights over research.

Stakeholder engagement in enhancing national climate actions in livestock systems in Kenya

Download Stakeholder engagement in enhancing national climate actions in livestock systems in Kenya PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]
ISBN 13 : 9251388873
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stakeholder engagement in enhancing national climate actions in livestock systems in Kenya by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Stakeholder engagement in enhancing national climate actions in livestock systems in Kenya written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org. [Author] [Author]. This book was released on 2024-06-25 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Livestock is crucial to Kenya's economy and socio-cultural practices, but it also contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. Climate-smart agriculture and sustainable livestock management practices can help Kenya achieve its climate change targets and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, while ensuring food and nutrition security. This report presents the key outcomes and recommendations of a national stakeholder workshop FAO organized in December 2022 to address climate change in Kenya's livestock sector.

Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach

Download Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309259363
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-09-10 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization of the food supply has created conditions favorable for the emergence, reemergence, and spread of food-borne pathogens-compounding the challenge of anticipating, detecting, and effectively responding to food-borne threats to health. In the United States, food-borne agents affect 1 out of 6 individuals and cause approximately 48 million illnesses, 128,000 hospitalizations, and 3,000 deaths each year. This figure likely represents just the tip of the iceberg, because it fails to account for the broad array of food-borne illnesses or for their wide-ranging repercussions for consumers, government, and the food industry-both domestically and internationally. A One Health approach to food safety may hold the promise of harnessing and integrating the expertise and resources from across the spectrum of multiple health domains including the human and veterinary medical and plant pathology communities with those of the wildlife and aquatic health and ecology communities. The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop on December 13 and 14, 2011 that examined issues critical to the protection of the nation's food supply. The workshop explored existing knowledge and unanswered questions on the nature and extent of food-borne threats to health. Participants discussed the globalization of the U.S. food supply and the burden of illness associated with foodborne threats to health; considered the spectrum of food-borne threats as well as illustrative case studies; reviewed existing research, policies, and practices to prevent and mitigate foodborne threats; and, identified opportunities to reduce future threats to the nation's food supply through the use of a "One Health" approach to food safety. Improving Food Safety Through a One Health Approach: Workshop Summary covers the events of the workshop and explains the recommendations for future related workshops.