Geomorphic Risk Reduction Using Geospatial Methods and Tools

Download Geomorphic Risk Reduction Using Geospatial Methods and Tools PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981997707X
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geomorphic Risk Reduction Using Geospatial Methods and Tools by : Raju Sarkar

Download or read book Geomorphic Risk Reduction Using Geospatial Methods and Tools written by Raju Sarkar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis

Download Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048122384
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis by : Pamela S. Showalter

Download or read book Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis written by Pamela S. Showalter and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the second in a series that examines how geographic information te- nologies (GIT) are being implemented to improve our understanding of a variety of hazard and disaster situations. The main types of technologies covered under the umbrella of GIT, as used in this volume, are geographic information systems, remote sensing (not including ground-penetrating or underwater systems), and global po- tioning systems. Our focus is on urban areas, broadly de ned in order to encompass rapidly growing and densely populated areas that may not be considered “urban” in the conventional sense. The material presented here is also unabashedly applied – our goal is to provide GIT tools to those seeking more ef cient ways to respond to, recover from, mitigate, prevent, and/or model hazard and disaster events in urban settings. Therefore, this book was created not only with our colleagues in the academic world in mind, but also for hazards professionals and practitioners. We also believe graduate students will nd the material presented here of interest, as may upper division undergraduate students.

Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources

Download Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400718586
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources by : Jay Krishna Thakur

Download or read book Geospatial Techniques for Managing Environmental Resources written by Jay Krishna Thakur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-05 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Geospatial Information" is spatial data concerning a place or, in space, collected in real time. Geospatial techniques together with remote sensing, geographic information science, Global Positioning System (GPS), cartography, geovisualization, and spatial statistics are being used to capture, store, manipulate and analyze to understand complex situations to solve mysteries of the universe. These techniques have been applied in various fields such as meteorology, forestry, environmental management, agriculture, health, homeland security etc. around the globe. This volume presents case studies and examples from various parts of the world and provides a broad overview of various approaches; data sets; data acquiring, monitoring and dissemination methods; satellites and sensors; tools and techniques used; integrating tools, techniques and application to various fields for the sustainable management of environmental resources in the context of global environmental change and natural hazards. The objective of this book is to provide state-of-the-art information to academics, researchers and industry practitioners who are involved or interested in the study, use, design and development of advanced and emerging geospatial technologies around the world with ultimate aim to empower individuals and organizations in building competencies for exploiting the opportunities of the knowledge society. All the chapters are peer-reviewes and evaluated and are an inter- and multi-disciplinary source of information, making an effort to link various geospatial techniques to make the earth an habitable place. The contributors have tried to focus their respective views on the current problems that need urgent attention. Consequently, we see this book as a comprehensive information base, which includes work of expertise in their specific fields of research.

Geospatial Technology for Environmental Hazards

Download Geospatial Technology for Environmental Hazards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303075197X
Total Pages : 594 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Technology for Environmental Hazards by : Pravat Kumar Shit

Download or read book Geospatial Technology for Environmental Hazards written by Pravat Kumar Shit and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 594 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book demonstrates the geospatial technology approach to data mining techniques, data analysis, modeling, risk assessment, visualization, and management strategies in different aspects of natural and social hazards. This book has 25 chapters associated with risk assessment, mapping and management strategies of environmental hazards. It covers major topics such as Landslide Susceptibility, Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater, Earthquake Risk Management, Open Cast Mining, Soil loss, Flood Susceptibility, Forest Fire Risk, Malaria prevalence, Flood inundation, Socio-Economic Vulnerability, River Bank Erosion, and Socio-Economic Vulnerability. The content of this book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policymakers, whose work involves environmental hazards and related solutions.

Geo-Environmental Hazards using AI-enabled Geospatial Techniques and Earth Observation Systems

Download Geo-Environmental Hazards using AI-enabled Geospatial Techniques and Earth Observation Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031537637
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geo-Environmental Hazards using AI-enabled Geospatial Techniques and Earth Observation Systems by : Tanupriya Choudhury

Download or read book Geo-Environmental Hazards using AI-enabled Geospatial Techniques and Earth Observation Systems written by Tanupriya Choudhury and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis

Download Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9789048122769
Total Pages : 452 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (227 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis by : Pamela S. Showalter

Download or read book Geospatial Techniques in Urban Hazard and Disaster Analysis written by Pamela S. Showalter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-11-06 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the second in a series that examines how geographic information te- nologies (GIT) are being implemented to improve our understanding of a variety of hazard and disaster situations. The main types of technologies covered under the umbrella of GIT, as used in this volume, are geographic information systems, remote sensing (not including ground-penetrating or underwater systems), and global po- tioning systems. Our focus is on urban areas, broadly de ned in order to encompass rapidly growing and densely populated areas that may not be considered “urban” in the conventional sense. The material presented here is also unabashedly applied – our goal is to provide GIT tools to those seeking more ef cient ways to respond to, recover from, mitigate, prevent, and/or model hazard and disaster events in urban settings. Therefore, this book was created not only with our colleagues in the academic world in mind, but also for hazards professionals and practitioners. We also believe graduate students will nd the material presented here of interest, as may upper division undergraduate students.

Anthropogeomorphology

Download Anthropogeomorphology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030775711
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (757 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Anthropogeomorphology by : Gouri Sankar Bhunia

Download or read book Anthropogeomorphology written by Gouri Sankar Bhunia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-02-25 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores state-of-art techniques based on open-source software and statistical programming and modelling in modern geospatial applications, specifically focusing on recent trends in data mining techniques and robust modelling in Geomorphological, Hydrological, Bio-physical and Social activities. The book is organized into physical, mountainous, coastal, riverine, forest, urban and biological activities, with each chapter providing a review of the current knowledge in the focus area, and evaluating where future efforts should be directed. The text compiles a collection of recent developments and rigorous applications of Geospatial computational intelligence (e.g., artificial neural network, spatial interpolation, physical and environmental modelling and machine learning algorithms etc) in geomorphic processes from a team of expert contributors. The authors address the wide range of challenges and uncertainties in the study of earth system dynamics due to climate change, and complex anthropogenic interferences where spatial modelling may be applied in the risk assessment of vulnerable geomorphological landscapes. The book will act as a guide to find recent advancements in geospatial artificial intelligence techniques and its application to natural and social hazards. This information will be helpful for students, researchers, policy makers, environmentalists, planners involved in natural hazard and disaster management, NGOs, and government organizations.

Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning

Download Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351113941
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning by : Diana Mitsova

Download or read book Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning written by Diana Mitsova and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate adaptation is a timely yet complex topic that does not fit squarely into any one disciplinary realm. Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning presents an overview of the range of strategies, tools, and techniques that must be used to assess myriad overlapping vulnerabilities and to formulate appropriate climate-relevant solutions at multiple scales and in varying contexts. Organized into four sections, the book includes 15 chapters. Each chapter is grounded in the literature and presents case studies designed by the authors, as well as many examples from a diverse international group of scholars and entities in the public and private sectors. Areas covered include: Climate Change and Climate Adaptation Planning: Context and Concepts Geospatial Technologies: Fundamentals and Terminology GIS and Climate Vulnerability Assessments Technical Approaches to Formulating Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies Geospatial Applications for Climate Adaptation Planning is aimed at advanced students, researchers, and entities in the public and private sectors. It also provides supplementary reading for courses in planning, public administration, policy studies, and disaster management.

Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management

Download Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000539202
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management by : Shruti Kanga

Download or read book Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management written by Shruti Kanga and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-02-16 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a comprehensive resource that integrates the application of innovative remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools in modeling Earth systems for environmental management beyond customary digitization and mapping practices. It identifies the most suitable approaches for a specific environmental problem, emphasizes the importance of physically based modeling, their uncertainty analysis, advantages, and disadvantages. The case studies on the Himalayas with a complex topography call for innovation in geospatial techniques to find solutions for various environmental problems. Features: Presents innovative geospatial methods in environmental modeling of Earth systems. Includes case studies from South Asia and discusses different processes and outcomes using spatially explicit models. Explains contemporary environmental problems through the analysis of various information layers. Provides good practices for developing countries to help manage environmental issues using low-cost geospatial approaches. Integrates geospatial modeling with policy and analysis its direct implication in decision making. Using a systems’ approach analysis, Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management: Case Studies from South Asia shall serve environmental managers, students, researchers, and policymakers.

Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management: Geo-information Technologies

Download Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management: Geo-information Technologies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319518445
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management: Geo-information Technologies by : Saied Pirasteh

Download or read book Global Changes and Natural Disaster Management: Geo-information Technologies written by Saied Pirasteh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents ongoing research and ideas related to earth observations and global change, natural hazards and disaster management studies, with respect to geospatial information technology, remote sensing, and global navigation satellite systems. Readers will discover uses of advanced geospatial tools, spatiotemporal models, and earth observation systems. Chapters identify the international aspects of the coupled social, land and climate systems in global change studies, and consider such global challenges as agriculture monitoring, the smart city, and risk assessment. The work presented here has been carefully selected, edited, and peer reviewed in order to advance research and development, as well as to encourage innovative applications of Geomatics technologies in global change studies. The book will appeal not only to academicians, but also to professionals, politicians and decision makers who wish to learn from the very latest and most innovative, quality research in this area of global change and natural disaster management. /divContributions are drawn from revised submissions based on state-of-the-art papers from the 7th GiT4NDM - 5th EOGC, 2015 event.

Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Applications

Download Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1498719694
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Applications by : Prashant K. Srivastava

Download or read book Geospatial Technology for Water Resource Applications written by Prashant K. Srivastava and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-07-26 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book advances the scientific understanding, development, and application of geospatial technologies related to water resource management. It presents recent developments and applications specifically by utilizing new earth observation datasets such as TRMM/GPM, AMSR E/2, SMOS, SMAP and GCOM in combination with GIS, artificial intelligence, and hybrid techniques. By linking geospatial techniques with new satellite missions for earth and environmental science, the book promotes the synergistic and multidisciplinary activities of scientists and users working in the field of hydrological sciences.

Successful Response Starts with a Map

Download Successful Response Starts with a Map PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309103401
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Successful Response Starts with a Map by : National Research Council

Download or read book Successful Response Starts with a Map written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few years the United States has experienced a series of disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which have severely taxed and in many cases overwhelmed responding agencies. In all aspects of emergency management, geospatial data and tools have the potential to help save lives, limit damage, and reduce the costs of dealing with emergencies. Great strides have been made in the past four decades in the development of geospatial data and tools that describe locations of objects on the Earth's surface and make it possible for anyone with access to the Internet to witness the magnitude of a disaster. However, the effectiveness of any technology is as much about the human systems in which it is embedded as about the technology itself. Successful Response Starts with a Map assesses the status of the use of geospatial data, tools, and infrastructure in disaster management, and recommends ways to increase and improve their use. This book explores emergency planning and response; how geospatial data and tools are currently being used in this field; the current policies that govern their use; various issues related to data accessibility and security; training; and funding. Successful Response Starts with a Map recommends significant investments be made in training of personnel, coordination among agencies, sharing of data and tools, planning and preparedness, and the tools themselves.

Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume III

Download Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100079900X
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume III by : John G Lyon

Download or read book Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management, Volume III written by John G Lyon and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume III of Geospatial Information Handbook for Water Resources and Watershed Management discusses water and watershed issues such as water quality, evapotranspiration, water resource management, and ecological services. Featured is a two-stage ditch and river geomorphology case study section with related water geospatial applications, including historical image analyses of floodplains and channels and resulting change in river geomorphology through erosion and transport and influence on dependent vegetation communities. Captures advanced Geospatial Technologies (GT) and their applications to address a wide spectrum of water issues Provides real-world two-stage ditch and river geomorphology case studies using river, stream and channel measures and change models, and bankfull discharge modeling Global in coverage with applications demonstrated by more than 170 experts in water sciences and two-stage ditch and river geomorphology This handbook is a wide-ranging and contemporary reference of advanced geospatial techniques used in numerous practical applications at the local and regional scale and is an in-depth resource for professionals and the water research community worldwide.

Geospatial Research: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications

Download Geospatial Research: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1466698462
Total Pages : 2035 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (666 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Research: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications by : Management Association, Information Resources

Download or read book Geospatial Research: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications written by Management Association, Information Resources and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 2035 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Having the ability to measure and explore the geographic space that surrounds us provides endless opportunities for us to utilize and interact with the world. As a broad field of study, geospatial research has applications in a variety of fields including military science, environmental science, civil engineering, and space exploration. Geospatial Research: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a multi-volume publication highlighting critical topics related to geospatial analysis, geographic information systems, and geospatial technologies. Exploring multidisciplinary applications of geographic information systems and technologies in addition to the latest trends and developments in the field, this publication is ideal for academic and government library inclusion, as well as for reference by data scientists, engineers, government agencies, researchers, and graduate-level students in GIS programs.

Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management

Download Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981167373X
Total Pages : 436 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management by : Praveen Kumar Rai

Download or read book Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management written by Praveen Kumar Rai and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geospatial technology is a combination of state-of-the-art remote sensing and technology for geographic information systems (GIS) and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for the mapping and monitoring of landscapes and environment. The main thrust of using geospatial technology is to understand the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of spatial heterogeneity, while its ultimate objective is to provide a scientific basis for developing and maintaining ecologically, economically, and socially sustainable landscapes. This book presents new research on the interdisciplinary applications of geospatial technology for identification, assessment, monitoring, and modelling issues related to landscape, natural resources, and environmental management. The book specifically focuses on the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display, and dissemination of spatio-temporal data, which help to resolve environmental management issues including ecosystem change, resource utilization, land use management, and environmental pollution. The positive environmental impacts of information technology advancements with regard to global environmental and climate change are also discussed. The book addresses the interests of a wide spectrum of readers who have a common interest in geospatial science, geology, water resource management, database management, planning and policy making, and resource management.

Spatial Modelling of Flood Risk and Flood Hazards

Download Spatial Modelling of Flood Risk and Flood Hazards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030945448
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Spatial Modelling of Flood Risk and Flood Hazards by : Biswajeet Pradhan

Download or read book Spatial Modelling of Flood Risk and Flood Hazards written by Biswajeet Pradhan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-06 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Floods and flash floods with hydro-meteorological and tropical cyclones are the some of the most devastating natural disasters causing massive damages to natural and man-made features. Flood hazards are a major threat to human life, properties (agricultural area, yield production, building and homes) and infrastructures (bridges, roads, railways, urban infrastructures, etc). Flood hazards susceptibility mapping (risk assessment) and modelling is an essential step for early warning systems, emergency services, prevention and mitigation of future environmental and social hazards and implementation of risk management strategies. Due to the lack of proper information, technology-based policies and strategies, mapping and modelling can often not be implemented to the best possible level. Geo-spatial techniques have enjoyed rising interest in recent decades among the earth environmental and social sciences research communities for their powerful ability to solve and understand various complex problems and develop novel approaches toward sustainable earth and human society. By linking geo-spatial computational intelligence techniques with societal and environmental-oriented problems, this book demonstrates geospatial technology approaches to data mining techniques, data analysis, modelling, risk assessment and visualization and management strategies in different aspects of flood hazards. We believe that a diverse group of academics, scientists, geographers, hydrologist, remote sensing and GIS expertise, environmentalists, meteorologists and computing experts with a common interest in geospatial sciences within the earth environmental sciences and humanistic and social sciences will find this book to be of great value.

Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning and Management

Download Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303098981X
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning and Management by : Chandra Shekhar Jha

Download or read book Geospatial Technologies for Resources Planning and Management written by Chandra Shekhar Jha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-24 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on the application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management for the key natural resources, e.g. water, agriculture and forest as well as the decision support system (DSS) for infrastructure development. We have seen in the past four decades that the growing complexities of sustainable management of natural resources management have been very challenging. The book has been written to leverage the current geospatial technologies that integrate the remotely sensed data available from various platforms, the precise locational data providing geospatial intelligence, and the advanced integration tools of Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Geospatial technologies have been used for water resources management employing geomorphological characteristics, analysis of river migration pattern, understanding the large-scale hydrological process, wet land classification and monitoring, analysis of glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), assessment of environmental flow and soil erosion studies, water quality modelling and assessment and rejuvenation of paleochannels through groundwater recharge. Geospatial technologies have been applied for crop classification and mapping, soil moisture determination using RISAT-1 C-band and PALSAR-2 L-band sensors, inventory of horticulture plantations, management of citrus orchards, crop yield forecasting, rice yield estimation, estimation of evapotranspiration and its evaluation against lysimeter and satellite-based evapotranspiration product for India to address the various issues of the agricultural system management. Geospatial technologies have been used for generation of digital elevation model, urban dynamics assessment, mobile GIS application at grass root level planning, cadastral level developmental planning and e-governance applications, system dynamics for sustainable development, micro-level water resources planning, site suitability for sewage treatment plant, traffic density assessment, geographical indications of India, archaeological applications and disasters interventions to elaborate various issues of DSS for infrastructure development and management. Geospatial technologies have been employed for the generation and reconciliation of the notified forest land boundaries, and also the land cover changes analysis within notified forest areas, forest resource assessment, management and monitoring and wildlife conservation and management. This book aims to present high-quality technical case studies representing the recent developments in the “application of geospatial technologies for resource planning and management”. The editors hope that this book will serve as a valuable resource for scientists and researchers to plan and manage land and water resources sustainably.