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Geochemical Modeling Of Co2 Sequestration In Dolomitic Limestone Aquifers
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Book Synopsis Geochemical Modeling of CO2 Sequestration in Dolomitic Limestone Aquifers by : Mark W. Thomas
Download or read book Geochemical Modeling of CO2 Sequestration in Dolomitic Limestone Aquifers written by Mark W. Thomas and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a deep, saline aquifer is being proposed for a power-generating facility in Florida as a method to mitigate contribution to global climate change from greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The proposed repository is a brine-saturated, dolomitic-limestone aquifer with anhydrite inclusions contained within the Cedar Keys/Lawson formations of Central Florida. Thermodynamic modeling is used to investigate the geochemical equilibrium reactions for the minerals calcite, dolomite, and gypsum with 28 aqueous species for the purpose of determining the sensitivity of mineral precipitation and dissolution to the temperature and pressure of the aquifer and the salinity and initial pH of the brine. The use of different theories for estimating CO2 fugacity, solubility in brine, and chemical activity is demonstrated to have insignificant effects on the predicted results. Nine different combinations of thermodynamic models predict that the geochemical response to CO2 injection is calcite and dolomite dissolution and gypsum precipitation, with good agreement among the quantities estimated. In all cases, CO2 storage through solubility trapping is demonstrated to be a likely process, while storage through mineral trapping is predicted to not occur. Over the range of values examined, it is found that net mineral dissolution and precipitation is relatively sensitive to temperature and salinity, insensitive to CO2 injection pressure and initial pH, and significant changes to porosity will not occur.
Book Synopsis Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide by : Luigi Marini
Download or read book Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide written by Luigi Marini and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2006-10-12 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contents of this monograph are two-scope. First, it intends to provide a synthetic but complete account of the thermodynamic and kinetic foundations on which the reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is based. In particular, a great effort is devoted to review the thermodynamic properties of CO2 and of the CO2-H2O system and the interactions in the aqueous solution, the thermodynamic stability of solid product phases (by means of several stability plots and activity plots), the volumes of carbonation reactions, and especially the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions of silicates, oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates. Second, it intends to show the reader how reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is carried out. To this purpose the well-known high-quality EQ3/6 software package is used. Setting up of computer simulations and obtained results are described in detail and used EQ3/6 input files are given to guide the reader step-by-step from the beginning to the end of these exercises. Finally, some examples of reaction-path- and reaction-transport-modeling taken from the available literature are presented. The results of these simulations are of fundamental importance to evaluate the amounts of potentially sequestered CO2, and their evolution with time, as well as the time changes of all the other relevant geochemical parameters (e.g., amounts of solid reactants and products, composition of the aqueous phase, pH, redox potential, effects on aquifer porosity). In other words, in this way we are able to predict what occurs when CO2 is injected into a deep aquifer.* Provides applications for investigating and predicting geological carbon dioxide sequestration* Reviews the geochemical literature in the field* Discusses the importance of geochemists in the multidisciplinary study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration
Book Synopsis Geochemistry of Geologic CO2 Sequestration by : Donald J. DePaolo
Download or read book Geochemistry of Geologic CO2 Sequestration written by Donald J. DePaolo and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-17 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 77 of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry focuses on important aspects of the geochemistry of geological CO2 sequestration. It is in large part an outgrowth of research conducted by members of the U.S. Department of Energy funded Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC) known as the Center for Nanoscale Control of Geologic CO2 (NCGC). Eight out of the 15 chapters have been led by team members from the NCGC representing six of the eight partner institutions making up this center - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (lead institution, D. DePaolo - PI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, The Ohio State University, the University of California Davis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, and Washington University, St. Louis.
Book Synopsis Site Specific Geochemical Modeling of Groundwater and CO2 Interactions by : Elizabeth Johns
Download or read book Site Specific Geochemical Modeling of Groundwater and CO2 Interactions written by Elizabeth Johns and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are concerns that anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere are contributing to climate change and ocean acidification. Currently scientists are using geochemical modeling of groundwater, rock and carbon dioxide interactions for geologic carbon sequestration purposes, as possible methods to mitigate the problem. Geologic carbon sequestration is a process of mitigation that has the potential to reduce the impact of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere through the injection of carbon dioxide into a saline aquifer. This study investigated the extent to which carbon dioxide can be sequestered in the Lamotte Formation, a Cambrian aged saline aquifer, due to solubility and mineral trapping, at three well sites. A comparison of the geochemical suitability of the three sites in North-Central Missouri was also conducted. Site specific data such as temperature, carbon dioxide fugacity, pH, mineral content and groundwater composition were the input parameters needed to simulate the sequestration of carbon dioxide in a saline aquifer (Geochemist's Workbench software). The simulation results showed more aqueous CO2 could be sequestered at the Luecke Site for both the injection period (91.4 g/kg) and post-injection period (81.5 g/kg), while more solid phase CO2 could be sequestered at the Thomas Hill Site for the injection period (5.06 g/kg) and the first 500 years of the post-injection period (16.32 g/kg).
Book Synopsis CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer by : Biniam Zerai
Download or read book CO2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifer written by Biniam Zerai and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Issues in Chemical Engineering and other Chemistry Specialties: 2013 Edition by :
Download or read book Issues in Chemical Engineering and other Chemistry Specialties: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 1164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Chemical Engineering and other Chemistry Specialties: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Chemical Modeling. The editors have built Issues in Chemical Engineering and other Chemistry Specialties: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Chemical Modeling in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Chemical Engineering and other Chemistry Specialties: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Book Synopsis Geochemical kinetics during CO2 sequestration : the reactivity of the Hontomín caprock and the hydration of MgO by : Gabriela Dávila Ordoñez
Download or read book Geochemical kinetics during CO2 sequestration : the reactivity of the Hontomín caprock and the hydration of MgO written by Gabriela Dávila Ordoñez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A test site for CO2 geological storage is situated in Hontomín (Burgos, northern Spain) with a reservoir rock that is mainly composed of limestone. The reservoir rock is a deep saline aquifer, which contains a NaCl- and sulfate-rich groundwater in equilibrium with calcite and gypsum, and is covered by a very low permeability formation composed of marls, marly limestone and bitominous shales which acts as a caprock. During and after CO2 injection, since the resident groundwater contains sulfate, the resulting CO2-rich acid solution may gives rise to the dissolution and precipitation may occur. These reactions that may imply changes in the porosity, permeability and pore structure of the rock could vary the CO2 seal capacity of the caprock. Therefore, performing reliable experiments and reactive transport modeling to gain knowledge about the overall process of gypsum precipitation at the expense of calcite dissolution in CO2-rich solutions and its implications for the hydrodynamic properties of the caprock is necessary. A first aim of this thesis is to better understand these coupled reactions by assessing the effect that PTotal, pCO2, T, mineralogy, acidity and solution saturation state exert on these reactions. To this end, flow-through experiments with illite powder samples and flow-through experiments and columns filled with crushed marly limestone are conducted under different PTotal-pCO2 conditions (atmospheric: 1-10-3.5 and subcritical: 10-10 bar), T (25 and 60 °C) and input solution compositions (gypsum-undersaturated and gypsum-equilibrated solutions). A second aim of this PhD study is to evaluate the interaction between the Hontomín marl and CO2-rich sulfate solutions under supercritical CO2 conditions (PTotal = 150 bar, pCO2 = 61 bar and T = 60 °C). Flow-through percolation experiments were performed using artificially fractured cores to elucidate (i) the role of the composition of the injected solutions (S-free and S-rich solutions) and (ii) the effect of the flow rate (0.2, 1 and 60 mL min-1) on fracture permeability. Major dissolution of calcite (S-free and S-rich solutions) and precipitation of gypsum (S-rich solution) together with minor dissolution of the silicate minerals contributed to the formation of an altered skeleton-like zone (mainly made up of unreacted clays) along the fracture walls. Dissolution patterns changed from face dissolution to wormhole formation and uniform dissolution with increasing Peclet numbers. The third aim is to study caustic magnesia (MgO) as an alternative to Portland cement, not only to be used in the space between the well casing and the rock but also to seal rock fractures (grouting). The overall MgO-carbonation process is considered to happen when MgO hydrates rapidly to form brucite (Mg(OH)2). When brucite dissolves in a Ca-rich and CO2-saturated solution, the solution supersaturates with respect to Ca and/or Mg carbonates (e.g., dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), nesquehonite (MgCO3·3(H2O)), hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4(H2O)) and magnesite (MgCO3)). Different T and pCO2 conditions will determine the formation of these carbonates. The molar volumes of the implicated minerals (cm3 mol-1) [(Mg(OH)2 (24.63), CaCO3 (36.93), MgCO3 (28.02), CaMg(CO3)2 (64.37), Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4(H2O) (208.08), MgCO3·3(H2O) (75.47)], with large molar volumes for the secondary phases, favor a potential decrease in porosity and hence the sealing of cracks in cement structures, preventing CO2 leakage. MgO carbonation has been studied by means of batch experiments under subcritic (pCO2 of 10 and 50 bar and T of 25, 70 and 90 °C) and supercritic (pCO2 of 74 bar and T of 70 and 90 °C) CO2 conditions. In all cases, CrunchFlow numerical code was used to perform 1D, 2D and OD reactive transport simulations of the experiments to evaluate mineral reaction rates in the system and quantify the porosity variation in the columns, percolation and batch experiments respectively.
Book Synopsis Geological Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Formations by : Auli Niemi
Download or read book Geological Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Formations written by Auli Niemi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-24 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers readers a comprehensive overview, and an in-depth understanding, of suitable methods for quantifying and characterizing saline aquifers for the geological storage of CO2. It begins with a general overview of the methodology and the processes that take place when CO2 is injected and stored in deep saline-water-containing formations. It subsequently presents mathematical and numerical models used for predicting the consequences of CO2 injection. This book provides descriptions of relevant experimental methods, from laboratory experiments to field scale site characterization and techniques for monitoring spreading of the injected CO2 within the formation. Experiences from a number of important field injection projects are reviewed, as are those from CO2 natural analog sites. Lastly, the book presents relevant risk management methods. Geological storage of CO2 is widely considered to be a key technology capable of substantially reducing the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere, thereby reducing the negative impacts of such releases on the global climate. Around the world, projects are already in full swing, while others are now being initiated and executed to demonstrate the technology. Deep saline formations are the geological formations considered to hold the highest storage potential, due to their abundance worldwide. To date, however, these formations have been relatively poorly characterized, due to their low economic value. Accordingly, the processes involved in injecting and storing CO2 in such formations still need to be better quantified and methods for characterizing, modeling and monitoring this type of CO2 storage in such formations must be rapidly developed and refined.
Book Synopsis Environmental Applications of Geochemical Modeling by : Chen Zhu
Download or read book Environmental Applications of Geochemical Modeling written by Chen Zhu and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-05-13 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An application of geochemical modeling to environmental problems, illustrated with case studies of real-world environmental investigations.
Book Synopsis Geological Storage of CO2 by : Jan Martin Nordbotten
Download or read book Geological Storage of CO2 written by Jan Martin Nordbotten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-24 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the large research effort in both public and commercial companies, no textbook has yet been written on this subject. This book aims to provide an overview to the topic of Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS), while at the same time focusing on the dominant processes and the mathematical and numerical methods that need to be employed in order to analyze the relevant systems. The book clearly states the carbon problem and the role of CCS and carbon storage. Thereafter, it provides an introduction to single phase and multi-phase flow in porous media, including some of the most common mathematical analysis and an overview of numerical methods for the equations. A considerable part of the book discusses the appropriate scales of modeling, and how to formulate consistent governing equations at these scales. The book also illustrates real world data sets and how the ideas in the book can be exploited through combinations of analytical and numerical approaches.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Geochemical Alterations in an Aquifer Due to Long-term Sequestration of CO2 Using Time-lapse Seismic Information by : Sang Hyon Han
Download or read book Investigating the Geochemical Alterations in an Aquifer Due to Long-term Sequestration of CO2 Using Time-lapse Seismic Information written by Sang Hyon Han and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of chemical interaction between injected CO2, brine, and formation rocks are often ignored in sequestration studies because chemical reactions are assumed to be localized to carbonate rocks that make up only a small proportion of the potential reservoirs. It is conjectured in this work that long-term exposure of certain types of clays and cement material to CO2-brine mixtures can induce chemical reactions and subsequent alteration of rock properties that can be subsequently detected in time-lapse seismic surveys. This is demonstrated using a case-study structured after the Cranfield field injection site. Geochemical alterations of the reservoir rock are quantified by performing reactive transport simulations and subsequently using rock physics models to translate the altered petrophysical properties into seismic responses. The study quantifies the long-term geochemical effects of CO2 injection on the seismic response and conversely, presents an approach to invert the reservoir regions contacted by the CO2-saturated brine based on the observed seismic response. Time lapse or passive seismic monitoring is an effective method for mapping the progress of the CO2 plume through the subsurface. But, because of the lack of resolution of the seismic information, it is necessary to use the seismic information together with prior geologic knowledge about the surface in order to identify if there is any migration of CO2 into regions that might be deemed sensitive e.g. overlying aquifers or faults. Because of uncertainties in the prior geologic description of the reservoir, the feasibility of implementing a model selection process is explored in this work. The model selection procedure utilizes the observed well data and reference seismic map to select a subset of models. The flow simulation of CO2 injection and forward seismic modeling were repeated for the newly generated reservoir models, and the seismic responses were compared for the reaction and non-reaction cases. The study showed that the effects of geochemical reactions on petrophysical properties and resultant spatial distribution of fluid saturation were visible in the seismic response. Major differences in seismic responses were detected in regions of the reservoir where significant amount of minerals were dissolved and precipitated. These regions were at the top of the reservoir due to the reactions caused by the buoyant CO2 plume. The presence of carbonate facies, even in small proportion, plays an important role in geochemical reactions and their effect is manifested at the seismic scale. The unique model selection methodology presented in this thesis is efficient at detecting the important features in the seismic and injection response that is induced by the geochemical alterations occurring in the reservoir. The results of this time-lapse study can provide new interpretation of events observed in time-lapse seismic data that might lead to a better assessment of leakage pathways and other risks.
Book Synopsis Reactive Geochemical Transport Simulation to Study Mineral Trapping for CO2 Disposal in Deep Saline Arenaceous Aquifers by :
Download or read book Reactive Geochemical Transport Simulation to Study Mineral Trapping for CO2 Disposal in Deep Saline Arenaceous Aquifers written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reactive fluid flow and geochemical transport numerical model for evaluating long-term CO2 disposal in deep aquifers has been developed. Using this model, we performed a number of sensitivity simulations under CO2 injection conditions for a commonly encountered Gulf Coast sediment to analyze the impact of CO2 immobilization through carbonate precipitation. Geochemical models are needed because alteration of the predominant host rock aluminosilicate minerals is very slow and is not amenable to laboratory experiment under ambient deep-aquifer conditions. Under conditions considered in our simulations, CO2 trapping by secondary carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), siderite (FeCO3), and dawsonite (NaAlCO3(OH)2) could occur in the presence of high pressure CO2. Variations in precipitation of secondary carbonate minerals strongly depend on rock mineral composition and their kinetic reaction rates. Using the data presented in this paper, CO2 mineral-trapping capability after 10,000 years is comparable to CO2 dissolution in pore waters (2-5 kg CO2 per cubic meter of formation). Under favorable conditions such as increase of the Mg-bearing mineral clinochlore (Mg5Al2Si3O10(OH)) abundance, the capacity can be larger (10 kg CO2 per cubic meter of formation) due to increase of dolomite precipitation. Carbon dioxide-induced rock mineral alteration and the addition of CO2 mass as secondary carbonates to the solid matrix results in decreases in porosity. A maximum 3% porosity decrease is obtained in our simulations. A small decrease in porosity may result in a significant decrease in permeability. The numerical simulations described here provide useful insight into sequestration mechanisms, and their controlling conditions and parameters.
Book Synopsis Experimental Design Applications for Modeling and Assessing Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Saline Aquifers by :
Download or read book Experimental Design Applications for Modeling and Assessing Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Saline Aquifers written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project was a computer modeling effort to couple reservoir simulation and ED/RSM using Sensitivity Analysis, Uncertainty Analysis, and Optimization Methods, to assess geologic, geochemical, geomechanical, and rock-fluid effects and factors on CO2 injectivity, capacity, and plume migration. The project objective was to develop proxy models to simplify the highly complex coupled geochemical and geomechanical models in the utilization and storage of CO2 in the subsurface. The goals were to investigate and prove the feasibility of the ED/RSM processes and engineering development, and bridge the gaps regarding the uncertainty and unknowns of the many geochemical and geomechanical interacting parameters in the development and operation of anthropogenic CO2 sequestration and storage sites. The bottleneck in this workflow is the high computational effort of reactive transport simulation models and large number of input variables to optimize with ED/RSM techniques. The project was not to develop the reactive transport, geomechanical, or ED/RSM software, but was to use what was commercially and/or publically available as a proof of concept to generate proxy or surrogate models. A detailed geologic and petrographic mineral assemblage and geologic structure of the doubly plunging anticline was defined using the USDOE RMOTC formations of interest data (e.g., Lower Sundance, Crow Mountain, Alcova Limestone, and Red Peak). The assemblage of 23 minerals was primarily developed from literature data and petrophysical (well log) analysis. The assemblage and structure was input into a commercial reactive transport simulator to predict the effects of CO2 injection and complex reactions with the reservoir rock. Significant impediments were encountered during the execution phase of the project. The only known commercial reactive transport simulator was incapable of simulating complex geochemistry modeled in this project. Significant effort and project funding was expended to determine the limitations of both the commercial simulator and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) R & D simulator, TOUGHREACT available to the project. A simplified layer cake model approximating the volume of the RMOTC targeted reservoirs was defined with 1-3 minerals eventually modeled with limited success. Modeling reactive transport in porous media requires significant computational power. In this project, up to 24 processors were used to model a limited mineral set of 1-3 minerals. In addition, geomechanical aspects of injecting CO2 into closed, semi-open, and open systems in various well completion methods was simulated. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) as a storage method was not modeled. A robust and stable simulation dataset or base case was developed and used to create a master dataset with embedded instructions for input to the ED/RSM software. Little success was achieved toward the objective of the project using the commercial simulator or the LBNL simulator versions available during the time of this project. Several hundred realizations were run with the commercial simulator and ED/RSM software, most having convergence problems and terminating prematurely. A proxy model for full field CO2 injection sequestration utilization and storage was not capable of being developed with software available for this project. Though the chemistry is reasonably known and understood, based on the amount of effort and huge computational time required, predicting CO2 sequestration storage capacity in geologic formations to within the program goals of ±30% proved unsuccessful.
Book Synopsis Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project by : David C Thomas
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project written by David C Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-03 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, the prospect of climate change resulting from anthropogenic CO2 has become a matter of growing public concern. Not only is the reduction of CO2 emissions extremely important, but keeping the cost at a manageable level is a prime priority for companies and the public, alike. The CO2 capture project (CCP) came together with a common goal in mind: find a technological process to capture CO2 emissions that is relatively low-cost and able be to be expanded to industrial applications. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project outlines the research and findings of all the participating companies and associations involved in the CCP. The final results of thousands of hours of research are outlined in the book, showing a successful achievement of the CCP's goals for lower cost CO2 capture technology and furthering the safe, reliable option of geological storage. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project is a valuable reference for any scientists, industrialists, government agencies, and companies interested in a safer, more cost-efficient response to the CO2 crisis.
Book Synopsis Geochemical Impacts of Carbon Dioxide, Brine, Trace Metal and Organic Leakage Into an Unconfined, Oxidizing Limestone Aquifer by :
Download or read book Geochemical Impacts of Carbon Dioxide, Brine, Trace Metal and Organic Leakage Into an Unconfined, Oxidizing Limestone Aquifer written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 4684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important risk at CO2 storage sites is the potential for groundwater quality impacts. As part of a system to assess the potential for these impacts a geochemical scaling function has been developed, based on a detailed reactive transport model of CO2 and brine leakage into an unconfined, oxidizing carbonate aquifer. Stochastic simulations varying a number of geochemical parameters were used to generate a response surface predicting the volume of aquifer that would be impacted with respect to regulated contaminants. The brine was assumed to contain several trace metals and organic contaminants. Aquifer pH and TDS were influenced by CO2 leakage, while trace metal concentrations were most influenced by the brine concentrations rather than adsorption or desorption on calcite. Organic plume sizes were found to be strongly influenced by biodegradation.
Book Synopsis Geochemical Modelling of CO2 in Saline Aquifers by : Sharidah Mohd Amin
Download or read book Geochemical Modelling of CO2 in Saline Aquifers written by Sharidah Mohd Amin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Petrophysical Modeling and Simulation Study of Geological CO2 Sequestration by : Xianhui Kong
Download or read book Petrophysical Modeling and Simulation Study of Geological CO2 Sequestration written by Xianhui Kong and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have recently become the significant focus of engineering research. The geological sequestration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) is one approach that has been proposed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and slow down global warming. Geological sequestration involves the injection of produced CO2 into subsurface formations and trapping the gas through many geological mechanisms, such as structural trapping, capillary trapping, dissolution, and mineralization. While some progress in our understanding of fluid flow in porous media has been made, many petrophysical phenomena, such as multi-phase flow, capillarity, geochemical reactions, geomechanical effect, etc., that occur during geological CO2 sequestration remain inadequately studied and pose a challenge for continued study. It is critical to continue to research on these important issues. Numerical simulators are essential tools to develop a better understanding of the geologic characteristics of brine reservoirs and to build support for future CO2 storage projects. Modeling CO2 injection requires the implementation of multiphase flow model and an Equation of State (EOS) module to compute the dissolution of CO2 in brine and vice versa. In this study, we used the Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator (IPARS) developed at the Center for Subsurface Modeling at The University of Texas at Austin to model the injection process and storage of CO2 in saline aquifers. We developed and implemented new petrophysical models in IPARS, and applied these models to study the process of CO2 sequestration. The research presented in this dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part of the dissertation discusses petrophysical and computational models for the mechanical, geological, petrophysical phenomena occurring during CO2 injection and sequestration. The effectiveness of CO2 storage in saline aquifers is governed by the interplay of capillary, viscous, and buoyancy forces. Recent experimental data reveals the impact of pressure, temperature, and salinity on interfacial tension (IFT) between CO2 and brine. The dependence of CO2-brine relative permeability and capillary pressure on IFT is also clearly evident in published experimental results. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that control the migration and trapping of CO2 in the subsurface is crucial to design future storage projects for long-term, safe containment. We have developed numerical models for CO2 trapping and migration in aquifers, including a compositional flow model, a relative permeability model, a capillary model, an interfacial tension model, and others. The heterogeneities in porosity and permeability are also coupled to the petrophysical models. We have developed and implemented a general relative permeability model that combines the effects of pressure gradient, buoyancy, and capillary pressure in a compositional and parallel simulator. The significance of IFT variations on CO2 migration and trapping is assessed. The variation of residual saturation is modeled based on interfacial tension and trapping number, and a hysteretic trapping model is also presented. The second part of this dissertation is a model validation and sensitivity study using coreflood simulation data derived from laboratory study. The motivation of this study is to gain confidence in the results of the numerical simulator by validating the models and the numerical accuracies using laboratory and field pilot scale results. Published steady state, core-scale CO2/brine displacement results were selected as a reference basis for our numerical study. High-resolution compositional simulations of brine displacement with supercritical CO2 are presented using IPARS. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of the Berea sandstone core was constructed using heterogeneous permeability and porosity distributions based on geostatistical data. The measured capillary pressure curve was scaled using the Leverett J-function to include local heterogeneity in the sub-core scale. Simulation results indicate that accurate representation of capillary pressure at sub-core scales is critical. Water drying and the shift in relative permeability had a significant impact on the final CO2 distribution along the core. This study provided insights into the role of heterogeneity in the final CO2 distribution, where a slight variation in porosity gives rise to a large variation in the CO2 saturation distribution. The third part of this study is a simulation study using IPARS for Cranfield pilot CO2 sequestration field test, conducted by the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at The University of Texas at Austin. In this CO2 sequestration project, a total of approximately 2.5 million tons supercritical CO2 was injected into a deep saline aquifer about ~10000 ft deep over 2 years, beginning December 1st 2009. In this chapter, we use the simulation capabilities of IPARS to numerically model the CO2 injection process in Cranfield. We conducted a corresponding history-matching study and got good agreement with field observation. Extensive sensitivity studies were also conducted for CO2 trapping, fluid phase behavior, relative permeability, wettability, gravity and buoyancy, and capillary effects on sequestration. Simulation results are consistent with the observed CO2 breakthrough time at the first observation well. Numerical results are also consistent with bottomhole injection flowing pressure for the first 350 days before the rate increase. The abnormal pressure response with rate increase on day 350 indicates possible geomechanical issues, which can be represented in simulation using an induced fracture near the injection well. The recorded injection well bottomhole pressure data were successfully matched after modeling the fracture in the simulation model. Results also illustrate the importance of using accurate trapping models to predict CO2 immobilization behavior. The impact of CO2/brine relative permeability curves and trapping model on bottom-hole injection pressure is also demonstrated.
