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Geochemical Changes In Pore Water And Reservoir Rock Due To Co 2 Injection In The Altmark Natural Gas Reservoir
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Book Synopsis Geochemical Changes in Pore Water and Reservoir Rock Due to CO 2 Injection in the Altmark Natural Gas Reservoir by : Farhana Huq
Download or read book Geochemical Changes in Pore Water and Reservoir Rock Due to CO 2 Injection in the Altmark Natural Gas Reservoir written by Farhana Huq and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis CO2 Injection in the Network of Carbonate Fractures by : J. Carlos de Dios
Download or read book CO2 Injection in the Network of Carbonate Fractures written by J. Carlos de Dios and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents guidelines for the design, operation and monitoring of CO2 injection in fractured carbonates, with low permeability in the rock matrix, for geological storage in permanent trapping. CO2 migration is dominated by fractures in formations where the hydrodynamic and geochemical effects induced by the injection play a key role influencing the reservoir behavior. CO2 injection in these rocks shows specific characteristics that are different to injection in porous media, as the results from several research studies worldwide reveal. All aspects of a project of this type are discussed in this text, from the drilling to the injection, as well as support works like well logging, laboratory and field tests, modeling, and risk assessment. Examples are provided, lesson learned is detailed, and conclusions are drawn. This work is derived from the experience of international research teams and particularly from that gained during the design, construction and operation of Hontomín Technology Development Plant. Hontomín research pilot is currently the only active onshore injection site in the European Union, operated by Fundación Ciudad de la Energía-CIUDEN F.S.P. and recognized by the European Parliament as a key test facility. The authors provide guidelines and tools to enable readers to find solutions to their problems. The book covers activities relevant to a wide range of practitioners involved in reservoir exploration, modeling, site operation and monitoring. Fluid injection in fractured media shows specific features that are different than injection in porous media, influencing the reservoir behavior and defining conditions for safe and efficient operation. Therefore, this book is also useful to professionals working on oil & gas, hydrogeology and geothermal projects, and in general for those whose work is related to activities using fluid injection in the ground.
Book Synopsis Geomechanical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Aspects of Co2 Injection Into Saline Reservoirs by : Maziar Foroutan
Download or read book Geomechanical, Geochemical, and Hydrological Aspects of Co2 Injection Into Saline Reservoirs written by Maziar Foroutan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon dioxide Capturing, and Sequestration (CCS) is a promising technique that helps mitigate the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. CCS process mainly involves capturing CO2 at the industrial plant, followed by transportation and injection into a suitable geological storage, under supercritical conditions. Saline aquifers are among the best geological storage candidates due to their availability, high storage capacity and injectivity. Despite the CCUS technology promise, several public safety concerns remain to be address, including but not limited to reservoir/wellbore stability and integrity, CO2 leakage, ground deformation (uplift) and induced seismicity. The injected supercritical CO2 is trapped through different mechanisms in the host reservoir including (i) structural and stratigraphic trapping, (ii) residual trapping, (iii) solubility trapping, and (iv) mineral trapping. Dissolution of CO2 into the formation brine creates an acidic environment, which is highly reactive. The potential mineral dissolution in reservoir rocks can enhance the storage capacity and reservoir injectivity, while the secondary precipitation of minerals can decrease the storage capacity and injectivity. However, the geochemical processes triggered by CO2 injection can potentially degrade the mechanical properties of the reservoir rock, which can consequently disturb the wellbore-stability, reservoir integrity, and lead to significant reservoir compaction. Furthermore, injecting CO2 changes the stress-regime by increasing pore-pressure in the reservoir and its surroundings, which can potentially reactivate the existing faults, leading to induced seismicity. In this research, experiments were performed to evaluate the variation of porosity and pore-connectivity of intact sandstone specimens upon injecting CO2-enriched brine. In addition, the permeability evolution during the CO2-enriched brine injection process was evaluated under different reservoir condition. The mechanical impacts of injecting CO2-enriched brine were evaluated by comparing the mechanical properties (i.e., elastic, strength, seismic and time dependent properties) before and after injecting CO2-enriched brine. In addition, to evaluate the response of fractured reservoirs to CO2 injection, CO2-enriched brine was injected into a limestone and varyingly cemented (i.e., calcite and quartz cemented) sandstone specimens that were artificially fractured. The experimental results were used to numerically simulate CO2 injection into a core-scale porous medium to investigate the changes in CO2 concentration and mass transfer mechanism under different porosity, permeability, and injection pressure values. The experimental results of injecting CO2-enrihed brine to the intact (non-fractured) specimens revealed permeability enhancement and mechanical weakening caused by mineral dissolution. The extent of changes in permeability and mechanical properties of rock specimens varied under different reservoir conditions (i.e., pressure, salinity, and temperature). The mechanical weakening increased the possibility of induced seismicity, which consequently resulted in decreasing the allowable injection pressure of CO2. However, the permeability increase resulted in enhancing CO2 mass transfer and accelerating the solubility trapping in the brine aquifer.
Book Synopsis Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage by : Dayanand Saini
Download or read book Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage written by Dayanand Saini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-22 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book explores the lessons learned in and potentials of injecting supercritical CO2 into depleted oil and gas reservoirs, in order to maximize both hydrocarbon recovery and the storage capacities of injected CO2. The author provides a detailed discussion of key engineering parameters of simultaneous CO2 enhanced oil recovery and CO2 storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs. These include candidate site selection, CO2 oil miscibility, maximizing CO2-storage capacity in enhanced oil recovery operations, well configurations, and cap and reservoir rock integrity. The book will help practicing professionals devise strategies to curb greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil fuels for energy production via geologic CO2 storage, while developing CO2 injection as an economically viable and environmentally sensible business model for hydrocarbon exploration and production in a low carbon economy.
Book Synopsis Advances in the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide by : S. Lombardi
Download or read book Advances in the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide written by S. Lombardi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-13 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As is now generally accepted mankind’s burning of fossil fuels has resulted in the mass transfer of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, a modification of the delicately-balanced global carbon cycle, and a measurable change in world-wide temperatures and climate. Although not the most powerful greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO) drives climate 2 change due to the enormous volumes of this gas pumped into the atmosphere every day. Produced in almost equal parts by the transportation, industrial and energy-generating sectors, atmospheric CO concentrations have 2 increased by about 50% over the last 300 years, and according to some sources are predicted to increase by up to 200% over pre-industrial levels during the next 100 years. If we are to reverse this trend, in order to prevent significant environmental change in the future, action must be taken immediately. While reduced use of fossil fuels (through conservation, increased efficiency and expanded use of renewable energy sources) must be our ultimate goal, short to medium term solutions are needed which can make an impact today. Various types of CO storage techniques have been proposed to fill this 2 need, with the injection of this gas into deep geological reservoirs being one of the most promising. For example this approach has the potential to become a closed loop system, whereby underground energy resources are brought to surface, their energy extracted (via burning or hydrogen extraction), and the resulting by-products returned to the subsurface.
Book Synopsis Geochemical Effects of Elevated Methane and Carbon Dioxide in Near-surface Sediments Above an EOR/CCUS Site by : Mary Catherine Hingst Mary Catherine Hingst
Download or read book Geochemical Effects of Elevated Methane and Carbon Dioxide in Near-surface Sediments Above an EOR/CCUS Site written by Mary Catherine Hingst Mary Catherine Hingst and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) aims to reduce CO2 emissions by capturing CO2 from sources and injecting it into geologic reservoirs for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery and storage. One concern is that unintentional CO2 and reservoir gas release to the surface may occur through seepage pathways such as fractures and/or improperly plugged wells. We hypothesize that CO2 and CH4 migration into the vadose zone and subsequent O2 dilution and Eh and pH changes could create an increased potential for metal mobilization, which could potentially contaminate ground and surface waters. This potential has not been addressed elsewhere. Goals of this study are to understand how the potential for metal mobilization through soil pore water may increase due to CO2 and CH4 and to assess potential impact to aquifers and/or the biosphere. The study was conducted at a CCUS site in Cranfield, MS, where localized seepage of CH4 (45%) from depth reaches the surface and oxidizes to CO2 (34%) in the vadose zone near a plugged well. Four sediment cores (4.5-9m long) were collected in a transect extending from a background site through the area of anomalously high soil gas CO2 and CH4 concentrations. Sediment samples were analyzed for Eh and pH using slurries (1:1 vol. with DI water) in the field and for occluded gas concentrations, metal (Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) concentrations, moisture content, organic carbon content, and grain size in the laboratory. Data from the background reference area (no gas anomaly: occluded gas ~21% O2,
Download or read book CLEAN written by Michael Kühn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-14 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The project CLEAN (CO2 Large-Scale Enhanced Gas Recovery in the Altmark Natural Gas Field) provides site specific knowledge for a potential future pilot project. This contributed volume gives an overview and final results of the entire project which is finalized to the end of 2012.
Book Synopsis Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project by : David C Thomas
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep Geologic Formations - Results from the CO2 Capture Project written by David C Thomas and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-01-03 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, the prospect of climate change resulting from anthropogenic CO2 has become a matter of growing public concern. Not only is the reduction of CO2 emissions extremely important, but keeping the cost at a manageable level is a prime priority for companies and the public, alike. The CO2 capture project (CCP) came together with a common goal in mind: find a technological process to capture CO2 emissions that is relatively low-cost and able be to be expanded to industrial applications. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project outlines the research and findings of all the participating companies and associations involved in the CCP. The final results of thousands of hours of research are outlined in the book, showing a successful achievement of the CCP's goals for lower cost CO2 capture technology and furthering the safe, reliable option of geological storage. The Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project is a valuable reference for any scientists, industrialists, government agencies, and companies interested in a safer, more cost-efficient response to the CO2 crisis.
Book Synopsis Injection and Reservoir Hazard Management by :
Download or read book Injection and Reservoir Hazard Management written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The In Salah Gas Project (ISG), a joint venture (JV) of BP, Sonatrach, and StatoilHydro, has two fundamental goals: (1) 25-30 years of 9 bcfy natural gas production from 8 fields in the Algerian Central Sahara, and (2) successful minimization of the associated environmental footprint by capture and subsurface isolation of the excess CO2 extracted from production streams and subsurface isolation in the Krechba sandstone reservoir. The In Salah project provides an opportunity to study key physical and chemical processes in operational deployment of geological carbon sequestration. The objectives of the research are to study two components relevant to storage effectiveness and operational success at In Salah: Reactive chemistry of the brine-CO2-reservoir-caprock-wellbore system, and the geomechanical effects of large-scale injection on crustal deformation and fault leakage hazards. Results from this work will enhance predictive capability of field performance, provide a new basis for interpretation of geophysical monitoring at In Salah, and provide additional information relevant to the creation of geological sequestration standards. The Joint Industry Partners (JIP: BP, StatoilHydro, Sonatrach) and LLNL will share data and results to achieve the objectives of the proposed work. The objective of the work performed at LLNL is to integrate LLNL core strengths in geochemistry and geomechanics to better understand and predict the fate of injected CO2 in the field. The mechanical, chemical and transport properties of the reservoir-caprock system are coupled. We are using LLNL-developed quantitative tools to assess the potential for CO2 migration/leakage caused by injection-induced deformation. The geomechanical work is focused upon fault activation, fluid induced fracturing of the caprock and permeability field evolution of the fractured reservoir. These results will be used in concert with reactive transport calculations to predict the ultimate fate of the CO2. We will integrate laboratory and reactive transport modeling to assess CO2 plume migration and partitioning between different trapping mechanisms. Geochemical reactive transport modeling will be used to address multiphase flow (supercritical CO2 and water), CO2 dissolution, mineral sequestration, and porosity/permeability changes. The reactive transport portion of the work ultimately couples with geomechanical modeling. In particular, the distribution of the pressure perturbation induced by injection drives the geomechanical response. Subsequently, the geochemical work determines if water-rock interactions eventually enhance or suppress fractures. A key focus of this work is to establish the site specific interactions of geomechanics, reactive flow and transport. This involves building and refining models of the reservoir and overburden. The models will undergo continual refinement in response to data collected in the field and experiments performed at LLNL and elsewhere. This project commenced in FY08, with DOE funding starting in April, FY08. We have successfully initiated a cross-disciplinary study of the In Salah CO2 sequestration project and have met all FY08 and FY09 Q1, Q2 and Q3 milestones. During the reporting period, we continued to acquire and process data from the JIP to import into our own geomechanical and geochemical computational tools. The lab testing program continued using both locally formulated cements and field samples from Krechba. The geomechanical studies indicate that pore fluid pressures induced by injection will lead to significant permeability enhancement of the combination of fracture network and fault network within the reservoir in the vicinity of the injectors. We continued reactive transport calculations for CO2 rich fluids flowing through fractures. These calculations demonstrate that although porosity and permeability changes are expected in response to CO2 injection they are not anticipated to have a significant effect upon transport properties within the reservoir or caprock. The experimental program continued on schedule, providing refined estimates of the in situ quality of the wellbore cement composition in the field. These results will be used to inform estimates of the risk of wellbore seepage of CO2. Geomechanical analysis identified which faults are most likely flow conduits and which are expected to act as flow barriers for inclusion into reservoir models. Subsequent NUFT simulations were performed based upon this information and the results indicate that the presence of faults in the vicinity of the KB-502 injector may be responsible for the early breakthrough of CO2 observed at KB-5. Additionally, we have simulated the uplift of the overburden resulting from NUFT reservoir models of fluid injection and compared the results with the InSAR data.
Book Synopsis Chemo-mechanical Impacts on Morrow B Sandstone Reservoir and Caprock in an Active Carbon Dioxide Injection Project, Farnsworth Field Unit, Texas by : Benjamin Adu-Gyamfi
Download or read book Chemo-mechanical Impacts on Morrow B Sandstone Reservoir and Caprock in an Active Carbon Dioxide Injection Project, Farnsworth Field Unit, Texas written by Benjamin Adu-Gyamfi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geochemical process was activated by modeling three intra-aqueous reactions and six mineral reactions. The geochemical reactions, including mineral precipitation and dissolution, lead to petrophysical property alteration that affects fluid migration and CO2 storage. In addition, the geomechanical effects considered were the stress-induced porosity and permeability changes. The CO2 storage mechanisms considered in this study include structural, solubility, residual gas, and mineral trapping. To investigate the long-term fate of the injected CO2, the integrity of the Morrow shale caprock was examined.The simulation results indicated that geomechanical processes significantly affected the petrophysical properties of the Morrow B reservoir and caprock more than the geochemical reactions had. The most significant amount of CO2 was stored due to structural, making the caprock integrity analysis crucial. However, the caprock proved to be stable and far from mechanical failure.
Book Synopsis Geochemical kinetics during CO2 sequestration : the reactivity of the Hontomín caprock and the hydration of MgO by : Gabriela Dávila Ordoñez
Download or read book Geochemical kinetics during CO2 sequestration : the reactivity of the Hontomín caprock and the hydration of MgO written by Gabriela Dávila Ordoñez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A test site for CO2 geological storage is situated in Hontomín (Burgos, northern Spain) with a reservoir rock that is mainly composed of limestone. The reservoir rock is a deep saline aquifer, which contains a NaCl- and sulfate-rich groundwater in equilibrium with calcite and gypsum, and is covered by a very low permeability formation composed of marls, marly limestone and bitominous shales which acts as a caprock. During and after CO2 injection, since the resident groundwater contains sulfate, the resulting CO2-rich acid solution may gives rise to the dissolution and precipitation may occur. These reactions that may imply changes in the porosity, permeability and pore structure of the rock could vary the CO2 seal capacity of the caprock. Therefore, performing reliable experiments and reactive transport modeling to gain knowledge about the overall process of gypsum precipitation at the expense of calcite dissolution in CO2-rich solutions and its implications for the hydrodynamic properties of the caprock is necessary. A first aim of this thesis is to better understand these coupled reactions by assessing the effect that PTotal, pCO2, T, mineralogy, acidity and solution saturation state exert on these reactions. To this end, flow-through experiments with illite powder samples and flow-through experiments and columns filled with crushed marly limestone are conducted under different PTotal-pCO2 conditions (atmospheric: 1-10-3.5 and subcritical: 10-10 bar), T (25 and 60 °C) and input solution compositions (gypsum-undersaturated and gypsum-equilibrated solutions). A second aim of this PhD study is to evaluate the interaction between the Hontomín marl and CO2-rich sulfate solutions under supercritical CO2 conditions (PTotal = 150 bar, pCO2 = 61 bar and T = 60 °C). Flow-through percolation experiments were performed using artificially fractured cores to elucidate (i) the role of the composition of the injected solutions (S-free and S-rich solutions) and (ii) the effect of the flow rate (0.2, 1 and 60 mL min-1) on fracture permeability. Major dissolution of calcite (S-free and S-rich solutions) and precipitation of gypsum (S-rich solution) together with minor dissolution of the silicate minerals contributed to the formation of an altered skeleton-like zone (mainly made up of unreacted clays) along the fracture walls. Dissolution patterns changed from face dissolution to wormhole formation and uniform dissolution with increasing Peclet numbers. The third aim is to study caustic magnesia (MgO) as an alternative to Portland cement, not only to be used in the space between the well casing and the rock but also to seal rock fractures (grouting). The overall MgO-carbonation process is considered to happen when MgO hydrates rapidly to form brucite (Mg(OH)2). When brucite dissolves in a Ca-rich and CO2-saturated solution, the solution supersaturates with respect to Ca and/or Mg carbonates (e.g., dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), nesquehonite (MgCO3·3(H2O)), hydromagnesite (Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4(H2O)) and magnesite (MgCO3)). Different T and pCO2 conditions will determine the formation of these carbonates. The molar volumes of the implicated minerals (cm3 mol-1) [(Mg(OH)2 (24.63), CaCO3 (36.93), MgCO3 (28.02), CaMg(CO3)2 (64.37), Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4(H2O) (208.08), MgCO3·3(H2O) (75.47)], with large molar volumes for the secondary phases, favor a potential decrease in porosity and hence the sealing of cracks in cement structures, preventing CO2 leakage. MgO carbonation has been studied by means of batch experiments under subcritic (pCO2 of 10 and 50 bar and T of 25, 70 and 90 °C) and supercritic (pCO2 of 74 bar and T of 70 and 90 °C) CO2 conditions. In all cases, CrunchFlow numerical code was used to perform 1D, 2D and OD reactive transport simulations of the experiments to evaluate mineral reaction rates in the system and quantify the porosity variation in the columns, percolation and batch experiments respectively.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Geochemical Alterations in an Aquifer Due to Long-term Sequestration of CO2 Using Time-lapse Seismic Information by : Sang Hyon Han
Download or read book Investigating the Geochemical Alterations in an Aquifer Due to Long-term Sequestration of CO2 Using Time-lapse Seismic Information written by Sang Hyon Han and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of chemical interaction between injected CO2, brine, and formation rocks are often ignored in sequestration studies because chemical reactions are assumed to be localized to carbonate rocks that make up only a small proportion of the potential reservoirs. It is conjectured in this work that long-term exposure of certain types of clays and cement material to CO2-brine mixtures can induce chemical reactions and subsequent alteration of rock properties that can be subsequently detected in time-lapse seismic surveys. This is demonstrated using a case-study structured after the Cranfield field injection site. Geochemical alterations of the reservoir rock are quantified by performing reactive transport simulations and subsequently using rock physics models to translate the altered petrophysical properties into seismic responses. The study quantifies the long-term geochemical effects of CO2 injection on the seismic response and conversely, presents an approach to invert the reservoir regions contacted by the CO2-saturated brine based on the observed seismic response. Time lapse or passive seismic monitoring is an effective method for mapping the progress of the CO2 plume through the subsurface. But, because of the lack of resolution of the seismic information, it is necessary to use the seismic information together with prior geologic knowledge about the surface in order to identify if there is any migration of CO2 into regions that might be deemed sensitive e.g. overlying aquifers or faults. Because of uncertainties in the prior geologic description of the reservoir, the feasibility of implementing a model selection process is explored in this work. The model selection procedure utilizes the observed well data and reference seismic map to select a subset of models. The flow simulation of CO2 injection and forward seismic modeling were repeated for the newly generated reservoir models, and the seismic responses were compared for the reaction and non-reaction cases. The study showed that the effects of geochemical reactions on petrophysical properties and resultant spatial distribution of fluid saturation were visible in the seismic response. Major differences in seismic responses were detected in regions of the reservoir where significant amount of minerals were dissolved and precipitated. These regions were at the top of the reservoir due to the reactions caused by the buoyant CO2 plume. The presence of carbonate facies, even in small proportion, plays an important role in geochemical reactions and their effect is manifested at the seismic scale. The unique model selection methodology presented in this thesis is efficient at detecting the important features in the seismic and injection response that is induced by the geochemical alterations occurring in the reservoir. The results of this time-lapse study can provide new interpretation of events observed in time-lapse seismic data that might lead to a better assessment of leakage pathways and other risks.
Book Synopsis Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage by : Dayanand Saini
Download or read book Engineering Aspects of Geologic CO2 Storage written by Dayanand Saini and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Geomechanical Characterization of CO2 Storage Reservoirs on the Rock Springs Uplift, WY by : Hua Yu
Download or read book Geomechanical Characterization of CO2 Storage Reservoirs on the Rock Springs Uplift, WY written by Hua Yu and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carbon sequestration in deep geological formations has been considered as an important and practical solution to significantly reduce the CO2 emission. CO2 injection into reservoirs may lead to mechanical, chemical, and hydrological effects on the geological formations. This Ph.D. research primarily focuses on quantifying and analyzing geomechanical properties and the effect of CO2 on geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks. The research includes: 1) select and prepare rock samples (Weber Sandstone) from Rock Springs Uplift, Wyoming; 2) design and conduct geomechanical experiments; 3) improve the estimations of geomechanical properties of rocks; 4) develop the analytical model describing the nonlinear rock failure behavior; 5) investigate the effect of compliant pores on reservoir rocks under different stress states; 6) quantify and analyze the changes in geomechanical properties of reservoir rocks due to CO2. Major conclusions drawn from this research were summarized. First, a new method proposed for estimating elastic constants and crack propagation stress thresholds significantly eliminates bias due to both user-defined data interval and poor data resolution on the stress-strain data analysis procedures. Second, a generalized power-law failure criterion was derived in terms of the rock strength properties and validated through published test data for different rock types. Third, the nonlinear pore pressure-volumetric strain relationship at low confining pressure changes to a linear behavior at high confining pressure. Fourth, the unstable crack growth region governed by the initial compliant porosity is independent of the differential pressure. Fifth, the effect of CO2 on geomechanical properties of Weber Sandstone in the linear elastic, nonlinear plastic, and post-failure regime is limited. However, a consistent change in Mohr failure coefficients due to CO2 was observed.
Book Synopsis Carbon Dioxide-water-rock Interaction in a Carbonate Reservoir Capped by a Clay by : Virginia M. Marcon
Download or read book Carbon Dioxide-water-rock Interaction in a Carbonate Reservoir Capped by a Clay written by Virginia M. Marcon and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deep geologic formations are attractive reservoirs for geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) due to their ability to store hydrocarbons for millions of years. The technology needed for injecting CO2 into these geologic formations was established through the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and enhanced gas recovery (EGR). However, there are some risks associated with CO2 injection such as leakage of inorganic compounds into overlying potable aquifers. Since it is difficult to avoid leakage in these systems, understanding how leaks may affect the chemistry of overlying potable aquifers is crucial. Two groups of hydrothermal experiments were performed to evaluate metal mobilization and mechanisms of release from within a storage reservoir. The first group of experiments react idealized Desert Creek limestone and/or Gothic Shale, formations in the Paradox Basin, Utah, at 160C and 25MPa in a brine (I = 3.3m). These experiments investigated the release of harmful metals from two zones within a sequestration injection reservoir: at the caprock-reservoir boundary and deeper within the reservoir. Experimental results show that CO2 injection decreases the pH by 1 to 2 units; concomitant mineral dissolution produces elevated Ba, Cu, Fe Pb and Zn concentrations in the brine. Concentrations subsequently decrease to approximately steady state values after 120-330 hours as a result of secondary mineralization of Ca-Mg-Fe carbonates, metal sulfides (i.e. Fe, As, Ag and Co sulfides), sulfates and clays. Iron, an element of secondary concern, and lead exceed the EPA regulated limits in both experiments at termination; Ba, Cu and Zn concentrations remain below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) maximum contaminate limits (MCL). Transition elements Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn as well as Pb, behave in a similar manner, increasing in concentration with injection but continually decreasing after about 830 hours until termination of the experiment. Nickel, not a regulated element, is also readily mobilized, and is associated with human health concerns at elevated concentrations. If brines leak from a storage reservoir and mix with a potable aquifer, the experimental results suggest that Ba, Cu and Zn will not be contaminants of concern, but Fe, Ni and Pb may require careful attention. However, experimentally observed trends of decreasing trace metal concentrations suggest that these metals could become less of a concern during the life of a carbon repository. Finally, the caprock plays an active role in trace metal evolution in the system. The caprock provides a large source of metals, but secondary mineralization and adsorption may remove metals of concern from solution. The second group of hydrothermal experiments reacted an idealized carbonate injection reservoir (Fe-rich dolomite) and caprock (illite) in a water (I =0.1m) to investigate the potential for metal mobilization and precipitation within a GCS scenario. Experiments investigated three locations within a sequestration reservoir: deep within the storage reservoir, within the caprock and at the caprock-reservoir boundary. The experiments were reacted for ~55 days: 17 days to approach steady state before CO2 is injected and 38 days to monitor changes from CO2 injection. Several major and minor ions, total dissolved CO2 and pH were monitored throughout the duration of the experiments. In all three experiments, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, SiO2 and SO4 increased as a result of CO2-injection, but subsequently decline through the termination of the experiments. The aqueous data supported by geochemical equilibrium modeling, FESEM images and XRD results indicate initial dissolution of illite and dolomite minerals followed by re-precipitation of Ca, Mg, Fe-carbonates, Fe, Ag-sulfides, Ba-sulfates, clays and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn-metal-oxides. Trace metals in these experiments did not exceed the U.S. EPA's primary or secondary MCL, but geochemical patterns denote valuable information for metal release, co-precipitation and adsorption of metals in a sequestration scenario. Experiments replicating an idealized carbonate injection reservoir show that metals are more readily mobilized than in experiments containing a caprock. Once the caprock is included in the system, water chemistry, FESEM and modeling results suggest increased adsorption and co-precipitation of the potentially harmful metals, which removes mobilized metals from solution. Barium, Sr and Fe are potential elements of concern in a sequestration scenario due to mobility of the metals.
Book Synopsis Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding by : John H. Goodrich
Download or read book Target Reservoirs for CO2 Miscible Flooding written by John H. Goodrich and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis CO2 Injection and Reservoir Characterization by : Kelli A. McGuire
Download or read book CO2 Injection and Reservoir Characterization written by Kelli A. McGuire and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
