Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underpinning Vulnerability to Developing Psychiatric Disorders

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889765156
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underpinning Vulnerability to Developing Psychiatric Disorders by : Elena Martín-García

Download or read book Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underpinning Vulnerability to Developing Psychiatric Disorders written by Elena Martín-García and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-07-06 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Epigenetics in Psychiatry

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0124171346
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (241 download)

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Book Synopsis Epigenetics in Psychiatry by : Jacob Peedicayil

Download or read book Epigenetics in Psychiatry written by Jacob Peedicayil and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-23 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics in Psychiatry covers all major areas of psychiatry in which extensive epigenetic research has been performed, fully encompassing a diverse and maturing field, including drug addiction, bipolar disorder, epidemiology, cognitive disorders, and the uses of putative epigenetic-based psychotropic drugs. Uniquely, each chapter correlates epigenetics with relevant advances across genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. The book acts as a catalyst for further research in this potentially very important and useful area of psychiatry. The elucidation of basic principles of epigenetic biology points to the creation of more optimal and effective therapies for major classes of psychiatric disease. In this regard, epigenetic therapy, the use of drugs to correct epigenetic defects, may help in the pharmacotherapy of patients with these disorders. With time, such advances may eventually point to replacements for psychotropic drugs presently of symptomatic value and low efficacy. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that other forms of treatment commonly used in the management of psychiatric disorders, like psychotherapy and electroconvulsive therapy, may also act by epigenetic mechanisms. Chapters review fascinating new areas of research across neuronal stem cells, cognitive disorders, and transgenerational epigenetics through drug addiction Relates broad advances in psychiatric epigenetics to a modern understanding of the genome, transcriptome, and protein Catalyzes knowledge discovery in both basic epigenetic biology and clinical application as epigenetic targets for drug discovery

The Epigenetics Revolution

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Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231530714
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Epigenetics Revolution by : Nessa Carey

Download or read book The Epigenetics Revolution written by Nessa Carey and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2012-03-06 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics can potentially revolutionize our understanding of the structure and behavior of biological life on Earth. It explains why mapping an organism's genetic code is not enough to determine how it develops or acts and shows how nurture combines with nature to engineer biological diversity. Surveying the twenty-year history of the field while also highlighting its latest findings and innovations, this volume provides a readily understandable introduction to the foundations of epigenetics. Nessa Carey, a leading epigenetics researcher, connects the field's arguments to such diverse phenomena as how ants and queen bees control their colonies; why tortoiseshell cats are always female; why some plants need cold weather before they can flower; and how our bodies age and develop disease. Reaching beyond biology, epigenetics now informs work on drug addiction, the long-term effects of famine, and the physical and psychological consequences of childhood trauma. Carey concludes with a discussion of the future directions for this research and its ability to improve human health and well-being.

Neurogenetics for the Practitioner

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323958591
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurogenetics for the Practitioner by : Gregory M. Pastores

Download or read book Neurogenetics for the Practitioner written by Gregory M. Pastores and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-04-26 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurogenetics is a growing field, providing a clear link between clinical characteristics of phenotypes and exact molecular tests to reach a specific diagnosis. Neurogenetics for the Practitioner provides clinicians with a navigation tool to help diagnose and treat patients with neurological disorders using neurogenetics. The first section introduces the reader to an overview of genetic principles, including practical applications in relation to diagnosis and current limitations. Additional chapters highlight how to workup patients presenting with certain features including cerebral palsy/intellectual disability, congenital muscular dystrophy, cognitive decline/dementia, peripheral neuropathy, and paroxysmal disorder. The final section explores therapeutic strategies based on genetic interventions and genetic counselling options. Internationally contributed, this book will become the essential reference guide for neurologist. Reviews genetic testing for diagnostic confirmation, including carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis Explores various therapeutic strategies based on genetic interventions Discusses when a neurologic problem may have an underlying genetic cause

Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012819183X
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder by : Joao Quevedo

Download or read book Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder written by Joao Quevedo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder: Road to Novel Therapeutics combines the basic neurobiology of bipolar disorder with discussions of the most recent advances in research, including the interacting pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, genetic approaches and the pharmacogenomics of bipolar disorder. The basic foundational understanding of the neurobiology underlying the disorder, along with a comprehensive summary of the most recent advances in research combine to aid advanced students and researchers in their understanding of bipolar disorder management using novel and fast-acting pharmaceutical and neuromodulatory approaches. Aids readers in understanding bipolar disorder in the context of NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) recommendations Covers a range of existing and potential pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options, from lifestyle adjustments to novel therapeutics Synthesizes a discussion of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying symptoms with clinical aspects of bipolar disorder

The Developing Genome

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Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199922349
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis The Developing Genome by : David Scott Moore

Download or read book The Developing Genome written by David Scott Moore and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes bibliographical references (pages 275-300) and index

Innate

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Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691204152
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis Innate by : Kevin J. Mitchell

Download or read book Innate written by Kevin J. Mitchell and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What makes you the way you are--and what makes each of us different from everyone else? In Innate, leading neuroscientist and popular science blogger Kevin Mitchell traces human diversity and individual differences to their deepest level: in the wiring of our brains. Deftly guiding us through important new research, including his own groundbreaking work, he explains how variations in the way our brains develop before birth strongly influence our psychology and behavior throughout our lives, shaping our personality, intelligence, sexuality, and even the way we perceive the world. We all share a genetic program for making a human brain, and the program for making a brain like yours is specifically encoded in your DNA. But, as Mitchell explains, the way that program plays out is affected by random processes of development that manifest uniquely in each person, even identical twins. The key insight of Innate is that the combination of these developmental and genetic variations creates innate differences in how our brains are wired--differences that impact all aspects of our psychology--and this insight promises to transform the way we see the interplay of nature and nurture. Innate also explores the genetic and neural underpinnings of disorders such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy, and how our understanding of these conditions is being revolutionized. In addition, the book examines the social and ethical implications of these ideas and of new technologies that may soon offer the means to predict or manipulate human traits. Compelling and original, Innate will change the way you think about why and how we are who we are."--Provided by the publisher.

Translational Research Models and Methods for Mother-Infant Interactions and Developmental Studies

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889190455
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Translational Research Models and Methods for Mother-Infant Interactions and Developmental Studies by : Josephine Johns

Download or read book Translational Research Models and Methods for Mother-Infant Interactions and Developmental Studies written by Josephine Johns and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2012-10-01 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The disruption of mother-infant interactions can have life-long detrimental consequences for offspring and mothers. This topic of Frontiers will focus on maternal-infant interactions including factors that may affect or alter infant or child development and maternal response capability in clinical and preclinical (animal) populations. Articles may highlight topics such as drug abuse, maternal neglect, altered reward systems, stress, biological and neural system development, child and infant behavioral development, genetics/epigenetics and intergenerational studies. Submissions can include research methods papers, reviews, original research articles, techniques and opinion articles that address the topics of interest. This Research Topic will highlight translational research including common measures and results found in both animal and human studies. Please contact one of the Editors for submission proposals or for additional information.

Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319538896
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease by : Raul Delgado-Morales

Download or read book Neuroepigenomics in Aging and Disease written by Raul Delgado-Morales and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-18 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA modifications, histone alterations and non-coding RNAs) are crucial for transcriptional regulation and alterations of the “physiological epigenome” are increasingly associated with human diseases. During the last decade the emerging field of neuroepigenomics have started to impact tremendously in areas such learning and memory, addiction or neurodegeneration. This expert volume covers the role of epigenetic molecular mechanism in regulation of central nervous system’s function, one of the most exciting areas of contemporary molecular neuroscience. The book describes the current knowledge on the epigenetic basis of human disease covering the complete lifespan: from neurodevelopment/childhood (Rett Syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi, autism), adolescence (eating disorders, drug addiction, anxiety), adulthood (depression, schizophrenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease) and elderly (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease). The book also covers the three major players on neuroepigenomic mechanisms: histones alterations, DNA modifications and non-coding RNAs, their roles at the molecular and cellular level and the impact of their alterations on neuronal function and behavior. Finally, a special chapter on state-of-the-art technologies helps the reader not only to understand epigenetic driven changes in human cognition and diseases but also the methodology that will help to generate paradigm shifts on our understanding of brain function and the role of the neuroepigenome in human diseases.

Psychopharmacology

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Publisher : Critical Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1912096013
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Psychopharmacology by : Herbert Mwebe

Download or read book Psychopharmacology written by Herbert Mwebe and published by Critical Publishing. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This jargon-free guide is suitable for all trainee and registered health professionals who require knowledge and understanding of drugs used in the treatment of mental health conditions for prescribing or administering purposes. A life-saving pocketbook that you can easily carry anywhere you go! Introductory material provides a background on psychotropic drugs, the etiology of mental illness, some of the commonly used drugs in practice and brief notes on common non-pharmacological interventional options. It also examines biochemical and neurodevelopmental theories and the link to the pathophysiology of mental illness as well as clinical decision making. The central chapters of the book provide comprehensive coverage of all the major medications used in mental health. Each focuses on a specific class of drug, detailing the most commonly used medicines, including side effects, average doses, contra-indications and clinical management interventions that may be required. At the end of each chapter a series of review questions enable readers to review their learning, and theory is clearly related to practice throughout.

Stress: Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128131578
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Stress: Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics by : George Fink

Download or read book Stress: Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics written by George Fink and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-10-24 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth volume in the Handbook of Stress series, Stress: Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, deals with the influence that genetics, epigenetics, and genomics have on the effects of and responses to stress. Chapters refer to epigenetic mechanisms that involve DNA methylation, histone modification, and/or noncoding RNA-associated gene activation or silencing. There is also coverage of epigenetic mechanisms in stress-related transgenerational transmission of characteristics, and how these may help explain heritability in some complex human diseases.The Handbook of Stress series, comprised of self-contained volumes that each focus on a specific stress area, covers the significant advances made since the publication of Elsevier’s Encyclopedia of Stress (2000 and 2007). Volume 4 is ideal for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, faculty and clinicians interested in stress genetics, epigenetics and genomics involved in neuroendocrinology, neuroscience, biomedicine, endocrinology, psychology, psychiatry and the social sciences Articles carefully selected by eminent stress researchers and prepared by contributors representing outstanding scholarship in the field, with each chapter fully vetted for reliable expert knowledge Richly illustrated with explanatory figures and tables Each chapter includes a boxed “Key points call out section Affordably priced, self-contained volume for readers specifically interested in stress genetics and epigenetics, removing the need to purchase the whole Handbook series

Handbook of Life Course Health Development

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319471430
Total Pages : 667 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Life Course Health Development by : Neal Halfon

Download or read book Handbook of Life Course Health Development written by Neal Halfon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-20 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. ​This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law.

Women's Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319051164
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Women's Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan by : Diana Lynn Barnes

Download or read book Women's Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan written by Diana Lynn Barnes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-05-30 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In this book you’ll find a thoughtfully edited chronicle of the unique convergence of genetic, hormonal, social, and environmental forces that influence a woman’s mental health over the course of her life. Both comprehensive and nuanced, Women’s Reproductive Mental Health Across the Lifespan captures the science, clinical observation, and collective wisdom of experts in the field. Professionals and laypersons alike are well-advised to make room on their bookshelves for this one!" - Margaret Howard, Ph.D., Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Women & Infants Hospital, Providence RI "This outstanding collection of work is an important, timely, and much needed resource. Dr. Diana Lynn Barnes has been instrumental in bringing attention to the needs of perinatal women for decades. In Women's Reproductive Health Across the Lifespan, she brilliantly unites the medical world of reproductive life events with the psychiatric and psychological world of mental health issues associated with them. Her expertise, combined with contributions by distinguished leaders in the field, create a volume of work that should be studied carefully by every medical and mental health provider who works with women." - Karen Kleiman, MSW, The Postpartum Stress Center, Author of Therapy and the Postpartum Woman "Finally, a book that addresses the entire scope of women’s reproductive mental health spanning the gamut from puberty to menopause. The list of chapter contributors reads like a who’s who of international experts. Unique to this book is its focus on the interaction of genetics, hormonal fluctuations, and the social environment. It is a must addition for the libraries of clinicians and researchers in women’s reproductive mental health". - Cheryl Tatano Beck, DNSc, CNM, FAAN, Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor, School of Nursing, University of Connecticut Pregnancy and childbirth are generally viewed as joyous occasions. Yet for numerous women, these events instead bring anxiety, depression, and emotional distress. Increased interest in risk reduction and early clinical intervention is bringing reproductive issues to the forefront of women's mental health. The scope of Women's Reproductive Mental Health across the Lifespan begins long before the childbearing years, and continues well after those years have ended. Empirical findings, case examples, and dispatches from emerging areas of the field illuminate representative issues across the continuum of women's lives with the goal of more effective care benefitting women and their families. Chapter authors discuss advances in areas such as fertility treatment and contraception, and present current thinking on the psychological impact of pregnancy loss, menopause, cancer, and other stressors. These expert contributors emphasize the connections between an individual's biology and psychology and cultural expectations in shaping women's mental health, and the balance between a client's unique history and current clinical knowledge clinicians need to address disorders. Included in the coverage: The experience of puberty and emotional wellbeing. Body image issues and eating disorders in the childbearing years. Risk assessment and screening during pregnancy. Normal and pathological postpartum anxiety. Mood disorders and the transition to menopause. The evolution of reproductive psychiatry. A reference with an extended shelf life, Women's Reproductive Mental Health across the Lifespan enhances the work of researchers and practitioners in social work, clinical psychology, and psychiatry, and has potential relevance to all health care professionals.

Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 550 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society by : Royal Society (Great Britain). Evolution Committee

Download or read book Reports to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society written by Royal Society (Great Britain). Evolution Committee and published by . This book was released on 1910 with total page 550 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reports which helped to lay the foundations for analysis of the mechanism of transmission of hereditary characteristics.

Neurobiology of Depression

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Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128133341
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Neurobiology of Depression by : Joao Luciano de Quevedo

Download or read book Neurobiology of Depression written by Joao Luciano de Quevedo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-01-03 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurobiology of Depression: Road to Novel Therapeutics synthesizes the basic neurobiology of major depressive disorder with discussions on the most recent advances in research, including the interacting pathways implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD, omics technologies, genetic approaches, and the development of novel optogenetic approaches that are changing research perspectives and revolutionizing research into depression. These basic foundational understandings on the neurobiology underlying the disorder, along with a comprehensive summary of the most recent advances in research are combined in this book to aid advanced students and researchers in their understanding of MDD. Depression is one of the most common mental-health disorders caused by a variety of genetic, biological, environmental and psychological factors. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is typically treated with first-line antidepressant agents that primarily target monoamine neurotransmission. However, only approximately one-third of patients with MDD achieve remission following a trial with such an antidepressant. Furthermore, MDD is a heterogeneous phenotype, and new frameworks, such as the NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) may provide a more accurate, biologically based comprehension of the symptomatic heterogeneity of this devastating illness. Aids readers in understanding major depressive disorder in the context of NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) recommendations Covers a range of existing and potential pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment options, from lifestyle adjustments, to antidepressants and novel therapeutics Synthesizes discussions on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying symptoms with the clinical aspects of depression

Overlapping Neural Substrates of Alcohol- and Anxiety-Related Behavior in the Rat

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9179297412
Total Pages : 38 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Overlapping Neural Substrates of Alcohol- and Anxiety-Related Behavior in the Rat by : Riccardo Barchiesi

Download or read book Overlapping Neural Substrates of Alcohol- and Anxiety-Related Behavior in the Rat written by Riccardo Barchiesi and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alcohol use is a leading cause of death and disease worldwide. A large part of this disease burden is associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), a diagnostic category characterized by excessive use in spite of negative consequences ("compulsive use"), a loss of control over intake, and choice of alcohol over natural rewards. These behavioral symptoms are believed to reflect the emergence of persistent neuroadaptations in key brain regions that exert control over motivated behavior. A major challenge to addressing the treatment needs of patients with AUD is the high prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric disorders, of which anxiety disorders are the most common. Both AUD and anxiety disorders are characterized by broad changes in gene expression within brain regions that include the prelimbic cortex (PL) and the amygdala complex. Although the risk for AUD has a substantial genetic component, heavy alcohol use and stress also contribute to disease risk. Our lab previously identified DNA hypermethylation as a mechanism behind alcohol-induced downregulation of prelimbic Syt1 and Prdm2. In a subsequent study, our lab demonstrated a functional role of Prdm2 in alcohol-associated behaviors. In the work that constitutes this thesis, we have further investigated the behavioral consequences of Syt1 and Prdm2 downregulation. We found that Syt1 knock-down in the PL of non-dependent rats is sufficient to promote several behaviors that model critical aspects of AUD. We further identified the PL-basolateral amygdala (BLA) projection as a key brain circuit within which Syt1 knock-down promotes compulsive-like alcohol intake. In another study, we showed that Prdm2 knock-down in the PL increases the expression of fear memory, a central feature of anxiety disorders. Knock-down after memory formation (consolidation) did not increase the fear expression, indicating that Prdm2 regulates fear memory consolidation. We further showed that knock-down of Prdm2 in the PL-BLA projection was sufficient to promote the increased fear expression. Transcriptome analysis specifically in neurons projecting from the PL to the BLA showed a marked up-regulation of genes involved in synaptogenesis, suggesting that Prdm2 downregulation leads to excessive fear by strengthening fear memory consolidation in the PL-BLA circuit. In a third study, we used a model of social defeat- and witness stress to investigate mechanisms of co-occurring escalated alcohol intake and increased anxiety-like behavior ("comorbidity"). We recapitulated the broad range of individual stress responses observed in human populations. With gene expression analysis, we identified a marked upregulation of Avp in the amygdala of rats with "co-morbid" characteristics, and this upregulation correlated with the magnitude of the comorbidity. Together, our findings highlight the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating the behavioral consequences of alcohol-dependence, and identify specific downstream target genes whose expression is influenced by alcohol-induced epigenetic reprogramming to mediate long-term behavioral consequences. Our work also identifies amygdala Avp as a possible neurobiological substrate of individual susceptibility for stress-induced alcohol- and anxiety-related behaviors. Alkoholbruk är en av huvudorsakerna till den globala sjukdomsbördan, och står för ungefär 5 % av alla dödsfall i världen. Sjukdomsbördan från alkohol orsakas till stor del av alkoholberoende, en komplex psykiatrisk sjukdom som kännetecknas av kontrollförlust, val av alkohol framför naturliga belöningar, och fortsatt bruk trots negativa konsekvenser (så kallat "kompulsivt bruk"). Dessa beteenden tros avspegla långvariga förändringar i funktionen hos hjärnstrukturer som styr motiverade beteenden. Av alla individer som brukar alkohol är det endast en minoritet, ca 15 %, som utvecklar alkoholberoende. Kända riskfaktorer inkluderar ärftlighet, mängd alkohol som konsumeras och stress. Behandlingar som finns tillgängliga för patienter med alkoholberoende har i dagsläget en otillräcklig effekt. För att utveckla nya läkemedel är det viktigt att förstå mekanismer som ligger bakom utveckling och vidmakthållande av beroende. Övergången från rekreationsbruk till beroende sker genom flera mekanismer. Likt andra droger kan alkohol aktivera hjärnans belöningssystem, och man tror att konsumtionen i tidigare stadier drivs av dessa "positivt förstärkande", eller belönande effekter. Utvecklingen av beroende avspeglar en förskjutning till ett tillstånd där bruket i allt högre grad sker för att dämpa negativa känslor (s.k. "negativ förstärkning"). Denna utveckling avspeglar att system i hjärnan som styr reaktioner på stress och upplevelser av oro och ångest blir aktiverade. En yttring av detta är att patienter med alkoholberoende ofta uppvisar en samsjuklighet med ångestsjukdomar. Patienter med samsjukligt alkoholberoende och ångest uppvisar ofta svårare symtom, och är mer svårbehandlade. Det finns idag ingen evidensbaserad behandling för dessa patienter. Stress är en viktig riskfaktor för både alkoholberoende och ångest, men det finns en betydande individuell variation i sårbarheten för stress. Vi har tidigare visat att utveckling av alkoholberoende i en råttmodell leder till beteendeförändringar som liknar vad som ses hos patienter med alkoholberoende. I råttmodellen är dessa beteendeförändringar resultatet av en epigenetisk mekanism, dvs en mekanism som reglerar förändringar i genuttryck utan att DNA sekvensen ändras. Epigenetiska mekanismer påverkar uttrycket av många gener samtidigt, och kan bidra till förändringar i hjärnfunktion som ses vid alkohol- och ångestsjukdomar. Vi har tidigare identifierat två gener, Syt1 och Prdm2, som var nedreglerade i prelimbiska cortex efter alkoholberoende, en del av hjärnans pannlob som är viktig för exekutiva funktioner och planering för framtiden. Syt1 kodar för ett protein som är centralt för en nervcells förmåga att frisätta signalmolekyler och kommunicera med andra nervceller. Prdm2 kodar för ett epigenetiskt enzym som i sin tur reglerar uttrycket av flera andra gener. Vi visade sedan att nedreglering av Prdm2 var tillräckligt för att råttor utan tidigare alkoholberoende skulle bete sig som om de utvecklat beroende. I den här avhandlingen visade vi att även Syt1-nedreglering kan efterlikna de beteendeförändringar som annars ses vid utveckling av alkoholberoende i råttor. Nedreglering av Syt1 specifikt i nervbanan från prelimbiska cortex till basolaterala amygdala var tillräcklig för effekten, vilket identifierar dessa nervceller som en viktig komponent i beroende-relaterade förändringar i hjärnfunktionen. Målområdet för denna nervbana, basolaterala amygdala, är en hjärnregion som man sedan tidigare vet är viktig för regleringen av känslor såsom rädsla och ångest. Vi kunde även visa att förändringarna sannolikt sker genom en minskad aktivitet i cellkroppar i prelimbiska cortex, vilket i sin tur leder till en ökad aktivitet i basolaterala amygdala. Detta stämmer med observationer hos patienter med alkoholberoende, hos vilka man ofta ser en så kallad hypofrontalitet, dvs att prefrontala cortex uppvisar en minskad aktivitet. I en annan studie demonstrerade vi att även nedreglering av Prdm2 i prelimbiska cortex leder till ett ökat uttryck av rädslominnen, en central komponent i ångestsyndrom. Vi visade att förändringar i funktionen hos samma nervbana, projektionen från prelimbiska cortex till basolaterala amygdala, orsakade denna patologiska rädsla. Vi undersökte sedan genförändringar som orsakas av en Prdm2 nedreglering specifikt i dessa nervceller, och fann bl.a. att gener associerade med synapsbildning och kommunikation mellan nervceller var uppreglerade. Detta kan tolkas som en förstärkt inlärning av rädslominnen, som i sin tur leder till det ökade uttrycket av rädsla. För att identifiera mekanismer som ligger till grund för samsjuklighet mellan alkoholberoende och ångestsyndrom använde vi oss av en modell med fysisk och emotionell social stress. Resultat från denna studie visade att endast en minoritet av råttor utsatta för endera stressen utvecklade både alkohol- och ångestrelaterade beteenden. Analys av genuttryck i amygdala identifierade en uppreglering av stresshormonet vasopressin endast i denna "samsjukliga" population av råttor, vilket indikerar att det skulle kunna vara en sårbarhetsfaktor för stressinducerade psykiatriska störningar.

The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030118991
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease by : Derek Bolton

Download or read book The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease written by Derek Bolton and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-28 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book is a systematic update of the philosophical and scientific foundations of the biopsychosocial model of health, disease and healthcare. First proposed by George Engel 40 years ago, the Biopsychosocial Model is much cited in healthcare settings worldwide, but has been increasingly criticised for being vague, lacking in content, and in need of reworking in the light of recent developments. The book confronts the rapid changes to psychological science, neuroscience, healthcare, and philosophy that have occurred since the model was first proposed and addresses key issues such as the model’s scientific basis, clinical utility, and philosophical coherence. The authors conceptualise biology and the psychosocial as in the same ontological space, interlinked by systems of communication-based regulatory control which constitute a new kind of causation. These are distinguished from physical and chemical laws, most clearly because they can break down, thus providing the basis for difference between health and disease. This work offers an urgent update to the model’s scientific and philosophical foundations, providing a new and coherent account of causal interactions between the biological, the psychological and social.