Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry

Download Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 135108674X
Total Pages : 665 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry by : George R. Helz

Download or read book Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry written by George R. Helz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-01-10 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry provides a broad overview of current research in the emerging field of environmental aquatic and surface photochemistry. Selected reviews and current research articles are blended to provide an in-depth treatment of various aspects of this research area. The first part of the text deals with photochemistry in the environment, covering recent research on the following topics: aquatic photochemistry of organic pollutants and agrochemicals, photochemical cycling of carbon and transition metals (especially iron), photochemical formation of reactive oxygen species in natural waters, photoreaction in cloud and rain droplets, and photoreactions on environmental surfaces (soil, ash, metal, oxide). The second part provides discussions and data on both heterogeneous photocatalytic and homogeneous processes, with topics ranging from applications to mechanistic studies. These chapters illustrate the wide diversity of pollutant classes that are degradable by photochemical techniques and the effects of various reaction conditions on the rates and efficiency of the techniques. Current kinetic studies are presented, which provide new information about the role of adsorption and the nature of the reactive oxidizing species that mediate these photoremediation processes.This book will interest civil, chemical, and environmental engineers, as well as chemists, soil scientists, geochemists, and atmospheric chemists.

Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis and Photoreactors Fundamentals and Developments

Download Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis and Photoreactors Fundamentals and Developments PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401577250
Total Pages : 631 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis and Photoreactors Fundamentals and Developments by : Mario Schiavello

Download or read book Photoelectrochemistry, Photocatalysis and Photoreactors Fundamentals and Developments written by Mario Schiavello and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book collects the lectures delivered by the Authors during the NATO ASI "Fundamentals and Developments of Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Processes", held in Erice (Trapani, Italy) from May 20th to June 2nd 1984. The ASI was devoted to the general field of photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy. It had the aim of defining the "state of art" and of outlining perspectives, lines of development and practic al utilization of this form of energy. The world energy crisis has stimulated scientists to investigate new routes for finding and testing methods and processes for obtaining renewable and cheap sources of energy. Within this framework, the possibility of solar energy utilization on a large scale must overcome the stage of discovering efficient processes for the photochemical conversion and for the storage. The most promising way for achieving this goal seems the photosplitting of water and related reactions. The methods for obtaining the water photosplitting are essentially based on photoelectrochemical cells and on photocatalytic systems (gas-solid and gas-liquid-solid). Extensive research work is currently done all over the world both in universities and in industrial laboratories in these areas. The ASI has given to the audience a general view of the fundamental aspects and as much as possible a detailed insight of the various methods and processes. A section has been also devoted to the photoreactors, a field in which the interest is ix x FOREWORD steadily increasing and whose development is essential for the practical exploitation of the various methods.

Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment

Download Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030177263
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (772 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment by : Mu. Naushad

Download or read book Green Materials for Wastewater Treatment written by Mu. Naushad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2020-08-14 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews health hazards associated with wastewater use and water pollutants. Chapters present applications of green materials made of agricultural waste, activated carbon and magnetic materials for wastewater treatment. The removal of toxic metals using algal biomass and the removal of toxic dyes using chitosan composite materials are also discussed. The book includes reviews on the removal of phenols, pesticides, and on the use of ionic liquid-modified activated carbon for the treatment of textile wastewater.

Photocatalytic Reaction Engineering

Download Photocatalytic Reaction Engineering PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0387275916
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (872 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Photocatalytic Reaction Engineering by : Hugo de Lasa

Download or read book Photocatalytic Reaction Engineering written by Hugo de Lasa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-10-31 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a novel technique for water purification. Publications on photocatalysis span a relatively recent period of not more than 25 years. This is a technique that, according to our extensive experience on the development of laboratory scale and pilot plant units, has great promise to eliminate water and air pollutants. Photocatalysis offers much more than competitive techniques where pollutants are transferred from phases; photocatalysis can achieve complete mineralization of pollutants leaving non-toxic species such as CO2 and H2O and can be exploited at close to room temperature and ambient pressure.

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

Download Heterogeneous Photocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030494926
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Photocatalysis by : Mario J. Muñoz-Batista

Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalysis written by Mario J. Muñoz-Batista and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-01 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. The chapter "Mechanochemical Forces as a Synthetic Tool for Zero and One-Dimensional Titanium Oxide-Based Nano-photocatalysts" is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 License via link.springer.com.

Semiconductor Photocatalysis

Download Semiconductor Photocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535124846
Total Pages : 678 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Semiconductor Photocatalysis by : Wenbin Cao

Download or read book Semiconductor Photocatalysis written by Wenbin Cao and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photocatalysis is a hot topic because it is an environmentally friendly approach toward the conversion of light energy into chemical energy at mild reaction environments. Also, it is well applied in several major areas such as water splitting, bacterial inactivation, and pollutants elimination, which is a possible solution to energy shortage and environmental issues. The fundamental knowledge and the frontier research progress in typical photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2-based and non-TiO2-based photocatalysts, are included in this book. Methods to improve the photocatalytic efficiency and to provide a hint for the rational design of the new photocatalysts are covered.

Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment

Download Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1780407181
Total Pages : 712 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (84 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment by : Mihaela I. Stefan

Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment written by Mihaela I. Stefan and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2017-09-15 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) rely on the efficient generation of reactive radical species and are increasingly attractive options for water remediation from a wide variety of organic micropollutants of human health and/or environmental concern. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment covers the key advanced oxidation processes developed for chemical contaminant destruction in polluted water sources, some of which have been implemented successfully at water treatment plants around the world. The book is structured in two sections; the first part is dedicated to the most relevant AOPs, whereas the topics covered in the second section include the photochemistry of chemical contaminants in the aquatic environment, advanced water treatment for water reuse, implementation of advanced treatment processes for drinking water production at a state-of-the art water treatment plant in Europe, advanced treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater, and green technologies for water remediation. The advanced oxidation processes discussed in the book cover the following aspects: - Process principles including the most recent scientific findings and interpretation. - Classes of compounds suitable to AOP treatment and examples of reaction mechanisms. - Chemical and photochemical degradation kinetics and modelling. - Water quality impact on process performance and practical considerations on process parameter selection criteria. - Process limitations and byproduct formation and strategies to mitigate any potential adverse effects on the treated water quality. - AOP equipment design and economics considerations. - Research studies and outcomes. - Case studies relevant to process implementation to water treatment. - Commercial applications. - Future research needs. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment presents the most recent scientific and technological achievements in process understanding and implementation, and addresses to anyone interested in water remediation, including water industry professionals, consulting engineers, regulators, academics, students. Editor: Mihaela I. Stefan - Trojan Technologies - Canada

Computational Photocatalysis

Download Computational Photocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780841235540
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (355 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computational Photocatalysis by : Dmitri Kilin

Download or read book Computational Photocatalysis written by Dmitri Kilin and published by . This book was released on 2021-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photochemical reactions and the underlying photophysical principles play key roles in the rational design of efficient systems for energy conversion and storage. This volume on interfaces contains fundamental theory, computational models, and applications for real materials. Edited by experts with a deep knowledge of the community, the volume will be useful to computational chemists, materials scientists, physical chemists, and especially those working in energy and nanomaterials.

Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment

Download Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IWA Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1843390175
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (433 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment by : Simon Parsons

Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.

Advances in Photocatalytic Disinfection

Download Advances in Photocatalytic Disinfection PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3662534967
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Photocatalytic Disinfection by : Taicheng An

Download or read book Advances in Photocatalytic Disinfection written by Taicheng An and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest results related to photocatalytic inactivation/killing of microorganisms, which is a promising alternative disinfection method that produces less or even no disinfection byproduct. The book is divided into 13 chapters, which introduce readers to the latest developments in the photocatalytic disinfection of microorganisms, examine essential photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) disinfection studies, and forecast and make recommendations for the further development of PC and PEC disinfection. Bringing together contributions by various leading research groups worldwide, it offers a valuable resource for researchers and the industry alike, as well as the general public. Taicheng An, PhD, is Chair Professor and Director at the Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. Huijun Zhao, PhD, is Chair Professor and Director at the Centre for Clean Environment and Energy & Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Australia. Po Keung Wong, PhD, is a Professor at the School of Life Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications

Download Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447150619
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications by : Juan M. Coronado

Download or read book Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications written by Juan M. Coronado and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-05-27 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research for the development of more efficient photocatalysts has experienced an almost exponential growth since its popularization in early 1970’s. Despite the advantages of the widely used TiO2, the yield of the conversion of sun power into chemical energy that can be achieved with this material is limited prompting the research and development of a number of structural, morphological and chemical modifications of TiO2 , as well as a number of novel photocatalysts with very different composition. Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications provides a systematic account of the current understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties of the catalysts and photoactivity. The already long list of photocatalysts phases and their modifications is increasing day by day. By approaching this field from a material sciences angle, an integrated view allows readers to consider the diversity of photocatalysts globally and in connection with other technologies. Design of Advanced Photocatalytic Materials for Energy and Environmental Applications provides a valuable road-map, outlining the common principles lying behind the diversity of materials, but also delimiting the imprecise border between the contrasted results and the most speculative studies. This broad approach makes it ideal for specialist but also for engineers, researchers and students in related fields.

Introduction to Photocatalysis

Download Introduction to Photocatalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1788018079
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Photocatalysis by : Yoshio Nosaka

Download or read book Introduction to Photocatalysis written by Yoshio Nosaka and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2019-03-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the basic science of semiconductor photocatalysis together with the various practical applications, this textbook is ideal for graduate students. It covers fundamental principles and applicable techniques of light, solid state physics, electrochemistry, reaction kinetics, and materials processing. A solid understanding of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry is developed through discussing the basic properties of a representative photocatalytic material, TiO2; the basic science of the light absorption phenomenon and the application to the powder suspension useful for the photocatalytic research; and the electronic state of semiconductors. Following this, the textbook moves on to explore photoelectrochemistry; the mechanism and kinetic analysis of photocatalytic reactions; typical fabrication methods of common photocatalysts and the factors for improving photocatalytic activity; and evaluation methods of photocatalytic activity. The textbook concludes by looking at the future prospects of the applications of photocatalysis. This introductory textbook provides a foundation in photocatalysis to supplement graduate courses in catalysis, environmental science, materials science and chemical engineering.

New and Future Developments in Catalysis

Download New and Future Developments in Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444538739
Total Pages : 493 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New and Future Developments in Catalysis by : Steven L Suib

Download or read book New and Future Developments in Catalysis written by Steven L Suib and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-07-19 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Catalysis is a package of seven books that compile the latest ideas concerning alternate and renewable energy sources and the role that catalysis plays in converting new renewable feedstock into biofuels and biochemicals. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic processes will be discussed in a unified and comprehensive approach. There will be extensive cross-referencing within all volumes.The use of solar energy during various catalytic chemical processes for the production of an array of chemical products is the theme of this volume. Photocatalysis is a topic of increasing importance due to its essential role in many of today's environmental and energy source problems. The use of solar energy for catalytic reactions results in a carbon dioxide–neutral process. All photocatalytic processes and the future developments in this area are discussed, including an economic analysis of the various processes. - Offers in-depth coverage of all catalytic topics of current interest and outlines future challenges and research areas - A clear and visual description of all parameters and conditions, enabling the reader to draw conclusions for a particular case - Outlines the catalytic processes applicable to energy generation and design of green processes

Surface Science

Download Surface Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470997819
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (978 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surface Science by : Kurt W. Kolasinski

Download or read book Surface Science written by Kurt W. Kolasinski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-30 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surface chemistry is an essential and developing area of physical chemistry and one that has become increasingly interdisciplinary. The Second Edition of Surface Science: Foundations of Catalysis and Nanoscience has been fully revised and updated to reflect all the latest developments in the field and now includes an extensive discussion about nanoparticle growth and the quantum confinement effects in nanoscale systems. Two new chapters have been added and discuss The Liquid/Solid Interface and Non-Thermal Reactions, and Photon and Electron Stimulated Chemistry and Atom Manipulation. There are now many more worked examples included throughout to help students develop their problem-solving skills.

Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process

Download Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1394167261
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process by : Elvis Fosso-Kankeu

Download or read book Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process written by Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-02-09 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PHOTOREACTORS IN ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES Unique book covering topics related to the evolving photoreactors concepts, design, and application as well as green synthesis of heterogenous photocatalysts which are the key aspects to facilitate the escalation of bench scale works toward industrial/commercial applications. In this book, the editors present the most up-to-date research on Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) to make the argument that AOPs offer an eco-friendly method of wastewater treatment. In addition to an overview of the fundamentals and applications, it provides ample details of the reactive species involved in AOPs as well as reactor design concepts, thus providing readers with the necessary tools to better understand and implement these methods. Moreover, this book presents some conventional and novel photoreactors equipped with UV/vis lamps for working under solar radiation for wastewater treatment in a laboratory and on an industrial scale, which is an important focus of the book. Readers will find in this book: In-depth coverage of the performance of sustainable eco-friendly and low-cost heterogeneous photocatalysts (biogenic photocatalysts); A state-of-the-art fundamental review of parameters affecting photoreactor designs for the effective performance of reactive species; Identifies, formulates, and analyzes developed processes and technologies to meet desired environmental protection needs of society and formulates solutions that are technically sound, economically feasible, and socially acceptable. Audience This book will be of interest to academic researchers and graduate students from the fields of environment, chemistry, and engineering, and professionals including environmental managers in industry, water treatment plants managers and operators, water authorities, government regulatory bodies, and environmentalists.

Water Chemistry

Download Water Chemistry PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789855578
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Water Chemistry by : Murat Eyvaz

Download or read book Water Chemistry written by Murat Eyvaz and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-02-05 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water, which plays an important role in every aspect of our daily lives, is the most valuable natural resource we have on this planet. Drinking, bathing, cooking, regeneration, cleaning, production, energy, and many other uses of water originate from some of its versatile, useful, basic, and unique features. The access, purification, and reuse of water on our planet, which is of course not endless and not available for direct use, is directly related to the water chemistry that explores its inimitable properties. This book includes research on water chemistry-related applications in environmental management and sustainable environmental issues such as water and wastewater treatment, water quality management, and other similar topics. The book consists of three sections, namely, water treatment, wastewater treatment, and water splitting, respectively, and includes 11 chapters. In these chapters, water-wastewater remediation methods, nanomaterials in water treatment, and water splitting processes are comprehensively reviewed in terms of water chemistry.The editors would like to record their sincere thanks to the authors for their contributions.

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids

Download Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400777752
Total Pages : 222 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids by : Umar Ibrahim Gaya

Download or read book Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids written by Umar Ibrahim Gaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-08 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book underscores the essential principles of photocatalysis and provides an update on its scientific foundations, research advances, and current opinions, and interpretations. It consists of an introduction to the concepts that form the backbone of photocatalysis, from the principles of solid-state chemistry and physics to the role of reactive oxidizing species. Having recognised the organic link with chemical kinetics, part of the book describes kinetic concepts as they apply to photocatalysis. The dependence of rate on the reaction conditions and parameters is detailed, the retrospective and prospective aspects of the mechanism of photocatalysis are highlighted, and the adsorption models, photocatalytic rate expressions, and kinetic disguises are examined. This book also discusses the structure, property, and activity relationship of prototypical semiconductor photocatalysts and reviews how to extend their spectral absorption to the visible region to enable the effective use of visible solar spectrum. Lastly, it presents strategies for deriving substantially improved photoactivity from semiconductor materials to support the latest applications and potential trends.