Gaming As Culture

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Gaming as Culture

Author : J. Patrick Williams
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786454067
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming as Culture by : J. Patrick Williams

Download or read book Gaming as Culture written by J. Patrick Williams and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2014-01-10 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since tabletop fantasy role-playing games emerged in the 1970s, fantasy gaming has made a unique contribution to popular culture and perceptions of social realities in America and around the world. This contribution is increasingly apparent as the gaming industry has diversified with the addition of collectible strategy games and other innovative products, as well as the recent advancements in videogame technology. This book presents the most current research in fantasy games and examines the cultural and constructionist dimensions of fantasy gaming as a leisure activity. Each chapter investigates some social or behavioral aspect of fantasy gaming and provides insight into the cultural, linguistic, sociological, and psychological impact of games on both the individual and society. Section I discusses the intersection of fantasy and real-world scenarios and how the construction of a fantasy world is dialectically related to the construction of a gamer's social reality. Because the basic premise of fantasy gaming is the assumption of virtual identities, Section II looks at the relationship between gaming and various aspects of identity. The third and final section examines what the personal experiences of gamers can tell us about how humans experience reality. Instructors considering this book for use in a course may request an examination copy here.

Video Games as Culture

Author : Daniel Muriel
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317223926
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

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Book Synopsis Video Games as Culture by : Daniel Muriel

Download or read book Video Games as Culture written by Daniel Muriel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-03-14 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video games are becoming culturally dominant. But what does their popularity say about our contemporary society? This book explores video game culture, but in doing so, utilizes video games as a lens through which to understand contemporary social life. Video games are becoming an increasingly central part of our cultural lives, impacting on various aspects of everyday life such as our consumption, communities, and identity formation. Drawing on new and original empirical data – including interviews with gamers, as well as key representatives from the video game industry, media, education, and cultural sector – Video Games as Culture not only considers contemporary video game culture, but also explores how video games provide important insights into the modern nature of digital and participatory culture, patterns of consumption and identity formation, late modernity, and contemporary political rationalities. This book will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as postdoctoral researchers, interested in fields such Video Games, Sociology, and Media and Cultural Studies. It will also be useful for those interested in the wider role of culture, technology, and consumption in the transformation of society, identities, and communities.

Play Between Worlds

Author : T. L. Taylor
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262250543
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Play Between Worlds by : T. L. Taylor

Download or read book Play Between Worlds written by T. L. Taylor and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-02-13 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of Everquest that provides a snapshot of multiplayer gaming culture, questions the truism that computer games are isolating and alienating, and offers insights into broader issues of work and play, gender identity, technology, and commercial culture. In Play Between Worlds, T. L. Taylor examines multiplayer gaming life as it is lived on the borders, in the gaps—as players slip in and out of complex social networks that cross online and offline space. Taylor questions the common assumption that playing computer games is an isolating and alienating activity indulged in by solitary teenage boys. Massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), in which thousands of players participate in a virtual game world in real time, are in fact actively designed for sociability. Games like the popular Everquest, she argues, are fundamentally social spaces. Taylor's detailed look at Everquest offers a snapshot of multiplayer culture. Drawing on her own experience as an Everquest player (as a female Gnome Necromancer)—including her attendance at an Everquest Fan Faire, with its blurring of online—and offline life—and extensive research, Taylor not only shows us something about games but raises broader cultural issues. She considers "power gamers," who play in ways that seem closer to work, and examines our underlying notions of what constitutes play—and why play sometimes feels like work and may even be painful, repetitive, and boring. She looks at the women who play Everquest and finds they don't fit the narrow stereotype of women gamers, which may cast into doubt our standardized and preconceived ideas of femininity. And she explores the questions of who owns game space—what happens when emergent player culture confronts the major corporation behind the game.

Future Gaming

Author : Paolo Ruffino
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 1906897557
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Future Gaming by : Paolo Ruffino

Download or read book Future Gaming written by Paolo Ruffino and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sophisticated critical take on contemporary game culture that reconsiders the boundaries between gamers and games. This book is not about the future of video games. It is not an attempt to predict the moods of the market, the changing profile of gamers, the benevolence or malevolence of the medium. This book is about those predictions. It is about the ways in which the past, present, and future notions of games are narrated and negotiated by a small group of producers, journalists, and gamers, and about how invested these narrators are in telling the story of tomorrow. This new title from Goldsmiths Press by Paolo Ruffino suggests the story could be told another way. Considering game culture, from the gamification of self-improvement to GamerGate's sexism and violence, Ruffino lays out an alternative, creative mode of thinking about the medium: a sophisticated critical take that blurs the distinctions among studying, playing, making, and living with video games. Offering a series of stories that provide alternative narratives of digital gaming, Ruffino aims to encourage all of us who study and play (with) games to raise ethical questions, both about our own role in shaping the objects of research, and about our involvement in the discourses we produce as gamers and scholars. For researchers and students seeking a fresh approach to game studies, and for anyone with an interest in breaking open the current locked-box discourse, Future Gaming offers a radical lens with which to view the future.

The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games

Author : Christopher A. Paul
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781517900403
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games by : Christopher A. Paul

Download or read book The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games written by Christopher A. Paul and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An avid gamer and sharp media critic explains meritocracy's negative contribution to video game culture--and what can be done about it Video games have brought entertainment, education, and innovation to millions, but gaming also has its dark sides. From the deep-bred misogyny epitomized by GamerGate to the endemic malice of abusive player communities, gamer culture has had serious real-world repercussions, ranging from death threats to sexist industry practices and racist condemnations. In The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games, new media critic and longtime gamer Christopher A. Paul explains how video games' focus on meritocracy empowers this negative culture. Paul first shows why meritocracy is integral to video-game design, narratives, and values. Games typically valorize skill and technique, and common video-game practices (such as leveling) build meritocratic thinking into the most basic premises. Video games are often assumed to have an even playing field, but they facilitate skill transfer from game to game, allowing certain players a built-in advantage. The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games identifies deep-seated challenges in the culture of video games--but all is not lost. As Paul argues, similarly meritocratic institutions like professional sports and higher education have found powerful remedies to alleviate their own toxic cultures, including active recruiting and strategies that promote values such as contingency, luck, and serendipity. These can be brought to the gamer universe, Paul contends, ultimately fostering a more diverse, accepting, and self-reflective culture that is not only good for gamers but good for video games as well.

An Introduction to Game Studies

Author : Frans Mäyrä
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1473902924
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (739 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Game Studies by : Frans Mäyrä

Download or read book An Introduction to Game Studies written by Frans Mäyrä and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2008-02-18 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Introduction to Game Studies is the first introductory textbook for students of game studies. It provides a conceptual overview of the cultural, social and economic significance of computer and video games and traces the history of game culture and the emergence of game studies as a field of research. Key concepts and theories are illustrated with discussion of games taken from different historical phases of game culture. Progressing from the simple, yet engaging gameplay of Pong and text-based adventure games to the complex virtual worlds of contemporary online games, the book guides students towards analytical appreciation and critical engagement with gaming and game studies. Students will learn to: - Understand and analyse different aspects of phenomena we recognise as 'game' and play' - Identify the key developments in digital game design through discussion of action in games of the 1970s, fiction and adventure in games of the 1980s, three-dimensionality in games of the 1990s, and social aspects of gameplay in contemporary online games - Understand games as dynamic systems of meaning-making - Interpret the context of games as 'culture' and subculture - Analyse the relationship between technology and interactivity and between 'game' and 'reality' - Situate games within the context of digital culture and the information society With further reading suggestions, images, exercises, online resources and a whole chapter devoted to preparing students to do their own game studies project, An Introduction to Game Studies is the complete toolkit for all students pursuing the study of games. The companion website at www.sagepub.co.uk/mayra contains slides and assignments that are suitable for self-study as well as for classroom use. Students will also benefit from online resources at www.gamestudiesbook.net, which will be regularly blogged and updated by the author. Professor Frans Mäyrä is a Professor of Games Studies and Digital Culture at the Hypermedia Laboratory in the University of Tampere, Finland.

Gaming

Author : Alexander R. Galloway
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452908680
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming by : Alexander R. Galloway

Download or read book Gaming written by Alexander R. Galloway and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2006-05-27 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video games have been a central feature of the cultural landscape for over twenty years and now rival older media like movies, television, and music in popularity and cultural influence. Yet there have been relatively few attempts to understand the video game as an independent medium. Most such efforts focus on the earliest generation of text-based adventures (Zork, for example) and have little to say about such visually and conceptually sophisticated games as Final Fantasy X, Shenmue, Grand Theft Auto, Halo, and The Sims, in which players inhabit elaborately detailed worlds and manipulate digital avatars with a vast—and in some cases, almost unlimited—array of actions and choices. In Gaming, Alexander Galloway instead considers the video game as a distinct cultural form that demands a new and unique interpretive framework. Drawing on a wide range of disciplines, particularly critical theory and media studies, he analyzes video games as something to be played rather than as texts to be read, and traces in five concise chapters how the “algorithmic culture” created by video games intersects with theories of visuality, realism, allegory, and the avant-garde. If photographs are images and films are moving images, then, Galloway asserts, video games are best defined as actions. Using examples from more than fifty video games, Galloway constructs a classification system of action in video games, incorporating standard elements of gameplay as well as software crashes, network lags, and the use of cheats and game hacks. In subsequent chapters, he explores the overlap between the conventions of film and video games, the political and cultural implications of gaming practices, the visual environment of video games, and the status of games as an emerging cultural form. Together, these essays offer a new conception of gaming and, more broadly, of electronic culture as a whole, one that celebrates and does not lament the qualities of the digital age. Alexander R. Galloway is assistant professor of culture and communication at New York University and author of Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization.

Gaming Masculinity

Author : Megan Condis
Publisher : University of Iowa Press
ISBN 13 : 1609385667
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming Masculinity by : Megan Condis

Download or read book Gaming Masculinity written by Megan Condis and published by University of Iowa Press. This book was released on 2018-05-01 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2016, a female videogame programmer and a female journalist were harassed viciously by anonymous male online users in what became known as GamerGate. Male gamers threatened to rape and kill both women, and the news soon made international headlines, exposing the level of abuse that many women and minorities face when participating in the predominantly male online culture. Gaming Masculinity explains how the term “gamer” has been constructed in the popular imagination by a core group of male online users in an attempt to shore up an embattled form of geeky masculinity. This latest form of toxicity comes at a moment of upheaval in gaming culture, as women, people of color, and LGBTQ individuals demand broader access and representation online. Paying close attention to the online practices of trolling and making memes, author Megan Condis demonstrates that, despite the supposedly disembodied nature of life online, performances of masculinity are still afforded privileged status in gamer culture. Even worse, she finds that these competing discourses are not just relegated to the gaming world but are creating rifts within the culture at large, as witnessed by the direct links between the GamerGate movement and the recent rise of the alt-right during the last presidential election. Condis asks what this moment can teach us about the performative, collaborative, and sometimes combative ways that American culture enacts race, gender, and sexuality. She concludes by encouraging designers and those who work in the tech industry to think about how their work might have, purposefully or not, been developed in ways that are marked by gender.

Cultural Code

Author : Phillip Penix-Tadsen
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262034050
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Code by : Phillip Penix-Tadsen

Download or read book Cultural Code written by Phillip Penix-Tadsen and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-02-12 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How culture uses games and how games use culture: an examination of Latin America's gaming practices and the representation of the region's cultures in games. Video games are becoming an ever more ubiquitous element of daily life, played by millions on devices that range from smart phones to desktop computers. An examination of this phenomenon reveals that video games are increasingly being converted into cultural currency. For video game designers, culture is a resource that can be incorporated into games; for players, local gaming practices and specific social contexts can affect their playing experiences. In Cultural Code, Phillip Penix-Tadsen shows how culture uses games and how games use culture, looking at examples related to Latin America. Both static code and subjective play have been shown to contribute to the meaning of games; Penix-Tadsen introduces culture as a third level of creating meaning. Penix-Tadsen focuses first on how culture uses games, looking at the diverse practices of play in Latin America, the ideological and intellectual uses of games, and the creative and economic possibilities opened up by video games in Latin America—the evolution of regional game design and development. Examining how games use culture, Penix-Tadsen discusses in-game cultural representations of Latin America in a range of popular titles (pointing out, for example, appearances of Rio de Janeiro's Christ the Redeemer statue in games from Call of Duty to the tourism-promoting Brasil Quest). He analyzes this through semiotics, the signifying systems of video games and the specific signifiers of Latin American culture; space, how culture is incorporated into different types of game environments; and simulation, the ways that cultural meaning is conveyed procedurally and algorithmically through gameplay mechanics.

Gaming at the Edge

Author : Adrienne Shaw
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452943443
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming at the Edge by : Adrienne Shaw

Download or read book Gaming at the Edge written by Adrienne Shaw and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2015-01-01 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video games have long been seen as the exclusive territory of young, heterosexual white males. In a media landscape dominated by such gamers, players who do not fit this mold, including women, people of color, and LGBT people, are often brutalized in forums and in public channels in online play. Discussion of representation of such groups in games has frequently been limited and cursory. In contrast, Gaming at the Edge builds on feminist, queer, and postcolonial theories of identity and draws on qualitative audience research methods to make sense of how representation comes to matter. In Gaming at the Edge, Adrienne Shaw argues that video game players experience race, gender, and sexuality concurrently. She asks: How do players identify with characters? How do they separate identification and interactivity? What is the role of fantasy in representation? What is the importance of understanding market logic? In addressing these questions Shaw reveals how representation comes to matter to participants and offers a perceptive consideration of the high stakes in politics of representation debates. Putting forth a framework for talking about representation, difference, and diversity in an era in which user-generated content, individualized media consumption, and the blurring of producer/consumer roles has lessened the utility of traditional models of media representation analysis, Shaw finds new insight on the edge of media consumption with the invisible, marginalized gamers who are surprising in both their numbers and their influence in mainstream gamer culture.

The Formation of Gaming Culture

Author : G. Kirkpatrick
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 113730510X
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

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Book Synopsis The Formation of Gaming Culture by : G. Kirkpatrick

Download or read book The Formation of Gaming Culture written by G. Kirkpatrick and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-13 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyses gaming magazines published in Britain in the 1980s to provide the first serious history of the bedroom coding culture that produced some of the most important video games ever played.

Gaming the World

Author : Andrei S. Markovits
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691162034
Total Pages : 361 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming the World by : Andrei S. Markovits

Download or read book Gaming the World written by Andrei S. Markovits and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globalizing influence of professional sports Professional sports today have truly become a global force, a common language that anyone, regardless of their nationality, can understand. Yet sports also remain distinctly local, with regional teams and the fiercely loyal local fans that follow them. This book examines the twenty-first-century phenomenon of global sports, in which professional teams and their players have become agents of globalization while at the same time fostering deep-seated and antagonistic local allegiances and spawning new forms of cultural conflict and prejudice. Andrei Markovits and Lars Rensmann take readers into the exciting global sports scene, showing how soccer, football, baseball, basketball, and hockey have given rise to a collective identity among millions of predominantly male fans in the United States, Europe, and around the rest of the world. They trace how these global—and globalizing—sports emerged from local pastimes in America, Britain, and Canada over the course of the twentieth century, and how regionalism continues to exert its divisive influence in new and potentially explosive ways. Markovits and Rensmann explore the complex interplay between the global and the local in sports today, demonstrating how sports have opened new avenues for dialogue and shared interest internationally even as they reinforce old antagonisms and create new ones. Gaming the World reveals the pervasive influence of sports on our daily lives, making all of us citizens of an increasingly cosmopolitan world while affirming our local, regional, and national identities.

Gaming Sexism

Author : Amanda C. Cote
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479802204
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaming Sexism by : Amanda C. Cote

Download or read book Gaming Sexism written by Amanda C. Cote and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interviews with female gamers about structural sexism across the gaming landscape When the Nintendo Wii was released in 2006, it ushered forward a new era of casual gaming in which video games appealed to not just the stereotypical hardcore male gamer, but also to a much broader, more diverse audience. However, the GamerGate controversy six years later, and other similar public incidents since, laid bare the internalized misogyny and gender stereotypes in the gaming community. Today, even as women make up nearly half of all gamers, sexist assumptions about the what and how of women’s gaming are more actively enforced. In Gaming Sexism, Amanda C. Cote explores the video game industry and its players to explain this contradiction, how it affects female gamers, and what it means in terms of power and gender equality. Across in-depth interviews with women-identified gamers, Cote delves into the conflict between diversification and resistance to understand their impact on gaming, both casual and “core” alike. From video game magazines to male reactions to female opponents, she explores the shifting expectations about who gamers are, perceived changes in gaming spaces, and the experiences of female gamers amidst this gendered turmoil. While Cote reveals extensive, persistent problems in gaming spaces, she also emphasizes the power of this motivated, marginalized audience, and draws on their experiences to explore how structural inequalities in gaming spaces can be overcome. Gaming Sexism is a well-timed investigation of equality, power, and control over the future of technology.

Esports and the New Gaming Culture

Author : Bradley Steffens
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781682829257
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (292 download)

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Book Synopsis Esports and the New Gaming Culture by : Bradley Steffens

Download or read book Esports and the New Gaming Culture written by Bradley Steffens and published by . This book was released on 2020-08 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 450 million people worldwide watch esports each year. That is more than the number of people who watch Netflix, Hulu, ESPN, and HBO combined--and the esports audience keeps growing. Esports and the New Gaming Culture examines the cultural phenomenon that is esports. The book explores the world of professional gamers and teams, the competitions, the spectators, the business of pro gaming, and even the interscholastic programs--all of which make up this exciting revolution in spectator sports.

Video Games and Gaming Culture

Author : Mark J. P. Wolf
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781138811263
Total Pages : 1650 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Video Games and Gaming Culture by : Mark J. P. Wolf

Download or read book Video Games and Gaming Culture written by Mark J. P. Wolf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016 with total page 1650 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video and interactive computer games now constitute an enormous industry that rivals television and film. Moreover, gaming is of growing importance in spheres beyond mere entertainment; games and gaming technology are increasingly applied to other ends, including for educational, political, and military purposes. Perhaps unsurprisingly, therefore, the cultural, social, and economic significance of games and gaming is now profound, and ripe for scholarly scrutiny and study. As research continues to flourish as never before, this major new reference resource from Routledge s Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies series offers a multi-dimensional overview of games and gaming culture and brings together in four volumes the very best foundational and cutting-edge scholarship. Edited by the field s leading scholar, Mark J. P. Wolf, the collection encompasses the socio-cultural, political, and economic dimensions of gaming from a wide variety of perspectives. The materials gathered explore issues of game design and development, provide close analysis of games as cultural artefacts, and address issues of policy, such as those related to race, class, gender, and sexuality. Video Games and Gaming Culture is supplemented by a comprehensive index and includes a full introduction, newly written by the editor. "

Culture at Play: How Video Games Influence and Replicate Our World

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004439781
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Culture at Play: How Video Games Influence and Replicate Our World by :

Download or read book Culture at Play: How Video Games Influence and Replicate Our World written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2020-11-16 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is video game culture? This volume avoids easy answers and deceitful single definitions. Instead, the collected essays included here navigate the messy and exciting waters of video games, of culture, and of the meeting of video games and culture.

The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games

Author : Christopher A. Paul
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452956200
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games by : Christopher A. Paul

Download or read book The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games written by Christopher A. Paul and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An avid gamer and sharp media critic explains meritocracy’s negative contribution to video game culture—and what can be done about it Video games have brought entertainment, education, and innovation to millions, but gaming also has its dark sides. From the deep-bred misogyny epitomized by GamerGate to the endemic malice of abusive player communities, gamer culture has had serious real-world repercussions, ranging from death threats to sexist industry practices and racist condemnations. In The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games, new media critic and longtime gamer Christopher A. Paul explains how video games’ focus on meritocracy empowers this negative culture. Paul first shows why meritocracy is integral to video-game design, narratives, and values. Games typically valorize skill and technique, and common video-game practices (such as leveling) build meritocratic thinking into the most basic premises. Video games are often assumed to have an even playing field, but they facilitate skill transfer from game to game, allowing certain players a built-in advantage. The Toxic Meritocracy of Video Games identifies deep-seated challenges in the culture of video games—but all is not lost. As Paul argues, similarly meritocratic institutions like professional sports and higher education have found powerful remedies to alleviate their own toxic cultures, including active recruiting and strategies that promote values such as contingency, luck, and serendipity. These can be brought to the gamer universe, Paul contends, ultimately fostering a more diverse, accepting, and self-reflective culture that is not only good for gamers but good for video games as well.