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Gallium In Nuclear Reactors
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Book Synopsis Gallium in Nuclear Reactors by : Robert Isaac Jaffee
Download or read book Gallium in Nuclear Reactors written by Robert Isaac Jaffee and published by . This book was released on 1952 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unusual operating conditions of nuclear power reactors necessitate the use of unusual coolants. Thus, one desires a coolant which possess a low cross section for absorbing neutrons, good heat-transfer efficiency, a low melting point and a high boiling point. The element gallium possesses some of the requisite properties. It is a unique material, having a very low melting point, and a very high boiling point. Being a liquid metal, the heat transfer characteristics would be good, though not so good as those of some other liquid metals. The absorption cross section of gallium is rather high, which is a severe handicap. Since the cross section might be reduced by proper alloying, and since good coolants need be present in the reactor in only relatively small amounts, one cannot rule out the use of gallium on account of its cross section alone. Since gallium had some promise as a reactor coolant, research on the subject was merited.
Download or read book Gallium in Nuclear Reactors written by and published by . This book was released on 1949 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unusual operating conditions of nuclear power reactors necessitate the use of unusual coolants. Thus, one desires a coolant which possess a low cross section for absorbing neutrons, good heat-transfer efficiency, a low melting point and a high boiling point. The element gallium possesses some of the requisite properties. It is a unique material, having a very low melting point, and a very high boiling point. Being a liquid metal, the heat transfer characteristics would be good, though not so good as those of some other liquid metals. The absorption cross section of gallium is rather high, which is a severe handicap. Since the cross section might be reduced by proper alloying, and since good coolants need be present in the reactor in only relatively small amounts, one cannot rule out the use of gallium on account of its cross section alone. Since gallium had some promise as a reactor coolant, research on the subject was merited.
Book Synopsis Indium-gallium Radiation Circuit of the Nuclear Reactor IRT by : A. Kh Breger
Download or read book Indium-gallium Radiation Circuit of the Nuclear Reactor IRT written by A. Kh Breger and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The alloy in In-Ga is activated by the leakage neutrons in the activity generator which is a horizontal container, which overlaps one of the sides of the reactor, and which gives off gamma radiation energy in the irradiator located in the cell; this cell is shielded from the neutron radiation of the reactor. The circulation of the alloy in the system 'activity generator-irradiator' is assured by an electromagnetic pump which, as we know, does not disturb the air-tightness of the system. The indium-gallium eutectic alloy in our case is the most suitable gamma carrier.
Book Synopsis The Evaporation of Gallium by : S. K. Haynes
Download or read book The Evaporation of Gallium written by S. K. Haynes and published by . This book was released on 1947 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Preconceptual Design for Separation of Plutonium and Gallium by Ion Exchange by :
Download or read book Preconceptual Design for Separation of Plutonium and Gallium by Ion Exchange written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The disposition of plutonium from decommissioned nuclear weapons, by incorporation into commercial UO2-based nuclear reactor fuel, is a viable means to reduce the potential for theft of excess plutonium. This fuel, which would be a combination of plutonium oxide and uranium oxide, is referred to as a mixed oxide (MOX). Following power generation in commercial reactors with this fuel, the remaining plutonium would become mixed with highly radioactive fission products in a spent fuel assembly. The radioactivity, complex chemical composition, and large size of this spent fuel assembly, would make theft difficult with elaborate chemical processing required for plutonium recovery. In fabricating the MOX fuel, it is important to maintain current commercial fuel purity specifications. While impurities from the weapons plutonium may or may not have a detrimental affect on the fuel fabrication or fuel/cladding performance, certifying the effect as insignificant could be more costly than purification. Two primary concerns have been raised with regard to the gallium impurity: (1) gallium vaporization during fuel sintering may adversely affect the MOX fuel fabrication process, and (2) gallium vaporization during reactor operation may adversely affect the fuel cladding performance. Consequently, processes for the separation of plutonium from gallium are currently being developed and/or designed. In particular, two separation processes are being considered: (1) a developmental, potentially lower cost and lower waste, thermal vaporization process following PuO2 powder preparation, and (2) an off-the-shelf, potentially higher cost and higher waste, aqueous-based ion exchange (IX) process. While it is planned to use the thermal vaporization process should its development prove successful, IX has been recommended as a backup process. This report presents a preconceptual design with material balances for separation of plutonium from gallium by IX.
Book Synopsis The Indium-gallium Radiation Loop of the Irt Nuclear Reactor by : A. Kh Breger
Download or read book The Indium-gallium Radiation Loop of the Irt Nuclear Reactor written by A. Kh Breger and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 15 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The alloy in In-Ga is activated by the leakage neutrons in the activity generator which is a horizontal container, which overlaps one of the sides of the reactor, and which gives off gamma radiation energy in the irradiator located in the cell; this cell is shielded from the neutron radiation of the reactor. The circulation of the alloy in the system 'activity generator-irradiator' is assured by an electromagnetic pump which, as we know, does not disturb the air-tightness of the system. The indium-gallium eutectic alloy in our case is the most suitable gamma carrier.
Book Synopsis The Nuclear Spins and Moments of Several Radioactive Gallium Isotopes by : Vernon James Ehlers
Download or read book The Nuclear Spins and Moments of Several Radioactive Gallium Isotopes written by Vernon James Ehlers and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Atlas of Gallium-67 Scintigraphy by : Gerald Johnston
Download or read book Atlas of Gallium-67 Scintigraphy written by Gerald Johnston and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1970, under the sponsorship of Oak Ridge Associated Univer sities (ORAU), a group of clinical investigators formed the Cooper ative Group to Study Localization of Radiopharmaceuticals. The first radiopharmaceutical selected for study was 67-Gallium (67-Ga) administered as the citrate. The object of the study was to de termine the usefulness of 67-Ga in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with various malignancies. Funding for the project was granted by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission and the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH). The Nuclear Medicine Department of the Clinical Center, NIH, agreed to assist ORAU with aspects of this study, particularly with 67-Ga scin tigraphy of patients with lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Pre liminary reports from the ORAU study are in press. Since April 1971, 67-Ga scintigraphy has gained increasing use in the study of cancer patients at the Clinical Center, NIH, where well over 1000 such patients have been examined by this method. This monograph was written to present selected examples from this group of a variety of malignancies seen in this 28-month period. No attempt has been made to correlate this overall experience statistically. Rather, this presentation is to help familiarize the practitioner of Nuclear Medicine with the wide range of usefulness for 67-Ga scintigraphy while making him aware of the variation in scan appearance and watchful of the many pitfalls of 67-Ga scan interpretation. Permission to use these patient studies and x-rays was generously granted by Dr. Paul P.
Book Synopsis Total Covalently Bonded Gallium-69. Chemical Pathways to Near Nuclear Energy Yields. by : James M. Essig
Download or read book Total Covalently Bonded Gallium-69. Chemical Pathways to Near Nuclear Energy Yields. written by James M. Essig and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-06-17 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Totally covalently bonded Gallium-69 as a concept is nothing particularly new and is not of my origination. However, due to the small amount of available literature on the subject, I thought that my prosaic approach to the concept with additional concepts would be illustrative of the great potential of chemical energy. Chemical energy in degenerate matter forms especially in totally covalently bonded heavy elements may enable explosive yields mid-way between the highest performing contemporary chemical fuels and nuclear fissile fuels. Thus, the concepts presented herein need further study for potential technological applications. In cases where the potential chemical energy would match or surpass the nuclear fissile energy of fissile fuels, exotically powerful explosive devices are plausible which can have military and peaceful applications. One application that stands out is compact and extreme invariant mass-specific energy density fuels for powering spacecraft such as relativistic rockets and pellet runway power spacecraft.
Book Synopsis Investigations in Gallium Removal by :
Download or read book Investigations in Gallium Removal written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gallium present in weapons plutonium must be removed before it can be used for the production of mixed-oxide (MOX) nuclear reactor fuel. The main goal of the preliminary studies conducted at Texas A and M University was to assist in the development of a thermal process to remove gallium from a gallium oxide/plutonium oxide matrix. This effort is being conducted in close consultation with the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) personnel involved in the development of this process for the US Department of Energy (DOE). Simple experiments were performed on gallium oxide, and cerium-oxide/gallium-oxide mixtures, heated to temperatures ranging from 700--900 C in a reducing environment, and a method for collecting the gallium vapors under these conditions was demonstrated.
Book Synopsis High purity n-type gallium arsenide for nuclear particle detection by : P.E. Gibbons
Download or read book High purity n-type gallium arsenide for nuclear particle detection written by P.E. Gibbons and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation by : National Research Council
Download or read book Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-09-11 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly 20 million nuclear medicine procedures are carried out each year in the United States alone to diagnose and treat cancers, cardiovascular disease, and certain neurological disorders. Many of the advancements in nuclear medicine have been the result of research investments made during the past 50 years where these procedures are now a routine part of clinical care. Although nuclear medicine plays an important role in biomedical research and disease management, its promise is only beginning to be realized. Advancing Nuclear Medicine Through Innovation highlights the exciting emerging opportunities in nuclear medicine, which include assessing the efficacy of new drugs in development, individualizing treatment to the patient, and understanding the biology of human diseases. Health care and pharmaceutical professionals will be most interested in this book's examination of the challenges the field faces and its recommendations for ways to reduce these impediments.
Book Synopsis Energy Deposition in Gallium Arsenide by : Peter J. McNulty
Download or read book Energy Deposition in Gallium Arsenide written by Peter J. McNulty and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report pertains to the single-event-upset phenomena in microelectronic circuits with emphasis on those resulting from nuclear reactions induced by energetic protons. Our goal is to understand the detailed physical mechanisms leading to SEUs sufficiently to put calculating SEUs on a sound quantitative basis. We previously had considerable success in predicting the charge generation in well defined slabs of silicon. The purpose of this contract was to try extending the model and the associated simulation codes to GaAs and to begin the experimental measurements necessary to test them. The Clarkson Nuclear Reaction models were modified to handle proton-induced nuclear reactions in gallium arsenide. The codes were immediately useful in analyzing the significance that the edge-effect phenomena, discovered in microbeam studies of GaAs gates, would play in increasing the SEU rates for GaAs memories. Techniques were developed using these codes for calculating SEU rates for select circuits flown in space (9). Two of these circuits, the 2901B and the 93L422 are responsible for SEU problems aboard US satellites. Charge-Collection Measurements have been carriied out using the GaAs Fat-FET test structures from the Rockwell memories.
Download or read book Nuclear Fuels Technologies written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document details the research and development (R and D) activities that will be conducted in Fiscal Year 1998 (FY98) by the Thermally Induced Gallium Removal System (TIGRS) team for the Department of Energy Office of Fissile Materials Disposition. This work is a continuation and extension of experimental activities that have been conducted in support of using weapons-derived plutonium in the fabrication of mixed-oxide (MOX) nuclear fuel for reactor-based plutonium disposition. The ultimate purpose of this work is to demonstrate adequate Thermally Induced Gallium Removal with a prototypic system. This Test Plan presents more than the FY98 R and D efforts in order to frame the Task in its entirety. To achieve the TIGRS Program objectives, R and D activities during the next two years will be focused on (1) process development leading to a prototypic TIGRS design, and (2) prototypic TIGRS design and testing leading to and including a prototypic demonstration of TIGRS operation. Both the process development and system testing efforts will consist of a series of surrogate-based cold tests and plutonium-based hot tests. Some of this testing has already occurred and will continue into FY99.
Book Synopsis The Analysis of Uranium-gallium Alloys by : Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell, England)
Download or read book The Analysis of Uranium-gallium Alloys written by Atomic Energy Research Establishment (Harwell, England) and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nuclear Fuels Technologies Gallium Evolution Test Plan by : Los Alamos National Laboratory. Nuclear Materials Technology Division
Download or read book Nuclear Fuels Technologies Gallium Evolution Test Plan written by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Nuclear Materials Technology Division and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Neutron Radiation on Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide Lasers by : Thomas Edward Walsh (Jr)
Download or read book Effects of Neutron Radiation on Aluminum-Gallium-Arsenide Lasers written by Thomas Edward Walsh (Jr) and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Double heterojunction aluminum-gallium-arsenide laser diodes were irradiated in a nuclear reactor to determine the effects of neutron radiation. Two types of lasers were used; both types of diodes showed significant decreases in power output at neutron fluences of 10 to the 14th power n/sq cm. Linear increases in threshold current and linear decreases in external quantum efficiency were observed. There was no significant change in bias voltage versus forward current or in the spectral composition of the output of the diodes at neutron fluences up to 10 to the 15th power n/sq cm. Formulas were developed to predict the changes in threshold current, external quantum efficiency and power at a constant current above threshold. Damage coefficients for these formulas were derived from the irradiation data. Unusual discontinuities were observed in the poewr output versus input current curves of some diodes. Neutron irradiation tended to enhance these anomalies.
