Rise of the Robots

Download Rise of the Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Basic Books
ISBN 13 : 0465040675
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rise of the Robots by : Martin Ford

Download or read book Rise of the Robots written by Martin Ford and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times-bestselling guide to how automation is changing the economy, undermining work, and reshaping our lives Winner of Best Business Book of the Year awards from the Financial Times and from Forbes "Lucid, comprehensive, and unafraid . . . ;an indispensable contribution to a long-running argument." -- Los Angeles Times What are the jobs of the future? How many will there be? And who will have them? As technology continues to accelerate and machines begin taking care of themselves, fewer people will be necessary. Artificial intelligence is already well on its way to making "good jobs" obsolete: many paralegals, journalists, office workers, and even computer programmers are poised to be replaced by robots and smart software. As progress continues, blue and white collar jobs alike will evaporate, squeezing working -- and middle-class families ever further. At the same time, households are under assault from exploding costs, especially from the two major industries-education and health care-that, so far, have not been transformed by information technology. The result could well be massive unemployment and inequality as well as the implosion of the consumer economy itself. The past solutions to technological disruption, especially more training and education, aren't going to work. We must decide, now, whether the future will see broad-based prosperity or catastrophic levels of inequality and economic insecurity. Rise of the Robots is essential reading to understand what accelerating technology means for our economic prospects-not to mention those of our children-as well as for society as a whole.

The Future of Work

Download The Future of Work PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815732945
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Future of Work by : Darrell M. West

Download or read book The Future of Work written by Darrell M. West and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Looking for ways to handle the transition to a digital economy Robots, artificial intelligence, and driverless cars are no longer things of the distant future. They are with us today and will become increasingly common in coming years, along with virtual reality and digital personal assistants. As these tools advance deeper into everyday use, they raise the question—how will they transform society, the economy, and politics? If companies need fewer workers due to automation and robotics, what happens to those who once held those jobs and don't have the skills for new jobs? And since many social benefits are delivered through jobs, how are people outside the workforce for a lengthy period of time going to earn a living and get health care and social benefits? Looking past today's headlines, political scientist and cultural observer Darrell M. West argues that society needs to rethink the concept of jobs, reconfigure the social contract, move toward a system of lifetime learning, and develop a new kind of politics that can deal with economic dislocations. With the U.S. governance system in shambles because of political polarization and hyper-partisanship, dealing creatively with the transition to a fully digital economy will vex political leaders and complicate the adoption of remedies that could ease the transition pain. It is imperative that we make major adjustments in how we think about work and the social contract in order to prevent society from spiraling out of control. This book presents a number of proposals to help people deal with the transition from an industrial to a digital economy. We must broaden the concept of employment to include volunteering and parenting and pay greater attention to the opportunities for leisure time. New forms of identity will be possible when the "job" no longer defines people's sense of personal meaning, and they engage in a broader range of activities. Workers will need help throughout their lifetimes to acquire new skills and develop new job capabilities. Political reforms will be necessary to reduce polarization and restore civility so there can be open and healthy debate about where responsibility lies for economic well-being. This book is an important contribution to a discussion about tomorrow—one that needs to take place today.

Tales from a Robotic World

Download Tales from a Robotic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262371790
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tales from a Robotic World by : Dario Floreano

Download or read book Tales from a Robotic World written by Dario Floreano and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stories from the future of intelligent machines—from rescue drones to robot spouses—and accounts of cutting-edge research that could make it all possible. Tech prognosticators promised us robots—autonomous humanoids that could carry out any number of tasks. Instead, we have robot vacuum cleaners. But, as Dario Floreano and Nicola Nosengo report, advances in robotics could bring those rosy predictions closer to reality. A new generation of robots, directly inspired by the intelligence and bodies of living organisms, will be able not only to process data but to interact physically with humans and the environment. In this book, Floreano, a roboticist, and Nosengo, a science writer, bring us tales from the future of intelligent machines—from rescue drones to robot spouses—along with accounts of the cutting-edge research that could make it all possible. These stories from the not-so-distant future show us robots that can be used for mitigating effects of climate change, providing healthcare, working with humans on the factory floor, and more. Floreano and Nosengo tell us how an application of swarm robotics could protect Venice from flooding, how drones could reduce traffic on the congested streets of mega-cities like Hong Kong, and how a “long-term relationship model” robot could supply sex, love, and companionship. After each fictional scenario, they explain the technologies that underlie it, describing advances in such areas as soft robotics, swarm robotics, aerial and mobile robotics, humanoid robots, wearable robots, and even biohybrid robots based on living cells. Robotics technology is no silver bullet for all the world’s problems—but it can help us tackle some of the most pressing challenges we face.

Future Robots

Download Future Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027270082
Total Pages : 503 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Robots by : Domenico Parisi

Download or read book Future Robots written by Domenico Parisi and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2014-06-15 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is for both robot builders and scientists who study human behaviour and human societies. Scientists do not only collect empirical data but they also formulate theories to explain the data. Theories of human behaviour and human societies are traditionally expressed in words but, today, with the advent of the computer they can also be expressed by constructing computer-based artefacts. If the artefacts do what human beings do, the theory/blueprint that has been used to construct the artefacts explains human behaviour and human societies. Since human beings are primarily bodies, the artefacts must be robots, and human robots must progressively reproduce all we know about human beings and their societies. And, although they are purely scientific tools, they can have one very important practical application: helping human beings to better understand the many difficult problems they face today and will face in the future - and, perhaps, to find solutions for these problems.

Robots, Ethics and the Future of Jobs

Download Robots, Ethics and the Future of Jobs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Messenger Publications
ISBN 13 : 1788123077
Total Pages : 161 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (881 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robots, Ethics and the Future of Jobs by : Sean McDonagh

Download or read book Robots, Ethics and the Future of Jobs written by Sean McDonagh and published by Messenger Publications. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “I love my robot lawn mowers, my laptop, wifi, Google, Facetime, Whatsapp and the possibility of drone postal deliveries and more.. Yet worries nag about being overwhelmed by an artificial intelligence revolution whose ethical and moral parameters are less clear than its rampant profiteering from and monetising of your lives and mine. This hugely informative book shakes us out of our massage armchairs and demands that we engage immediately with these galloping advances so we can shape them to the benefit of the many and not leave them to the enrichment of the few at the awful cost of the impoverishment of swathes of humanity”. Mary McAleese, former President of Ireland. "Robots, Ethics and The Future of Jobs is a wakeup call for political, civic, media and church leaders, urging a response to the deepening and accelerating pace of technological change and its potential consequences. Artificial Intelligence, robotics, drones, the internet of things and 3D printing are the building blocks of the 4th industrial revolution. These technologies offer great potential but also carry real risks and are reaching into every corner of our lives, civilian and military. Who will win and who will lose? Who will set the rules and the ethical boundaries within which they should develop and operate? Will the displaced be included, if so, how; or ignored and, if so, with what political, social and economic consequences? That these questions cannot be avoided and should not be postponed - and that we do not need to wait for change to happen because it is already upon us - are central messages of this thought provoking text." Pat Cox, former President European Parliament.

What To Expect When You're Expecting Robots

Download What To Expect When You're Expecting Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hachette UK
ISBN 13 : 1541699106
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What To Expect When You're Expecting Robots by : Laura Major

Download or read book What To Expect When You're Expecting Robots written by Laura Major and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The next generation of robots will be truly social, but can we make sure that they play well in the sandbox? Most robots are just tools. They do limited sets of tasks subject to constant human control. But a new type of robot is coming. These machines will operate on their own in busy, unpredictable public spaces. They'll ferry deliveries, manage emergency rooms, even grocery shop. Such systems could be truly collaborative, accomplishing tasks we don't do well without our having to stop and direct them. This makes them social entities, so, as robot designers Laura Major and Julie Shah argue, whether they make our lives better or worse is a matter of whether they know how to behave. What to Expect When You're Expecting Robots offers a vision for how robots can survive in the real world and how they will change our relationship to technology. From teaching them manners, to robot-proofing public spaces, to planning for their mistakes, this book answers every question you didn't know you needed to ask about the robots on the way.

The Rise of the Robots

Download The Rise of the Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1780747500
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (87 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Rise of the Robots by : Martin Ford

Download or read book The Rise of the Robots written by Martin Ford and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2015-09-03 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intelligent algorithms are already well on their way to making white collar jobs obsolete: travel agents, data-analysts, and paralegals are currently in the firing line. In the near future, doctors, taxi-drivers and ironically even computer programmers are poised to be replaced by ‘robots’. Without a radical reassessment of our economic and political structures, we risk the very implosion of the capitalist economy itself. In The Rise of the Robots, technology expert Martin Ford systematically outlines the achievements of artificial intelligence and uses a wealth of economic data to illustrate the terrifying societal implications. From health and education to finance and technology, his warning is stark – all jobs that are on some level routine are likely to eventually be automated, resulting in the death of traditional careers and a hollowed-out middle class. The robots are coming and we have to decide – now – whether the future will bring prosperity or catastrophe.

The Robots Are Coming!

Download The Robots Are Coming! PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0525565000
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (255 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Robots Are Coming! by : Andres Oppenheimer

Download or read book The Robots Are Coming! written by Andres Oppenheimer and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Staying true to his trademark journalistic approach, Andrés Oppenheimer takes his readers on yet another journey, this time across the globe, in a thought-provoking search to understand what the future holds for today's jobs in the foreseeable age of automation. The Robots Are Coming! centers around the issue of jobs and their future in the context of rapid automation and the growth of online products and services. As two of Oppenheimer's interviewees -- both experts in technology and economics from Oxford University -- indicate, forty-seven percent of existing jobs are at risk of becoming automated or rendered obsolete by other technological changes in the next twenty years. Oppenheimer examines current changes in several fields, including the food business, legal work, banking, and medicine, speaking with experts in the field, and citing articles and literature on automation in various areas of the workforce. He contrasts the perspectives of "techno-optimists" with those of "techno-negativists" and generally attempts to find a middle ground between an alarmist vision of the future, and one that is too uncritical. A self-described "cautious optimist", Oppenheimer believes that technology will not create massive unemployment, but rather will drastically change what work looks like.

Robot Futures

Download Robot Futures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262018624
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robot Futures by : Illah Reza Nourbakhsh

Download or read book Robot Futures written by Illah Reza Nourbakhsh and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "With robots, we are inventing a new species that is part material and part digital. The ambition of modern robotics goes beyond copying humans, beyond the effort to make walking, talking androids that are indistinguishable from people. Future robots will have superhuman abilities in both the physical and digital realms. They will be embedded in our physical spaces, with the ability to go where we cannot, and will have minds of their own, thanks to artificial intelligence. They will be fully connected to the digital world, far better at carrying out online tasks than we are. In Robot Futures, the roboticist Illah Reza Nourbakhsh considers how we will share our world with these creatures, and how our society could change as it incorporates a race of stronger, smarter beings. Nourbakhsh imagines a future that includes adbots offering interactive custom messaging; robotic flying toys that operate by means of "gaze tracking"; robot-enabled multimodal, multicontinental telepresence; and even a way that nanorobots could allow us to assume different physical forms. Nourbakhsh follows each glimpse into the robotic future with an examination of the underlying technology and an exploration of the social consequences of the scenario. Each chapter describes a form of technological empowerment -- in some cases, empowerment run amok, with corporations and institutions amassing even more power and influence and individuals becoming unconstrained by social accountability. (Imagine the hotheaded discourse of the Internet taking physical form.) Nourbakhsh also offers a counter-vision: a robotics designed to create civic and community empowerment. His book helps us understand why that is the robot future we should try to bring about."--Jacket.

Robots

Download Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : E.D.C. Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robots by : Kenneth Gatland

Download or read book Robots written by Kenneth Gatland and published by E.D.C. Publishing. This book was released on 1979 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes possible uses for robots of the future.

The Fourth Age

Download The Fourth Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Atria Books
ISBN 13 : 1501158570
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Fourth Age by : Byron Reese

Download or read book The Fourth Age written by Byron Reese and published by Atria Books. This book was released on 2020-03-17 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we approach a great turning point in history when technology is poised to redefine what it means to be human, The Fourth Age offers fascinating insight into AI, robotics, and their extraordinary implications for our species. “If you only read just one book about the AI revolution, make it this one” (John Mackey, cofounder and CEO, Whole Foods Market). In The Fourth Age, Byron Reese makes the case that technology has reshaped humanity just three times in history: 100,000 years ago, we harnessed fire, which led to language; 10,000 years ago, we developed agriculture, which led to cities and warfare; 5,000 years ago, we invented the wheel and writing, which lead to the nation state. We are now on the doorstep of a fourth change brought about by two technologies: AI and robotics. “Timely, highly informative, and certainly optimistic” (Booklist), The Fourth Age provides an essential background on how we got to this point, and how—rather than what—we should think about the topics we’ll soon all be facing: machine consciousness, automation, changes in employment, creative computers, radical life extension, artificial life, AI ethics, the future of warfare, superintelligence, and the implications of extreme prosperity. By asking questions like “Are you a machine?” and “Could a computer feel anything?”, Reese leads you through a discussion along the cutting edge in robotics and AI, and provides a framework by which we can all understand, discuss, and act on the issues of the Fourth Age and how they’ll transform humanity.

Robotics

Download Robotics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nomad Press
ISBN 13 : 1936749793
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (367 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robotics by : Kathy Ceceri

Download or read book Robotics written by Kathy Ceceri and published by Nomad Press. This book was released on 2012-08-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once, robots were only found in science fiction books and movies. Today, robots are everywhere! They assemble massive cars and tiny computer chips. They help doctors do delicate surgery. They vacuum our houses and mow our lawns. Robot toys play with us, follow our commands, and respond to our moods. We even send robots to explore the depths of the ocean and the expanse of space. In Robotics, children ages 9 and up learn how robots affect both the future and the present. Hands-on activities make learning both fun and lasting.

The New Breed

Download The New Breed PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Henry Holt and Company
ISBN 13 : 1250296110
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The New Breed by : Kate Darling

Download or read book The New Breed written by Kate Darling and published by Henry Holt and Company. This book was released on 2021-04-20 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For readers of The Second Machine Age or The Soul of an Octopus, a bold, exciting exploration of how building diverse kinds of relationships with robots—inspired by how we interact with animals—could be the key to making our future with robot technology work There has been a lot of ink devoted to discussions of how robots will replace us and take our jobs. But MIT Media Lab researcher and technology policy expert Kate Darling argues just the opposite, suggesting that treating robots with a bit of humanity, more like the way we treat animals, will actually serve us better. From a social, legal, and ethical perspective, she shows that our current ways of thinking don’t leave room for the robot technology that is soon to become part of our everyday routines. Robots are likely to supplement—rather than replace—our own skills and relationships. So if we consider our history of incorporating animals into our work, transportation, military, and even families, we actually have a solid basis for how to contend with this future. A deeply original analysis of our technological future and the ethical dilemmas that await us, The New Breed explains how the treatment of machines can reveal a new understanding of our own history, our own systems, and how we relate—not just to nonhumans, but also to one another.

Robotics, AI and the Future of Law

Download Robotics, AI and the Future of Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811328749
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robotics, AI and the Future of Law by : Marcelo Corrales

Download or read book Robotics, AI and the Future of Law written by Marcelo Corrales and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence and related technologies are changing both the law and the legal profession. In particular, technological advances in fields ranging from machine learning to more advanced robots, including sensors, virtual realities, algorithms, bots, drones, self-driving cars, and more sophisticated “human-like” robots are creating new and previously unimagined challenges for regulators. These advances also give rise to new opportunities for legal professionals to make efficiency gains in the delivery of legal services. With the exponential growth of such technologies, radical disruption seems likely to accelerate in the near future. This collection brings together a series of contributions by leading scholars in the newly emerging field of artificial intelligence, robotics, and the law. The aim of the book is to enrich legal debates on the social meaning and impact of this type of technology. The distinctive feature of the contributions presented in this edition is that they address the impact of these technological developments in a number of different fields of law and from the perspective of diverse jurisdictions. Moreover, the authors utilize insights from multiple related disciplines, in particular social theory and philosophy, in order to better understand and address the legal challenges created by AI. Therefore, the book will contribute to interdisciplinary debates on disruptive new AI technologies and the law.

Industrial robots and cobots

Download Industrial robots and cobots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Michał Gurgul
ISBN 13 : 8395251300
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (952 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Industrial robots and cobots by : Michał Gurgul

Download or read book Industrial robots and cobots written by Michał Gurgul and published by Michał Gurgul. This book was released on 2018-12-08 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the modern world, highly repetitive and tiresome tasks are being delegated to machines. The demand for industrial robots is growing not only because of the need to improve production efficiency and the quality of the end products, but also due to rising employment costs and a shortage of skilled professionals. The industrial robot market is projected to grow by 16% year-on-year in the immediate future. The industry’s progressing automation is increasing the demand for specialists who can operate robots. If you would like to join this sought-after and well-paid professional group, it’s time to learn how to operate and program robots using modern methods. This book provides all the information you will need to enter the industry without spending money on training or looking for someone willing to introduce you to the world of robotics. You will learn about all aspects of programming and implementing robots in a company. The book consists of four parts: general introduction to robotics for non-technical people; part two describes industry robotisation; part three depicts the principles and methods of programming robots; the final part touches upon the safety of industrial robots and cobots. Are you a student of a technical faculty, or even a manager of a plant who would like to robotise production? If you are interested in this subject, you won’t find a better book!

Rule of the Robots

Download Rule of the Robots PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hachette UK
ISBN 13 : 1541674723
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (416 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rule of the Robots by : Martin Ford

Download or read book Rule of the Robots written by Martin Ford and published by Hachette UK. This book was released on 2021-09-14 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times–bestselling author of Rise of the Robots shows what happens as AI takes over our lives If you have a smartphone, you have AI in your pocket. AI is impossible to avoid online. And it has already changed everything from how doctors diagnose disease to how you interact with friends or read the news. But in Rule of the Robots, Martin Ford argues that the true revolution is yet to come. In this sequel to his prescient New York Times bestseller Rise of the Robots, Ford presents us with a striking vision of the very near future. He argues that AI is a uniquely powerful technology that is altering every dimension of human life, often for the better. For example, advanced science is being done by machines, solving devilish problems in molecular biology that humans could not, and AI can help us fight climate change or the next pandemic. It also has a capacity for profound harm. Deep fakes—AI-generated audio or video of events that never happened—are poised to cause havoc throughout society. AI empowers authoritarian regimes like China with unprecedented mechanisms for social control. And AI can be deeply biased, learning bigoted attitudes from us and perpetuating them. In short, this is not a technology to simply embrace, or let others worry about. The machines are coming, and they won’t stop, and each of us needs to know what that means if we are to thrive in the twenty-first century. And Rule of the Robots is the essential guide to all of it: both AI and the future of our economy, our politics, our lives.

Robot-Proof, revised and updated edition

Download Robot-Proof, revised and updated edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262549859
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Robot-Proof, revised and updated edition by : Joseph E. Aoun

Download or read book Robot-Proof, revised and updated edition written by Joseph E. Aoun and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-10-15 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh look at a “robot-proof” education in the new age of generative AI. In 2017, Robot-Proof, the first edition, foresaw the advent of the AI economy and called for a new model of higher education designed to help human beings flourish alongside smart machines. That economy has arrived. Creative tasks that, seven years ago, seemed resistant to automation can now be performed with a simple prompt. As a result, we must now learn not only to be conversant with these technologies, but also to comprehend and deploy their outputs. In this revised and updated edition, Joseph Aoun rethinks the university’s mission for a world transformed by AI, advocating for the lifelong endeavor of a “robot-proof” education. Aoun puts forth a framework for a new curriculum, humanics, which integrates technological, data, and human literacies in an experiential setting, and he renews the call for universities to embrace lifelong learning through a social compact with government, employers, and learners themselves. Drawing on the latest developments and debates around generative AI, Robot-Proof is a blueprint for the university as a force for human reinvention in an era of technological change—an era in which we must constantly renegotiate the shifting boundaries between artificial intelligence and the capacities that remain uniquely human.