Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management

Download Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642273149
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management written by Ying Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management

Download Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642273114
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management written by Ying Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-04 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management

Download Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642273124
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (731 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management written by Ying Zhang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-02-09 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems

Download Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642273262
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems written by Ying Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-25 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in the ICF4C 2011 conference. 2011 International Conference on Future Communication, Computing, Control and Management (ICF4C 2011) has been held on December 16-17, 2011, Phuket, Thailand. Topics covered include intelligent computing, network management, wireless networks, telecommunication, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Computing, Communication, Control, and Management and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management Research.

Advances on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications

Download Advances on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030026132
Total Pages : 777 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications by : Leonard Barolli

Download or read book Advances on Broadband and Wireless Computing, Communication and Applications written by Leonard Barolli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-18 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents on the latest research findings, and innovative research methods and development techniques related to the emerging areas of broadband and wireless computing from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Information networking is evolving rapidly with various kinds of networks with different characteristics emerging and being integrated into heterogeneous networks. As a result, a number of interconnection problems can occur at different levels of the communicating entities and communication networks’ hardware and software design. These networks need to manage an increasing usage demand, provide support for a significant number of services, guarantee their QoS, and optimize the network resources. The success of all-IP networking and wireless technology has changed the way of life for people around the world, and the advances in electronic integration and wireless communications will pave the way for access to the wireless networks on the fly. This in turn means that all electronic devices will be able to exchange the information with each other in a ubiquitous way whenever necessary.

Broadband Communications, Computing, and Control for Ubiquitous Intelligence

Download Broadband Communications, Computing, and Control for Ubiquitous Intelligence PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030980642
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Broadband Communications, Computing, and Control for Ubiquitous Intelligence by : Lin Cai

Download or read book Broadband Communications, Computing, and Control for Ubiquitous Intelligence written by Lin Cai and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-09 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reports on the latest advances from both industry and academia on ubiquitous intelligence and how it is enabled by 5G/6G communication technologies. The authors cover network protocol and architecture design, machine learning and artificial intelligence, coordinated control and digital twins technologies, and security and privacy enhancement for ubiquitous intelligence. The authors include recent studies of performance analysis and enhancement of the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems, edge computing, and cyber twins, all of which provide importance guidance and theoretical tools for developing future ubiquitous intelligence. The content of the book will be of interest to students, educators, and researchers in academia, industry, and research laboratories. Provides comprehensive coverage of enabling communications, computing, and control technologies for ubiquitous intelligence; Presents a novel paradigm of ubiquitous intelligence powered by broadband communications, computing, and control; Includes a review of 5G/6G communication technologies, network protocol and architecture design, and ubiquitous computing.

Future Computer, Communication, Control and Automation

Download Future Computer, Communication, Control and Automation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642255388
Total Pages : 748 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Computer, Communication, Control and Automation by : Tianbiao Zhang

Download or read book Future Computer, Communication, Control and Automation written by Tianbiao Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-12-03 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume includes a set of selected papers extended and revised from the 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA 2011). 2011 International Conference on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation (3CA 2011) has been held in Zhuhai, China, November 19-20, 2011. This volume topics covered include wireless communications, advances in wireless video, wireless sensors networking, security in wireless networks, network measurement and management, hybrid and discrete-event systems, internet analytics and automation, robotic system and applications, reconfigurable automation systems, machine vision in automation. We hope that researchers, graduate students and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedings and also find it stimulating in the process.

Advanced Wireless Communications and Internet

Download Advanced Wireless Communications and Internet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119991757
Total Pages : 1025 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Wireless Communications and Internet by : Savo G. Glisic

Download or read book Advanced Wireless Communications and Internet written by Savo G. Glisic and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-05-03 with total page 1025 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ADVANCED WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND INTERNET THIRD EDITION ADVANCED WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND INTERNET Future Evolving Technologies The new edition of Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Cognitive and Cooperative Broadband Technology, 2nd Edition, including the latest developments In the evolution of wireless communications, the dominant challenges are in the areas of networking and their integration with the Future Internet. Even the classical concept of cellular networks is changing and new technologies are evolving to replace it. To reflect these new trends, Advanced Wireless Communications & INTERNET builds upon the previous volumes, enhancing the existing chapters, and including a number of new topics. Systematically guiding readers from the fundamentals through to advanced areas, each chapter begins with an introductory explanation of the basic problems and solutions followed with an analytical treatment in greater detail. The most important aspects of new emerging technologies in wireless communications are comprehensively covered including: next generation Internet; cloud computing and network virtualization; economics of utility computing and wireless grids and clouds. This gives readers an essential understanding of the overall environment in which future wireless networks will be operating. Furthermore, a number of methodologies for maintaining the network connectivity, by using tools ranging from genetic algorithms to stochastic geometry and random graphs theory, and a discussion on percolation and connectivity, are also offered. The book includes a chapter on network formation games, covering the general models, knowledge based network formation games, and coalition games in wireless ad hoc networks. Illustrates points throughout using real-life case studies drawn from the author’s extensive international experience in the field of telecommunications Fully updated to include the latest developments, key topics covered include: advanced routing and network coding; network stability control; relay-assisted Wireless Networks; multicommodity flow optimization problems, flow optimization in heterogeneous networks, and dynamic resource allocation in computing clouds Methodically guides readers through each topic from basic to advanced areas Focuses on system elements that provide adaptability and re-configurability, and discusses how these features can improve wireless communications system performance Enjoyed this book? Why not tell others about it and write a review on your favourite online bookseller.

Shaping the Future of ICT

Download Shaping the Future of ICT PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351651293
Total Pages : 938 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Shaping the Future of ICT by : Ibrahiem M. M. El Emary

Download or read book Shaping the Future of ICT written by Ibrahiem M. M. El Emary and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Conference on Communications, Management, and Information Technology (ICCMIT’16) provides a discussion forum for scientists, engineers, educators and students about the latest discoveries and realizations in the foundations, theory, models and applications of systems inspired on nature, using computational intelligence methodologies, as well as in emerging areas related to the three tracks of the conference: Communication Engineering, Knowledge, and Information Technology. The best 25 papers to be included in the book will be carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions, then revised and expanded to provide deeper insight into trends shaping future ICT.

Computing in Communication Networks

Download Computing in Communication Networks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128209046
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Computing in Communication Networks by : Frank H.P. Fitzek

Download or read book Computing in Communication Networks written by Frank H.P. Fitzek and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-05-20 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computing in Communication Networks: From Theory to Practice provides comprehensive details and practical implementation tactics on the novel concepts and enabling technologies at the core of the paradigm shift from store and forward (dumb) to compute and forward (intelligent) in future communication networks and systems. The book explains how to create virtualized large scale testbeds using well-established open source software, such as Mininet and Docker. It shows how and where to place disruptive techniques, such as machine learning, compressed sensing, or network coding in a newly built testbed. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of current standardization activities. Specific chapters explore upcoming communication networks that support verticals in transportation, industry, construction, agriculture, health care and energy grids, underlying concepts, such as network slicing and mobile edge cloud, enabling technologies, such as SDN/NFV/ ICN, disruptive innovations, such as network coding, compressed sensing and machine learning, how to build a virtualized network infrastructure testbed on one’s own computer, and more. Provides a uniquely comprehensive overview on the individual building blocks that comprise the concept of computing in future networks Gives practical hands-on activities to bridge theory and implementation Includes software and examples that are not only employed throughout the book, but also hosted on a dedicated website

Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems

Download Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642273238
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems by : Ying Zhang

Download or read book Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems written by Ying Zhang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains revised and extended research articles written by prominent researchers participating in ICFWI 2011 conference. The 2011 International Conference on Future Wireless Networks and Information Systems (ICFWI 2011) has been held on November 30 ~ December 1, 2011, Macao, China. Topics covered include Wireless Information Networks, Wireless Networking Technologies, Mobile Software and Services, intelligent computing, network management, power engineering, control engineering, Signal and Image Processing, Machine Learning, Control Systems and Applications, The book will offer the states of arts of tremendous advances in Wireless Networks and Information Systems and also serve as an excellent reference work for researchers and graduate students working on Wireless Networks and Information Systems.

Networks of the Future

Download Networks of the Future PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351651560
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (516 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Networks of the Future by : Mahmoud Elkhodr

Download or read book Networks of the Future written by Mahmoud Elkhodr and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the ubiquitous diffusion of the IoT, Cloud Computing, 5G and other evolved wireless technologies into our daily lives, the world will see the Internet of the future expand ever more quickly. Driving the progress of communications and connectivity are mobile and wireless technologies, including traditional WLANs technologies and low, ultra-power, short and long-range technologies. These technologies facilitate the communication among the growing number of connected devices, leading to the generation of huge volumes of data. Processing and analysis of such "big data" brings about many opportunities, as well as many challenges, such as those relating to efficient power consumptions, security, privacy, management, and quality of service. This book is about the technologies, opportunities and challenges that can drive and shape the networks of the future. Written by established international researchers and experts, Networks of the Future answers fundamental and pressing research challenges in the field, including architectural shifts, concepts, mitigation solutions and techniques, and key technologies in the areas of networking. The book starts with a discussion on Cognitive Radio (CR) technologies as promising solutions for improving spectrum utilization, and also highlights the advances in CR spectrum sensing techniques and resource management methods. The second part of the book presents the latest developments and research in the areas of 5G technologies and Software Defined Networks (SDN). Solutions to the most pressing challenges facing the adoption of 5G technologies are also covered, and the new paradigm known as Fog Computing is examined in the context of 5G networks. The focus next shifts to efficient solutions for future heterogeneous networks. It consists of a collection of chapters that discuss self-healing solutions, dealing with Network Virtualization, QoS in heterogeneous networks, and energy efficient techniques for Passive Optical Networks and Wireless Sensor Networks. Finally, the areas of IoT and Big Data are discussed, including the latest developments and future perspectives of Big Data and the IoT paradigms.

The Evolution of Untethered Communications

Download The Evolution of Untethered Communications PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309059466
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (594 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Evolution of Untethered Communications by : National Research Council

Download or read book The Evolution of Untethered Communications written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the committee studied a range of issues to help identify what strategies the Department of Defense might follow to meet its need for flexible, rapidly deployable communications systems. Taking into account the military's particular requirements for security, interoperability, and other capabilities as well as the extent to which commercial technology development can be expected to support these and related needs, the book recommends systems and component research as well as organizational changes to help the DOD field state-of-the-art, cost-effective untethered communications systems. In addition to advising DARPA on where its investment in information technology for mobile wireless communications systems can have the greatest impact, the book explores the evolution of wireless technology, the often fruitful synergy between commercial and military research and development efforts, and the technical challenges still to be overcome in making the dream of "anytime, anywhere" communications a reality.

Future Networks, Services and Management

Download Future Networks, Services and Management PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030819612
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Networks, Services and Management by : Mehmet Toy

Download or read book Future Networks, Services and Management written by Mehmet Toy and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the networks, applications, services of 2030 and beyond, their management. Novel end-to-end network and services architectures using cloud, wired, wireless, and space technologies to support future applications and services are presented. The book ties key concepts together such as cloud, space networking, network slicing, AI/ML, edge computing, burst switching, and optical computing in achieving end-to-end automated future services. Expected future applications, services, and network and data center architectures to support these applications and services in the year 2030 and beyond, along with security, routing, QoS, and management architecture and capabilities are described. The book is written by recognized global experts in the field from both industry and academia.

Advances in Control and Communication

Download Advances in Control and Communication PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642260071
Total Pages : 728 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Control and Communication by : Dehuai Zeng

Download or read book Advances in Control and Communication written by Dehuai Zeng and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-21 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With success of ICEEE 2010 in Wuhan, China, and December 4 to 5, 2010, the second International Conference of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE 2011) will be held in Macau, China, and December 1 to 2, 2011. ICEEE is an annual conference to call together researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development activities in Electrical and Electronics Engineering along with Computer Science and Technology, Communication Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Information Technology, etc. This year ICEEE is sponsored by International Industrial Electronics Center, Hong Kong. And based on the deserved reputation, more than 750 papers have been submitted to ICEEE 2011, from which 92 high quality original papers have been selected for the conference presentation and inclusion in the “Future Information Technology and Computer Engineering” book based on the referees’ comments from peer-refereed. We expect that the Future Information Technology and Computer Engineering book will be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in the importance subject including Database Management, Information Technology and System, Computing Methodologies, Computer Systems Organization, Computer Application, etc. We expect that the Future Information Technology and Computer Engineering book will be a trigger for further related research and technology improvements in the importance subject including Database Management, Information Technology and System, Computing Methodologies, Computer Systems Organization, Computer Application, etc.

Future Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Data Science

Download Future Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Data Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1040039537
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Future Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Data Science by : Inam Ullah

Download or read book Future Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Data Science written by Inam Ullah and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-06-14 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future Communication Systems Using Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Data Science mainly focuses on the techniques of artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and data science for future communications systems. The goal of AI, IoT and data science for future communications systems is to create a venue for industry and academics to collaborate on the development of network and system solutions based on data science, AI and IoT. Recent breakthroughs in IoT, mobile and fixed communications and computation have paved the way for a data‐centric society of the future. New applications are increasingly reliant on machine‐to‐machine connections, resulting in unusual workloads and the need for more efficient and dependable infrastructures. Such a wide range of traffic workloads and applications will necessitate dynamic and highly adaptive network environments capable of self‐optimization for the task at hand while ensuring high dependability and ultra‐low latency. Networking devices, sensors, agents, meters and smart vehicles/systems generate massive amounts of data, necessitating new levels of security, performance and dependability. Such complications necessitate the development of new tools and approaches for providing successful services, management and operation. Predictive network analytics will play a critical role in insight generation, process automation required for adapting and scaling to new demands, resolving issues before they impact operational performance (e.g., preventing network failures and anticipating capacity requirements) and overall network decision‐making. To increase user experience and service quality, data mining and analytic techniques for inferring quality of experience (QoE) signals are required. AI, IoT, machine learning, reinforcement learning and network data analytics innovations open new possibilities in areas such as channel modeling and estimation, cognitive communications, interference alignment, mobility management, resource allocation, network control and management, network tomography, multi‐agent systems and network ultra‐broadband deployment prioritization. These new analytic platforms will aid in the transformation of our networks and user experience. Future networks will enable unparalleled automation and optimization by intelligently gathering, analyzing, learning and controlling huge volumes of information.

Resource Management in Future Internet

Download Resource Management in Future Internet PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000796876
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Resource Management in Future Internet by : Vladimir Poulkov

Download or read book Resource Management in Future Internet written by Vladimir Poulkov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-01 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Future Internet and Internet of Things set out a new vision for connectivity, real-time applications and services. Data procured from the use of a large number of heterogeneous physical and virtual devices must be real-time processed and analyzed for the goal of effective resource management and control while maintaining the required performance and quality of service. In addition, the development of the communication networks towards heterogeneous and new generation broadband connectivity brings up new requirements towards the way of managing and controlling of the available resources. Thus for the effective resource management in future internet novel approaches must be proposed and developed. It could be seen that recently a considerable amount of effort has been devoted on behalf of industry and academia, towards the research and design of methods for effective management of resources in internet and multimedia communications. The book reviews some specific topics in the field of future internet and internet technologies that are closely related to the issue of finding effective solutions for the management of resources and performance. Technical topics discussed in the book include: • Future Internet Technologies;• Internet of things;• Multimedia Networks;• Wireless Access Networks;• Software Communications;• Positioning and Localization in Communications;• Resource Management.Resource Management in future Internet is recommended for specialists working in the field of information and communication industries as well as academic staff and researchers working in the field of multimedia communications and telecommunication networks.