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Fundamentals Of Soot Formation In Gas Turbine Combustors
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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors by :
Download or read book Fundamentals of Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental facility for studying soot formation in high temperature, fuel-rich, laminar, premixed flames has been constructed. Diagnostics included laser absorption, thermocouple particle densitometry, and thermophoretic soot sampling with analysis by transmission electron microscopy. Single particles with diameters as small as 3-5 nanometers were observed. Larger particles (20-25 nanometers) agglomerated to form large clusters. A coflow, axisymmetric, laminar ethylene diffusion flame has been studied, both experimentally and computationally. A lifted flame has been selected to eliminate possible uncertainties caused by the burner lip. A two-dimensional, detailed soot growth model in which the equations for particle production are coupled to the flow and gaseous species conservation equations has been used to investigate soot production in the flame. Detailed transport and finite rate chemistry in the gas phase was coupled with the particle aerosol equations in the sectional representation. In comparison to measured data obtained using intrusive and non- intrusive diagnostics, the model predicted temperature, flame height, and major species very well. Peak benzene concentrations and soot volume fraction were predicted to within 20% of the experimental value. The predicted distribution of benzene was excellent, but the soot was underpredicted along the centerline. This deficit was attributed to limitations in the PAH growth model. Oxidation of particulates was dominated by reactions with hydroxyl radical at superequilibrium levels. Radiation losses significantly effected predicted temperatures.
Book Synopsis Fuel Molecular Structure and Flame Temperature Effects on Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors by :
Download or read book Fuel Molecular Structure and Flame Temperature Effects on Soot Formation in Gas Turbine Combustors written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Gas Turbine Combustion by :
Download or read book Fundamentals of Gas Turbine Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Gas Turbine Combustion on Soot Deposition by : D. J. White
Download or read book Effects of Gas Turbine Combustion on Soot Deposition written by D. J. White and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of premixing the reaction air and fuel of a gas turbine combustor on soot formation were investigated. Other parameters such as pressure, temperature and reaction zone fuel-air ratio were also evaluated. Soot formation was found to be dominated by fuel-air premixing and could be suppressed readily through a partial premix process. (Author).
Book Synopsis Soot Production in a Tubular Gas Turbine Combustor by :
Download or read book Soot Production in a Tubular Gas Turbine Combustor written by and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot production in gas turbine combustors is not desirable since it is the major source of exhaust smoke emission and its thermal radiation to the combustor liner deteriorates the liner durability. Soot formation involves comparatively slow chemistry and equilibrium can not be applied to soot modelling in the combustor flow field. . The exact sooting process in the combustor is poorly understood given both the complexity and the limited experimental data available. The work reported in this thesis seeks to first develop in-situ techniques for retrieving spatially-resolved soot properties, mainly soot particle volume fraction, from within the combustor and also to apply the measured results to comparisons with predicted soot concentrations. Two probing methods have been demonstrated which also incorporate a laser absorption technique. The sight probe proves to be more reliable in the present measurements. The evaluation of the physical probing techniques in sooty laboratory flames reveals that the flame structure will not be substantially distorted by the probe. The disturbance caused by the probe is localised, a feature which is evident in the reported water flow visualization test. The necessary inert gas purge can be minimised to reduce the local aerodynamic perturbation. The measured soot volume fraction distributions are comparable with sooting levels reported in flame studies in the literature. The peak soot volume fractions are located off-axis, characteristic of the fuel atornization. The measurementsin the primary zone are restricted by the multi-phase character of the flow, where soot absorption can not be readily discriminated from fuel droplet scattering. Measurements are reported over a range of air-fuel ratios, inlet pressures and temperatures. Time-averageds calard istributionsa t the nominald ilution sectionh ave beeno btained in addition to the soot measuremenut sing probe sampling and standard gas analysis. Correlationso f carbond ioxide with mixtur.
Book Synopsis Correlation of Soot Formation in Turbojet Engines and in Laboratory Flames by : Robert K. Gould
Download or read book Correlation of Soot Formation in Turbojet Engines and in Laboratory Flames written by Robert K. Gould and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data obtained from aviation gas turbine combustor tests have been examined to determine the effects of fuel properties on soot-related measurements such as engine smoke number, combustor flame radiation, and/or combustor linear temperature. Some tests of smaller laboratory combustors used to simulate these large combustors were also examined. From the existing data it is clear that soot production is a strong function of the fuel chemical composition. Variations in the physical properties of the fuel do not correlate well with soot-related effects. In studies in which a broad range of fuel properties was examined, correlation of soot-related effects with basic fuel compositional parameters including (1) the hydrogen content of the fuel, (2) the aromatic content of the fuel, and (3) the amount of multiple-ring aromatics in the fuel show that typically only the first of these correlates well. However, it has also been shown that fuel compositions can be chosen for which this correlating parameter fails.
Book Synopsis Fundamental Combustion Studies of Burning Oil-spray Flames by : General Electric Company
Download or read book Fundamental Combustion Studies of Burning Oil-spray Flames written by General Electric Company and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies were performed for (1) bench -scale flames, (2) full-size gas turbine combustors operated at atmospheric pressure, and (3) full size test -stand combustors operated at higher pressures. The bench -scale flame studies confirmed fundamental knowledge regarding NOx and soot formation. The full-size combustor studies further yielded much test data on NOx and soot formation. Additional work is required both on fundamentals and correlation with testing.
Book Synopsis Soot and Radiation in a Gas Turbine Combustor by : A. H. Lefebvre
Download or read book Soot and Radiation in a Gas Turbine Combustor written by A. H. Lefebvre and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The effects of pressure, inlet air temperature, and fuel type on the soot threshold or critical equivalence ratio, are presented. Higher pressures yield lower soot thresholds, while no dependence on fuel type, as described by either the fuel hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, fuel molecular weight, number of carbon atoms, or number of carbon-carbon bonds, is observed. Variations in inlet air temperature have a complex effect; however, the results clearly show that the experimentally measured flame temperature is central to a description of the incipient soot formation process. The critical equivalence ratio dependence on pressure and temperature is shown to agree with a two-step semi-global model for soot precursor evolution for pressures form 0.1 to 0.8 MPa, and measured flame temperatures between 1600 and 2400K. The effects of equivalence ratio, pressure, and fuel chemistry on total non-luminous flame radiation were also studied. Radiant intensity was highest for an equivalence ratio of unity and increased linearly with pressure from 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. Keywords: Incipient soot formation, Flame radiation and emissivity, Premixed flames, Pressure dependence.
Book Synopsis Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion Delivery Order 0007: Abatement of Soot from Military Gas Turbine Engines Via Fuel Additives by :
Download or read book Advanced Fuel Development and Fuel Combustion Delivery Order 0007: Abatement of Soot from Military Gas Turbine Engines Via Fuel Additives written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technical objective of this program was to develop fundamental understanding of the complex interactions of additives with the processes that lead to PM emissions from military gas turbine engines and to use that fundamental understanding to select and investigate the most promising additives for reducing PM emissions. Because of the inherent complexity of the combustion processes within gas turbine combustors and great difficulty in making measurements inside combustors, it was not possible to achieve the technical objective of this program by making measurements in gas turbine combustors. Furthermore, due to the complexity of the combustion process in a gas turbine combustor, no single laboratory flame or reactor will suffice as a model for a combustor. Therefore, multiple laboratory devices were applied to study the effects of additives on soot formation processes. These devices included a shock tube, a well-stirred reactor, premixed flames, diffusion flames, a spray flame, and a high pressure turbulent reactor. Experiments were performed at Penn State in four of these devices: a premixed flame, a co-flow diffusion flame, a spray flame and the high pressure turbulent reactor.
Book Synopsis Prediction of Soot Particles in Gas Turbine Combustors Using Large Eddy Simulation by : Lucien Gallen (docteur en physique).)
Download or read book Prediction of Soot Particles in Gas Turbine Combustors Using Large Eddy Simulation written by Lucien Gallen (docteur en physique).) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Expected stringent legislation on particulate matter (PM) emission by gas turbine combustors is currently motivating considerable efforts to be better understand, model and predict soot formation. This complex phenomenon is very difficult to study in detail with experiment, and numerical simulation is an essential complementary tool. Considering that the chemistry of soot particles strongly depends on their size, the numerical prediction of soot formation requires the description of their size distribution. To do so, either Eulerian methods (sectional or moments) or stochastic Lagrangian approaches are reported in the literature. In the present work, a far more simple semi-deterministic Lagrangian approach is proposed. An accurate description of the gaseous phase including first Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons is also developed as a necessary input to detail soot model. The combination of reduced chemistries with Lagrangian soot tracking is applied to canonical laminar sooting flames, later to two complex configurations representative of an aeronautical combustors. The first one is the FIRST configuration, a gaseous confined pressurized swirled flame studied experimentally at DLR. Impact of precursors species and radiative transfers through the resolution of Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). Good predictions are obtained compared to experiments for predicted temperature and soot volume fraction. The second target configuration is the UTIAS Jet A-1 burner and corresponds to a confined turbulent spray flame burning aviation jet fuel A-1 studied experimentally at UTIAS Toronto. LES of this configuration provides a qualitative and quantitative understanding of soot evolution in turbulent spray flames. Numerical predicted soot volume fraction using Lagrangian soot tracking and an ARC mechanism including pyrolysis method is compared to experimental measurements. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology relying on ARC chemistry for Jet A-1 including pyrolysis method and Lagrangian soot tracking, to predict accurately soot compared to available measurements.
Book Synopsis Fuel Component Effects on Combuster Soot Formation by :
Download or read book Fuel Component Effects on Combuster Soot Formation written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The principal objective of this program was to obtain information on the effect of fuel composition and combustor operating conditions on soot formation in a model laboratory combustor which is representative of aircraft gas turbine engines (GTEs). Work included the development of a laboratory scale combustor that reflects the characteristics of practical GTEs and the blending of a fuel surrogate from pure hydrocarbons to stimulate JP-4. The results show that the soot yield is affected by fuel molecular structure, loading, engine aerodynamics, and pattern of fuel injection. The performance of the combustor was shown to be highly sensitive to the atomizing air conditions of the fuel nozzle.
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Premixed Hydrocarbon/ Air Flames by : J. J. Macfarlane
Download or read book Soot Formation in Premixed Hydrocarbon/ Air Flames written by J. J. Macfarlane and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Properties by : J. Lahaye
Download or read book Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Properties written by J. Lahaye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our interest in Mulhouse for carbon black and soot began some 30 years ago when J.B. Donnet developed the concept of surface chemistry of carbon and its involvement in interactions with gas, liquid and solid phases. In the late sixties, we began to study soot formation in pyrolytic systems and later on in flames. The idea of organ1z1ng a meeting on soot formation originated some four or five years ago, through discussions among Professor J.B. Howard, Dr. A. D'Alessio and ourselves. At that time the scientific community was becoming aware of the necessity to strictly control soot formation and emission. Being involved in the study of surface properties of carbon black as well as of formation of soot, we realized that the combustion community was not always fully aware of the progress made by the physical-chemists on carbon black. Reciprocally, the carbon specialists were often ignoring the research carried out on soot in flames. One objective of this workshop was to stimulate discussions between these two scientific communities. During the preparation of the meeting, and especially during the review process by the Material Science Committee of the Scientific Affairs Division of N.A.T.O. the toxicological aspect emerged as being an important component to be addressed during the workshop. To reflect these preoccupations we invited biologists, physical chemists and engineers, all leaders in their field. The final programme is a compromise of the different aspects of the subject and was divided in five sessions.
Book Synopsis Effects of Fuel Properties on Soot Formation in Turbine Combustion by : D. W. Naegeli
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Properties on Soot Formation in Turbine Combustion written by D. W. Naegeli and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Fuel Specification and Additives on Soot Formation by : G. S. Samuelsen
Download or read book Effects of Fuel Specification and Additives on Soot Formation written by G. S. Samuelsen and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this program was to develop an employ the method necessary to identify the causal effects of fuel properties, additive properties, and combustor operating conditions on soot formation and to provide information needed to evaluate and develop models destined for gas turbine design. Present knowledge of these effects is limited to systems which are either too simple to adequately represent gas turbine combustion or too complex to permit access to detailed optical diagnostics. The projected use by Air Force aircraft of relax-detailed optical diagnostics. The projected use by Air Force aircraft of relaxed specification fuels having an increased tendency to produce soot portends greater difficulty meeting the future USAF aircraft smoke emission goals and makes this information essential. To answer these technical questions, a multifaceted study was undertaken to test candidate model laboratory combustors in the conduct of fuel effects measurement of local soot size and number density, develop and assess the effect of extractive probe perturbation to local values of soot size and number density, employ an extractive probe and sampling system to assess the effect of fuel molecular structure and additives on the physical and chemical properties of soot, and determine the effectiveness of the ASTM smoke point in predicting sooting behavior in complex flows.
Book Synopsis Soot Particle Inception and Growth Processes in Combustion by :
Download or read book Soot Particle Inception and Growth Processes in Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present research program is intended to provide a fundamental understanding of the processes controlling soot particle formation under conditions applicable to future gas turbine engine operation. During the current year of the effort, work has emphasized the effects of concentration and temperature on the formation of soot particles. Through a carefully structured study, the effects of adding a diluent to the fuel stream of a diffusion flame have been studied. Measurements and modelling efforts have shown that differences in the initial concentration of fuel are rapidly mitigated by diffusional processes. Consequently, local concentration variations are reduced between the initial undiluted and diluted flow cases. Furthermore, local temperature measurements indicate that even under equal adiabatic flame conditions, the local temperature in the soot forming region can differ by 40K between flames involving nitrogen or argon as the diluent. These differences in temperature are argued, based on previous work by other researchers, to be a possible source for the observed effects on soot formation. Additionally, consideration has been given to residence time effects, largely a result of delays in the onset of soot formation which reduces the effective time for soot growth.
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Combustion by : Henning Bockhorn
Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
