Functional And Comparative Genomics Of Saccharomyces And Non Saccharomyces Yeasts Potential For Industrial And Food Biotechnology

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Functional and Comparative Genomics of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: Potential for Industrial and Food Biotechnology

Author : Isabel Sá-Correia
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889635228
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Functional and Comparative Genomics of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: Potential for Industrial and Food Biotechnology by : Isabel Sá-Correia

Download or read book Functional and Comparative Genomics of Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces Yeasts: Potential for Industrial and Food Biotechnology written by Isabel Sá-Correia and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1996, when the first Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome sequence was released, a wealth of genomic data has been made available for numerous S. cerevisiae strains, its close relatives, and non-conventional yeast species isolates of diverse origins. Several annotated genomes of interspecific hybrids, both within the Saccharomyces clade and outside, are now also available. This genomic information, together with functional genomics and genome engineering tools, is providing a holistic assessment of the complex cellular responses to environmental challenges, elucidating the processes underlying evolution, speciation, hybridization, domestication, and uncovering crucial aspects of yeasts´ physiological genomics to guide their biotechnological exploitation. S. cerevisiae has been used for millennia in the production of food and beverages and research over the last century and a half has generated a great deal of knowledge of this species. Despite all this, S. cerevisiae is not the best for all uses and many non-conventional yeast species have highly desirable traits that S. cerevisiae does not have. These include tolerance to different stresses (e.g. acetic acid tolerance in Zygosaccharomyces bailii, osmotolerance in Z. rouxii, and thermotolerance in Kluyveromyces marxianus and Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha), the capacity of assimilation of diverse carbon sources (e.g. high native capacity to metabolyze xylose and potential for the valorization of agroforest residues by Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipites), as well as, high protein secretion, fermentation efficiency and production of desirable flavors, capacity to favor respiration over fermentation, high lipid biosynthesis and accumulation, and efficient production of chemicals other than ethanol amongst many. Several non-Saccharomyces species have already been developed as eukaryotic hosts and cell factories. Others are highly relevant as food spoilers or for desirable flavor producers. Therefore, non-conventional yeasts are now attracting increasing attention with their diversity and complexity being tackled by basic research for biotechnological applications. The interest in the exploitation of non-conventional yeasts is very high and a number of tools, such as cloning vectors, promoters, terminators, and efficient genome editing tools, have been developed to facilitate their genetic engineering. Functional and Comparative Genomics of non-conventional yeasts is elucidating the evolution of genome functions and metabolic and ecological diversity, relating their physiology to genomic features and opening the door to the application of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology to yeasts of biotechnological potential. We are entering the era of the non-conventional yeasts, increasing the exploitation of yeast biodiversity and metabolic capabilities in science and industry. In this collection the industrial properties of S. cerevisiae, in particular uses, are explored along with its closely related species and interspecific hybrids. This is followed by comparisons between S. cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts in specific applications and then the properties of various non-conventional yeasts and their hybrids.

Yeasts in Food and Beverages

Author : Amparo Querol
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540283986
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Yeasts in Food and Beverages by : Amparo Querol

Download or read book Yeasts in Food and Beverages written by Amparo Querol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-12-30 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a group of microorganisms, yeasts have an enormous impact on food and bev- age production. Scientific and technological understanding of their roles in this p- duction began to emerge in the mid-1800s, starting with the pioneering studies of Pasteur in France and Hansen in Denmark on the microbiology of beer and wine fermentations. Since that time, researchers throughout the world have been engaged in a fascinating journey of discovery and development – learning about the great diversity of food and beverage commodities that are produced or impacted by yeast activity, about the diversity of yeast species associated with these activities, and about the diversity of biochemical, physiological and molecular mechanisms that underpin the many roles of yeasts in food and beverage production. Many excellent books have now been published on yeasts in food and beverage production, and it is reasonable to ask the question – why another book? There are two different approaches to describe and understand the role of yeasts in food and beverage production. One approach is to focus on the commodity and the technology of its processing (e. g. wine fermentation, fermentation of bakery products), and this is the direction that most books on food and beverage yeasts have taken, to date. A second approach is to focus on the yeasts, themselves, and their bi- ogy in the context of food and beverage habitats.

Non-conventional Yeasts: from Basic Research to Application

Author : Andriy Sibirny
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 303021110X
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-conventional Yeasts: from Basic Research to Application by : Andriy Sibirny

Download or read book Non-conventional Yeasts: from Basic Research to Application written by Andriy Sibirny and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-08-12 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume scopes several aspects of non-conventional yeast research prepared by the leading specialists in the field. An introduction on taxonomy and systematics enhances the reader’s knowledge on yeasts beyond established ones such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnological approaches that involve fungal utilization of unusual substrates, production of biofuels and useful chemicals as citric acid, glutathione or erythritol are discussed. Further, strategies for metabolic engineering based on knowledge on regulation of gene expression as well as sensing and signaling pathways are presented. The book targets researchers and advanced students working in Microbiology, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemistry.

Enzymes in Food Biotechnology

Author : Mohammed Kuddus
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128132817
Total Pages : 912 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Enzymes in Food Biotechnology by : Mohammed Kuddus

Download or read book Enzymes in Food Biotechnology written by Mohammed Kuddus and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-08-23 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enzymes in Food Biotechnology: Production, Applications, and Future Prospects presents a comprehensive review of enzyme research and the potential impact of enzymes on the food sector. This valuable reference brings together novel sources and technologies regarding enzymes in food production, food processing, food preservation, food engineering and food biotechnology that are useful for researchers, professionals and students. Discussions include the process of immobilization, thermal and operational stability, increased product specificity and specific activity, enzyme engineering, implementation of high-throughput techniques, screening to relatively unexplored environments, and the development of more efficient enzymes. - Explores recent scientific research to innovate novel, global ideas for new foods and enzyme engineering - Provides fundamental and advanced information on enzyme research for use in food biotechnology, including microbial, plant and animal enzymes - Includes recent cutting-edge research on the pharmaceutical uses of enzymes in the food industry

Yeast

Author : Antonio Morata
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535135996
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Yeast by : Antonio Morata

Download or read book Yeast written by Antonio Morata and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yeast - Industrial Applications is a book that covers applications and utilities of yeasts in food, chemical, energy, and environmental industries collected in 12 chapters. The use of yeasts in the production of metabolites, enzymatic applications, fermented foods, microorganism controls, bioethanol production, and bioremediation of contaminated environments is covered showing results, methodologies, and processes and describing the specific role of yeasts in them. The traditional yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is complemented in many applications with the use of less known non-Saccharomyces yeasts that now are being used extensively in industry. This book compiles the experience and know-how of researchers and professors from international universities and research centers.

White Wine Technology

Author : Antonio Morata
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128236558
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis White Wine Technology by : Antonio Morata

Download or read book White Wine Technology written by Antonio Morata and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-09-21 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: White Wine Technology addresses the challenges surrounding white wine production. The book explores emerging trends in modern enology, including molecular tools for wine quality and analysis of modern approaches to maceration extraction, alternative microorganisms for alcoholic fermentation, and malolactic fermentation. The book focuses on the technology and biotechnology of white wines, providing a quick reference of novel ways to increase and improve overall wine production and innovation. Its reviews of recent studies and technological advancements to improve grape maturity and production and ways to control PH level make this book essential to wine producers, researchers, practitioners, technologists and students. - Covers trends in in both traditional and modern enology technologies, including extraction, processing, stabilization and ageing technologies - Examines the potential impacts of climate change on wine quality - Provides an overview of biotechnologies to improve wine freshness in warm areas and to manage maturity in cold climates - Includes detailed information on hot topics such as the use of GMOs in wine production, spoilage bacteria, the management of oxidation, and the production of dealcoholized wines

From Traditional to Modern: Progress of Molds and Yeasts in Fermented-food Production, Volume II

Author : Wanping Chen
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832508162
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis From Traditional to Modern: Progress of Molds and Yeasts in Fermented-food Production, Volume II by : Wanping Chen

Download or read book From Traditional to Modern: Progress of Molds and Yeasts in Fermented-food Production, Volume II written by Wanping Chen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microbiota of Grapes: Positive and Negative Role on Wine Quality

Author : Giuseppe Spano
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889451216
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbiota of Grapes: Positive and Negative Role on Wine Quality by : Giuseppe Spano

Download or read book Microbiota of Grapes: Positive and Negative Role on Wine Quality written by Giuseppe Spano and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During spontaneous food/beverage fermentations, the microbiota associated with the raw material has a considerable importance: this microbial consortium evolves in reason of the nutrient content and of the physical, chemical, and biological determinants present in the food matrix, shaping fermentation dynamics with significant impacts on the ‘qualities’ of final productions. The selection from the indigenous micro-biodiversity of ‘virtuous’ ecotypes that coupled pro-technological and biotechnological aptitudes provide the basis for the formulation of ‘tailored’ starter cultures. In the fermenting food and beverage arena, the wine sector is generally characterized by the generation of a high added value. Together with a pronounced seasonality, this feature strongly contributes to the selection of a large group of starter cultures. In the last years, several studies contributed to describe the complexity of grapevine-associated microbiota using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches. The grape-associated microbial communities continuously change during the wine-making process, with different dominances that correspond to the main biotechnological steps that take place in wine. In order to simplify, following a time trend, four major dominances can be mainly considered: non-Saccharomyces, Saccharomyces, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and spoilage microbes. The first two dominances come in succession during the alcoholic fermentation: the impact of Saccharomyces (that are responsible of key enological step of ethanol production) can be complemented/integrated by the contributions of compatible non-Saccharomyces strains. Lactic acid bacteria constitute the malolactic consortium responsible of malolactic fermentation, a microbial bioconversion often desired in wine (especially in red wine production). Finally, the fourth dominance, the undesired microbiota, represents a panel of microorganisms that, coupling spoilage potential to the resistance to the harsh conditions typical of wine environment, can cause important economic losses. In each of these four dominances a complex microbial biodiversity has been described. The studies on the enological significance of the micro-biodiversity connected with each of the four dominances highlighted the presence of a dichotomy: in each consortia there are species/strains that, in reason of their metabolisms, are able to improve wine ‘qualities’ (resource of interest in starter cultures design), and species/strains that with their metabolism are responsible of depreciation of wine. Articles describing new oenological impacts of yeasts and bacteria belonging to the four main categories above mentioned (non-Saccharomyces, Saccharomycetes, lactic acid bacteria, and spoilage microbes) are welcome. Moreover, in this Research Topic, we encourage mini-review submissions on topics of immediate interest in wine microbiology that link microbial biodiversity with positive/negative effects in wine.

Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics

Author : Parmjit Singh Panesar
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119701236
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics by : Parmjit Singh Panesar

Download or read book Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics written by Parmjit Singh Panesar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics: Technological Advancements Towards Safety and Industrial Applications, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an insightful exploration of various aspects of functional foods. The book includes information about critical facets of the production of these beneficial compounds, recent technological developments in the field, and their present and future commercial potential. The authors describe their mechanisms of action and their applications in several sectors. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics is divided into five parts. A general introduction about these substances begins the book and is followed by discussions of common probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Finally, a treatment of safety issues and regulatory claims, as well as their market potential, rounds out the resource. Perfect for researchers, industry practitioners, and students working in or studying food processing and food microbiology, Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics is also an invaluable resource for professionals working in the field of food biotechnology.

Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology

Author : Carl A. Batt
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0123847338
Total Pages : 3243 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology by : Carl A. Batt

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology written by Carl A. Batt and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 3243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by the world's leading scientists and spanning over 400 articles in three volumes, the Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Second Edition is a complete, highly structured guide to current knowledge in the field. Fully revised and updated, this encyclopedia reflects the key advances in the field since the first edition was published in 1999 The articles in this key work, heavily illustrated and fully revised since the first edition in 1999, highlight advances in areas such as genomics and food safety to bring users up-to-date on microorganisms in foods. Topics such as DNA sequencing and E. coli are particularly well covered. With lists of further reading to help users explore topics in depth, this resource will enrich scientists at every level in academia and industry, providing fundamental information as well as explaining state-of-the-art scientific discoveries. This book is designed to allow disparate approaches (from farmers to processors to food handlers and consumers) and interests to access accurate and objective information about the microbiology of foods Microbiology impacts the safe presentation of food. From harvest and storage to determination of shelf-life, to presentation and consumption. This work highlights the risks of microbial contamination and is an invaluable go-to guide for anyone working in Food Health and Safety Has a two-fold industry appeal (1) those developing new functional food products and (2) to all corporations concerned about the potential hazards of microbes in their food products

Brewing Microbiology

Author : Annie Hill
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1782423494
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (824 download)

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Book Synopsis Brewing Microbiology by : Annie Hill

Download or read book Brewing Microbiology written by Annie Hill and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brewing Microbiology discusses the microbes that are essential to successful beer production and processing, and the ways they can pose hazards in terms of spoilage and sensory quality. The text examines the properties and management of these microorganisms in brewing, along with tactics for reducing spoilage and optimizing beer quality. It opens with an introduction to beer microbiology, covering yeast properties and management, and then delves into a review of spoilage bacteria and other contaminants and tactics to reduce microbial spoilage. Final sections explore the impact of microbiology on the sensory quality of beer and the safe management and valorisation of brewing waste. - Examines key developments in brewing microbiology, discussing the microbes that are essential for successful beer production and processing - Covers spoilage bacteria, yeasts, sensory quality, and microbiological waste management - Focuses on developments in industry and academia, bringing together leading experts in the field

New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Author : Jay Shankar Singh
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128182598
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering by : Jay Shankar Singh

Download or read book New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering written by Jay Shankar Singh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-07-18 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Microbes in Soil, Crop and Environmental Sustainability reviews the exploitation of microbial biodiversity in soil with respect to nutrient-use efficiency, also discussing the improvement and maintenance of certain physical and chemical conditions in soil that can provide economic and environmental benefits toward agricultural sustainability. The utilization of microbes ranges from applications in biotechnology, marginal land restoration, the formulation of microbial inoculants, the enhancement of crop productivity, and the mitigation of global warming gases. Finally, various uses for microbial resources in crop disease management, bioenergy production, and income based on microbial cultivation are explored. - Highlights the developments and achievements of microbial resources and their role in the sustainable management of soil fertility and agriculture productivity - Outlines the role of microbial resource and biotechnology in sustainability to industry, agriculture, forest and management of environment - Provides up-to-date information on the application of microbial resources and the role of biotechnology to meet the ever increasing demand of food, soil and plant productivity management - Outlines enhancement in productivity through interventions of microbial bio-agents and eco-friendly technology

Pathogenic Yeasts

Author : Ruth Ashbee
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642031501
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathogenic Yeasts by : Ruth Ashbee

Download or read book Pathogenic Yeasts written by Ruth Ashbee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-27 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mycological studies of yeasts are entering a new phase, with the sequencing of multiple fungal genomes informing our understanding of their ability to cause disease and interact with the host. At the same time, the ongoing use of traditional methods in many clinical mycology laboratories continues to provide information for the diagnosis and treatment of patients. This volume reviews various aspects of pathogenic yeasts and what is known about their molecular and cellular biology and virulence, in addition to looking at clinical and laboratory findings. As each chapter is written by a leading expert in the field, this book summarizes in one volume much of the latest research on several pathogenic yeasts, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia and yeasts of emerging importance. The importance of laboratory diagnosis, antifungal susceptibility testing, antifungal resistance and yeast diseases in animals are reviewed.

Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods

Author : Debasis Bagchi
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118930428
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods by : Debasis Bagchi

Download or read book Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods written by Debasis Bagchi and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-12 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Functional foods and nutraceuticals have received considerable interest in the past decade largely due to increasing consumer awareness of the health benefits associated with food. Diet in human health is no longer a matter of simple nutrition: consumers are more proactive and increasingly interested in the health benefits of functional foods and their role in the prevention of illness and chronic conditions. This, combined with an aging population that focuses not only on longevity but also quality of life, has created a market for functional foods and nutraceuticals. A fully updated and revised second edition, Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods reflects the recent upsurge in "omics" technologies and features 48 chapters that cover topics including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, epigenetics, peptidomics, nutrigenomics and human health, transcriptomics, nutriethics and nanotechnology. This cutting-edge volume, written by a panel of experts from around the globe reviews the latest developments in the field with an emphasis on the application of these novel technologies to functional foods and nutraceuticals.

Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology

Author : Antonio Morata
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789846129
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology by : Antonio Morata

Download or read book Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology written by Antonio Morata and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-09-04 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Grape and Wine Biotechnology is a collection of fifteen chapters that addresses different issues related to the technological and biotechnological management of vineyards and winemaking. It focuses on recent advances in the field of viticulture with interesting topics such as the development of a microvine model for research purposes, the mechanisms of cultivar adaptation and evolution in a climate change scenario, and the consequences of vine water deficit on yield components. Other topics include the metabolic profiling of different Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeast species and their contribution in modulating the sensory quality of wines produced in warm regions, the use of new natural and sustainable fining agents, and available physical methods to reduce alcohol content. This volume will be of great interest to researchers and vine or wine professionals.

Enological Repercussions of Non-Saccharomyces Species 2.0

Author : Antonio Morata
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3036501509
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (365 download)

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Book Synopsis Enological Repercussions of Non-Saccharomyces Species 2.0 by : Antonio Morata

Download or read book Enological Repercussions of Non-Saccharomyces Species 2.0 written by Antonio Morata and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of non-Saccharomyces yeast species is currently a biotechnology trend in enology for which they are being broadly used to improve the sensory profile of wines because they affect aroma, color, and mouthfeel. They have become a powerful biotool to modulate the influence of global warming on grape varieties, helping to maintain the acidity, decrease the alcoholic degree, stabilize wine color, and increase freshness. In cool climates, some non-Saccharomyces can promote demalication or color stability by the formation of stable derived pigments. Additionally, non-Saccharomyces yeasts open new possibilities in biocontrol for removing spoilage yeast and bacteria or molds that can produce and release mycotoxins and, thereby, help in reducing applied SO2 levels.

Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology

Author : Tulasi Satyanarayana
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811047685
Total Pages : 582 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology by : Tulasi Satyanarayana

Download or read book Developments in Fungal Biology and Applied Mycology written by Tulasi Satyanarayana and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-29 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the developments in important aspects of fungi related to the environment, industrial mycology, microbiology, biotechnology, and agriculture. It discusses at length both basic and applied aspects of fungi and provides up-to-date laboratory-based data. Of the estimated three million species of fungi on Earth, according to Hawksworth and coworkers, more than 100,000 have been described to date. Many fungi produce toxins, organic acids, antibiotics and other secondary metabolites, and are sources of useful biocatalysts such as cellulases, xylanases, proteases and pectinases, to mention a few. They can also cause diseases in animals as well as plants and many are able to break down complex organic molecules such as lignin and pollutants like xenobiotics, petroleum and polycyclic aromatic compounds. Current research on mushrooms focuses on their hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-pathogenic and immunity-enhancing activities. This ready-reference resource on various aspects of fungi is intended for graduate and post-graduate students as well as researchers in life sciences, microbiology, botany, environmental sciences and biotechnology.